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Body fluids, total volume : 50 percent (in obese) to 70 percent (lean) of body weight
Intracellular : 0.3 - 0.4 of body weight
Extracellular : 0.2 - 0.3 of body weight
Blood
Total volume
Males : 69 ml/kg body weight
Females : 65 ml/kg body weight
Plasma volume
Males : 39 ml/kg body weight
Females : 40 ml/kg body weight
Red blood cell volume
Males : 30 ml/kg body weight (1.15 - 1.21 L/m2 body surface area)
Females : 25 ml/kg body weight (0.95 - 1.00 L/m2 body surface area)
Blood acid-base
Normal range
Arterial
Venous
7.35 - 7.45
7.32 - 7.42
35 - 45
41 - 51
0 2.5
23 - 27
26 - 30
22 - 26
24 - 28
22- 26
96 - 97
40 - 70
80 - 100
25 - 40
Actual pH
PCO2 (mmHg)
Base excess (mmol/L blood)
Total CO2 (mmol/L plasma)
Actual bicarbonate (mmol/L plasma)
Standard bicarbonate(mmol/L plasma)
Oxygen saturation (%)
Oxygen tension PO2 (mmHg)
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Cells
Chloride
Glucose
pH
Pressure
Protein, lumbar
Albumin
a1-globulins
a2-globulins
b-globulins
g-globulins
Protein, cisternal
Protein, ventricular
Alkaline phosphatase
Child
Adult
Alpha - 1 antitrypsin
Ammonia 10-80 g/dl
Amylase
Ascorbic acid
Bilirubin
Adult
Newborn
At 3 days
Carbon dioxide, total
Caeruloplasmin
Males
Females
Copper
Creatinine phosphokinase, total
5 - 12 Bodansky units/dl
1.4 - 4 Bodansky units/dl
200 - 500 mg/dl
3 - 10 Wohlgemuth units/dl
0.4 - 1.5 mg/dl
0.3 - 1.1 mg/dl
0.4 - 4.0 mg/dl
1.0 - 10.0 mg/dl
18 3.0 mEq/L
36.0 5.6 mg/dl
40.9 6.8 mg/dl
75 - 160 g/dl
0 - 3.4 micromoles/dl
94-95%
0-5%
0-2%
0.6 - 1.4 mg/dl
200 g/dl
3.5 - 4.5 mEq/L
135 - 140 mEq/L
98-110 mEq/L
9-10.5 mg/dl
45 U/L
35 U/L
60 - 200 pg/ml
70 - 110 mg/dl
5-10 IU/g Hb
Negative
570 - 1920 mg/dl
< 0.025 mg/dl
70 - 400 mg/dl
30 - 250 mg/dl
30 - 300 mg/dl
0 - 40 mg/dl
6 - 25 U/ml
60 - 140 g/dl
20 - 34%
28 - 41%
15 - 25%
8-16%
6-15%
0-160 U/L
1.7 - 2.6 mg/dl
278 - 305 Osm/kg serum water
25% excreted within 15 min after injection of 1
ml dye
3 mg/dl
6.3 - 7.9 g/dl
3.5 - 5.3 g/dl
1.8 - 3.6 g/dl
0.2 - 0.4 g/dl
0.5 - 0.9 g/dl
0.6 - 1.2 g/dl
0.7 - 1.7 g/dl
8 - 40 Karmen units/dl
0 - 40 Karmen units/dl
0.5 - 1.5 mg/dl
15 - 45 mg/dl
7 - 21 mg/dl
2.5 - 7.0 mg/dl
1.4 - 1.8 mg/dl
0.15 - 0.60 g/dl
200 - 850 g/dl
FUNCTION TESTS
Circulation
Arteriovenus oxygen difference: 30-50 ml/L
Cardiac output (Fick) : 2.5-3.6 L/m2 body surface area per min
Contractility indexes
Maximum left ventricular dp/dt: 1650 300 mmHg/s
Maximum (dp/dt)/p : 44 + 8.4s-1
(dp/dt)/DP at DP = 40 mmHg : 37.6 12.2s-1 (DP = diastolic pressure)
Mean normalised systolic ejection rate (angiography) : 3.32 0.84 end-diastolic volumes per second
Mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (angiography) : 1.66 0.42 circumferences per second
Ejection fraction, stroke volume/end-diastolic volume (SV/EDV): Normal range : 0.55-0.78; average : 0.67
Haematology
Haemogram
Total erythrocyte count
Males
Females
Haemoglobin
Males
Females
Packed cell volume
Males
Females
Mean corpuscular volume
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
concentration 30-35%
Total leucocyte count
Differential count
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
Reticulocyte count
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(Westergen)
Male
Female
Blood volume
Average plasma volume
Coagulation studies
Bleeding time (Ivys method)
Coagulation time (Lee and White)
One-stage prothrombin time (Quick)
Clot retraction
Euglobulin lysis time
Fibrin degradation products
Fibrinogen
Activated partial thromboplastin
Time (PTT)
Thrombin time
Whole blood clot lysis time
1.7 min
4 - 8 min
Control 1 sec
40 - 65%
120 - 240 min
10 g/dl
200 - 400 mg/dl
24 - 35 sec
9 - 10 sec (control + 3 sec)
< 24 hours
Myel-baso
Metamyelocytes
Stab forms
PMN neutrophils
PMN eosinophils
PMN basophils
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Monocytes
Megakaryocytes
RBC : Pronormoblasts
Normoblasts
Basophilic
1.4 (0.5 - 2.4)
Polychromatophilic
18.0 (7.0 - 32.0)
Orthochromatic
2.0 (0.4 - 4.6)
Unclassified cells
0.3 (0.0 - 0.9)
M : E ratio
3.5 : 1
Haemoglobin studies (normal and
abnormal)
Haemoglobin A1
0.5% of total Hb
Haemoglobin A1C
Up to 6% of total Hb
Haemoglobin A2
1.5 - 3.5% of total Hb
Haemoglobin, foetal 0-2% of
total Hb
Haemoglobin, plasma
0-5% of total Hb
Haemoglobin, serum
2-3 mg/dl
Methaemoglobin
< 1.8%
Haptoglobin, serum
100 - 300 mg/dl
Haemochromogens, plasma
3-5 mg/dl
Haemolysis test
Acid haemolysis test (Ham) No haemolysis
Cold haemolysis test
(Donath - Landsteiner)
No haemolysis
Erythrocyte life-span
Normal
120 days
51
Cr - labeled half-life
28 days
Iron turnover rate (plasma)
29 - 42 mg/24 h
Osmotic fragility
Haemolysis begins
0.45 - 0.38 NaCl
Haemolysis completed
0.33 - 0.30 NaCl
Corrected rate
Reticulocyte index =
2
Reticulocyte index correction factor
Corrected
Observed rate x patients haematocrit
rate =
Normal haematocrit (45)
Haematocrit
Correction factor
45
1.00
40
0.71
35
0.52
30
0.38
25
0.28
20
0.20
15
0.13
Note : Reticulocyte index = percent reticulocytes x correction factor haematocrit and early bone marrow release
Schilling test : 7-40% of orally administered radiolabelled vitamin B12 excreted in urine after flushing with
intramuscular injection of B12
Hormones and metabolites
Total
Oestriol
Oestradiol
Oestrone
Oestriocholanolone, serum
Females
5 - 100 g/24 h
0 - 65 g/24 h
0 - 14 g/24 h
4 - 31 g/24 h
1.2 g/24 h
6 - 18 U/dl
5 - 20 U/dl
12 - 30 U/dl
5 - 15 U/dl
50 U/dl
5 ng/dl
< 5 ng/dl
2 - 12 mg/24 h
2 - 8 mg/24 h
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-HIAA), urine
Insulin, plasma
Fasting
Hypoglycaemia
2- 9 mg/24 h
6 - 126 U/ml
< 5 U/ml
0-2 mg/24 h
0-18 mg/24 h
8-18 mg/24 h
5-15 mg/24 h
1.3 mg/24 h
100 mg/24 h
150-300 pg/ml
(varies with serum
calcium)
5-25% at 24 h
(varies with iodine
intake)
1.1 0.8 mg/dl
1.9 1.7 mg/dl
2.7 1.8 mg/dl
6.6 2.5 mg/dl
10.0 3.7 mg/dl
100 mg/dl
300 - 100 mg/dl
25 - 90mg/dl
3 - 24 mg/dl
< 10 U/ml
4.5 - 11.5 g/dl
0.8 - 2.4 /dl
15 - 25 g T4/dl
1-4 mg/dl
70-190 mg/dl
25 - 45%
1-8 g/24 h
Upah X V
ppah
Normal values
4.0 litres
75%
4.0 litres per second
8.0 litres per second
per cm H2O
> 90 cm H2O
> 150 cm H3O
Lung volumes
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume
Inspiratory capacity
Expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
6-7 litres
2-3 litres
1-2 litres
4.5 litres
3.2 litres
4-5 litres
95 5 mmHg
40 2 mmHg
97 2%
7.40 0.02
24 2 mmol/L
0 2 mmol/L
50 25 ml
35% VT
20% VT
20 mmHg
Semen
Liquefaction
Morphology
Motility
pH
Spermatocrit
Spermatocyte count
Volume
Complete in 15 min
60% normal forms
75% motile forms
7.2 - 8.0
10%
50 million/dl
2.0 - 6.6 ml
Stool
Bulk
Wet weight
Dry weight
Coproporphyrin
Fat (on a diet containing
30 g fat/day)
Nitrogen
Urobilinogen
Water
Synovial fluid
Cells
Polymorphonuclear cells
Crystals
Fibrin clot
Glucose
Hyaluronic acid
pH
Protein
Albumin
a1-globulins
a2-globulins
b-globulins
g-globulins
Relative viscosity
Uric acid
200 cells/mm3
25%
None
None
Same as serum
2.45 - 3.97 g/L
7.32 - 7.64
2.5 g/dL
63%
7%
7%
9%
14%
300
Same as serum
Urine
Acidity, titrable
Ammonia
Amylase
Bence-Jones protein
Bilirubin
Calcium :
Normal diet
Low-calcium diet
Chloride
Copper
Creatinine
Adults
Children
Creatinine
Glucose
Qualitative
Quantitative
Haemoglobin
Homogentisic acid
Iron
Lead
Myoglobin
Osmolality
pH
Phenylpyruvic acid, quantitative
Phosphorus
Porphobilinogen
Qualitative
Quantitative
Porphyrin
Coproporphyrin
Uroporphyrin
Potassium
Protein
Qualitative
Quantitative
Sodium
Specific gravity
Uric acid
Urobilinogen
20-40 mEq/24 h
20 - 50 mEq/24 h
25 - 260 Somogyi unit/h
None detected
None detected
0.05 - 0.31 mEq/kg body weight/24 h
150 mg/24 h
120 - 240 mEq/24 h
(varies with dietary intake)
0-32 g/24 h
0 - 200 mg in 24 h
7 - 11 mg in 24 h
1.0 - 1.6 g/24 h or
15-25 mg/kg
body weight/24 h
None detected
16-300 mg/24 h
None detected
None detected
40 - 140 g/24 h
0 - 120 g/24 h
None detected
50 - 1200 mOsm/L
4.6 - 8.0
None detected
0.8 - 2.0 g/24 h
None detected
0-2.4 mg/24 h
50 - 250 g/24 h
10 - 30 g/24 h
25 - 100 mEq/24 h
Non detected
10 - 150 mg/24 h
10 - 150 mEq/24 h
(varies with dietary sodium intake)
1.003 - 1.030
600 - 700 mg/24 h
1.0 Enrich units/24 h