Performances of FEC Coded MIMO OFDM Systems

Lucian Andrei Perişoară1, Mihai Neghină2, Rodica Stoian3

1
Faculty of Electronics,Telecommunication and Information Technology,
Applied Electronics and Information Enginnering Departament, University Politehnica of Bucharest, ROMANIA
lperisoara@yahoo.com, lucian@orfeu.pub.ro, www.orfeu.pub.ro
2
Freescale Semiconductor, Bucharest, ROMANIA
m_kornrade@yahoo.co.uk
3
Faculty of Electronics,Telecommunication and Information Technology,
Applied Electronics and Information Enginnering Departament, University Politehnica of Bucharest, ROMANIA
rodicastoian2004@yahoo.com, www.orfeu.pub.ro

Abstract - Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
communication systems are used to increase the channel capacity
or the data rate for a particular connection through multiplexing
or to improve performance through diversity. In this paper, we
present and study the performances of an Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-MIMO system using different
Forward Error Correcting (FEC) codes. Several constituent codes
have been tested: block codes, convolutional codes and
concatenated codes. The implemented system considers only QAM
constellations, Rayleigh flat fading channels, no Channel State
Information (CSI) at the transmitter and with CSI at the receiver.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the Information Theory (IT) community, the notion of
space can be broadly defined as the simultaneous use of
multiple, possibly coupled, channels. The notions of space-time
and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channels are
therefore often used interchangeably. The connection between
space and MIMO is most transparent when we view the
multiple channels as created by two or more spatially separated
antennas at a wireless transmitter or receiver.
In the last decade, the academic and industrial communities
started a flood of research to redesign the traditional codes used
for one-dimensional streams in time. These researches are
focused on the design of modulation and coding techniques
that are two-dimensional, covering both space and time
domains.
To achieve high data rates in wireless communications
systems, usually more bandwidth is required. Due to
limitations in the spectrum, it is often impractical and
expensive to increase the bandwidth. In this case, multiple
transmit and receive antennas are used to increase the spectral
efficiency, offering a spatial diversity at both sides of the link
and obtaining the well-known MIMO channel. In addition, a
capacity gain and improvement of robustness and reliability are
obtained. In most scattering environments, spatial diversity is
used to reduce the detrimental effects of multi-path fading [1].
In fact, MIMO concept is much more general and embraces
many other scenarios such as wired networks, multi-user
systems, single antenna frequency selective channels.
The different diversity techniques (time, space- antenna,
frequency, polarization) should be properly exploited by means
of coding and transmissions schemes. Some diversity options
are combined in Space Time Codes (STC), Space Frequency
Codes (SFC), or Space Time Frequency Codes (STFC), where
the orthogonal property is a key factor for the system
performances.
Alamouti introduced in [2], a simple antenna diversity
scheme for two transmit antennas, which provides maximum
diversity in flat fading MIMO channels. STC codes, introduced
by Tarokh et all in [3], combines traditional channel code
design (for temporal diversity) and multi-antenna signal design
(for spatial diversity). Two performance criteria are provided:
firstly, is the rank criterion for diversity advantage, which gives
the degree of antenna diversity achieved and describes the
asymptotic slope of the decoding error probability versus
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Secondly, is the determinant
criterion for coding advantage, which quantifies the coding
advantage and results in a shift of the performance curve.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we present
the signal model and the capacity of the MIMO channel.
Section III presents a general MIMO OFDM system without
any error correcting codes. In Section IV are presented general
aspects and characteristics of the block codes, convolutional
codes and concatenated codes, with the emphasis on the
parameters of the implemented codes. Section V presents the
overall system performances (BER) of the MIMO OFDM
system for different error correcting codes: block codes,
convolutional codes and concatenated codes.
II. THE MIMO CHANNEL MODEL
We consider a single user communication system with NT
transmit and N R receive antennas at the input and output of a
block Rayleigh flat fading channel with coherence time T. The
MIMO channel can be represented by the following complex
discrete time signal model [4]:
y = Hx + n , (1)
where x is a NT × 1 matrix of complex transmitted symbols
(one for each transmitting antenna) with covariance matrix

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C x , y is a N R × 1 matrix of complex received symbols (one for In this paper, we consider an unknown channel at the
each receive antenna), n is a N R × 1 matrix of independent and transmitter side, saying that the transmitter has no CSI. In this
case, each antenna transmits an equal power σ 2x so the
identical distributed (i.i.d.) complex Gaussian noise samples
with zero-mean and σ 2n variance. The channel matrix H, covariance matrix of the transmitted signal is C x = σ2x I NT and
defined by: the total transmitted power is P = tr(C x ) = σ2x NT . The capacity
is [5,6]:
⎡ h11 h12 L h1NT ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ h21
H=⎢
h22 L h2 NT ⎥
, (2)
(
C = log 2 det I N R + SNR ⋅ HH
H
) , [bit/s/Hz], (5)
M M O M ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ hN R 1 hN R 2 L hN R NT ⎥⎦ where SNR = σ2x σn2 is the average signal to noise ratio per
receiving antenna. The upper limit for the capacity can be
is a random matrix with complex elements hij describing the stated as:
gain of the radio channel between the jth transmitting antenna Cmax = min{NT , N R } ⋅ log 2 (1 + SNR ⋅ max{NT , N R }) , (6)
and the ith receiving antenna. For the block flat fading channel,
we assume that the fading coefficients hij remains constants
so the maximum limit of the information capacity depends on
within a frame of length T symbol periods and changes into the number of the transmitting and receiving antennas, the
new independent values from frame to frame. larger ones determines a logarithmic increase of it.
For uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channels (e.g. a wireless The MIMO channel, due to multipath propagation, causes a
transmission from a PC to a router, where the antennas can be time dispersion of the transmitted signals resulting an overlap
spaced sufficiently far apart from each other) the elements hij of the various transmitted symbols at the receiver. This is
are i.i.d. Gaussian random variables with zero-mean and σ2n called Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), which can causes high
variance. error rates if it is left uncompensated.
When the correlation between the receiving antennas exists, III. THE UNCODED MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM
e.g. a downlink transmission from a base station – BS to a
mobile station – MS, where the antennas of BS can be spaced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is
sufficiently far enough to eliminate the correlation between standardized as a modulation scheme for a variety of
them. For MS this is more difficult due to physical size applications, such as Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB),
constrains, the columns of H are independent random vectors Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T), Wireless
with the same mean and covariance matrix, but the elements of Local Area Networks (WLAN). Combining OFDM technique
each column are correlated. with multiple antenna architectures provides high-rate high
The mutual information and the information capacity of a performance transmissions.
general MIMO channel are given by [4,5]: In OFDM, the basic principle is to split a high rate data
stream into a number of K lower rate substreams that are
modulated and transmitted simultaneously over a K orthogonal
⎛ 1 ⎞ subcarriers [7]. Due to this division the ISI is reduced and the
I = log 2 det ⎜ I N +
H
HC X H ⎟ , (3)
⎝
R
σn
2
⎠ bandwidth of each substream will be less compared to the total
bandwidth of the data stream, converting the frequency
⎛ 1 ⎞ selective fading channel into flat fading channel.
C = max I = max log 2 det ⎜ I N +
H
HC X H ⎟ , (4)
σn Having an orthogonal transmission, the information signal
⎝ ⎠
2
Cx Cx R

can be completely recovered without any interferences. Two

expressed in [bit/s/Hz], where ( ⋅ ) H is the Hermitic operator,
IN is the N R × N R identity matrix and det ( ⋅ ) is the
R
determinant. Obviously, the maximization is done by allocating
the whole transmit power to the subchannels represented by the
H
eigenvalues of the matrix HH in such a way that for the
stronger subchannels is allocated a higher fraction from the
total power. Therefore a systematic power allocation scheme
can be applied, which determines a perfect channel knowledge
or a perfect Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter
side.
signals are orthogonal in a domain (frequency or time) if they
do not overlap, but they cannot achieve this feat in both time
and frequency. For each symbol time interval, OFDM is just a
Fourier synthesis for that period. The perfectly synchronized
receiver just performs a Fourier analysis to recover the data
symbols from the signal.
Therefore the ISI between the OFDM symbols can be
completely eliminated through the use of a Cyclic Prefix (CP).
This is obtained by taking from the last part of the modulated
signal and appended in front of it a signal of duration equal to
the delay spread of the channel. Cyclic prefix also helps to
maintain the orthogonality between the carriers at the receiver.

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 Likelihood (ML) or a Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)
Cyclic
detection algorithm can be used to produce hard estimates of
QAM IDFT
Prefix the bits transmitted on the respective subcarriers [10]. Using a
data
QAM demodulator, the complex symbols are demodulated and
then multiplexed.
QAM IDFT Cyclic
prefix
IV. THE FEC CODED MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM
In this section, we present the coded MIMO-OFDM system
Remove
(Fig. 2). Forward Error Correcting (FEC) codes may be applied
DFT QAM-1
C.P.
MIMO
Detection
to MIMO systems to improve the performances. Although
data
for there exists the STC codes [3], which have been developed
subcarriers
(ML, specifically for MIMO systems, any convolutional code or
Remove DFT QAM-1
C.P.
MMSE)
block code may be applied to improve the performance
[11,12].
Figure 1. The uncoded MIMO-OFDM system (transmitter and receiver).
Cyclic
The simulated system considers only Quadrature Amplitude
FEC
Π QAM IDFT
Prefix
data
Modulation (QAM) constellations that are suboptimal in the
sense that they do not maximally space the constellation points
for a given energy, but they have the considerable advantage
FEC
Π QAM IDFT Cyclic
prefix
that they may be easily transmitted as two Pulse Amplitude
Modulation (PAM) signals on two quadrature sinusoidal
carriers. Because the carriers have the same frequency band
and differ by a π / 2 phase, they can be modulated
Remove
C.P.
DFT MIMO
QAM-1
Π −1 FEC
Dec.
detection data
for
independently, transmitted over the same frequency band, and subcarrier
separated by demodulation at the receiver. (ML,
Remove
C.P.
DFT MMSE) QAM-1
Π −1 FEC
Dec.
The most used M-QAM modulations are 2-QAM (equivalent
with BPSK), 4-QAM (equivalent with QPSK), 16-QAM, 64-
QAM, 128-QAM and 256-QAM. M is the number of points Figure 2. The FEC coded MIMO-OFDM system (transmitter and receiver).
(signals) of the constellation, log 2 M is the number of bits for
the binary representation of the signals. If the amplitude of the In the MIMO-OFDM system we can use following codes:
farthest constellation point is required to be unitary, the whole 1) Block codes (n,k,d) divides the data stream in message
constellation should be divided by the coefficient words i of length k and associates to each a codeword v of
length n, adding a number of m = n − k parity check bits. For
k = 2 ( 2 p − 1) , with p = log 4 M .
instance, the classical Hamming (7,4,3) code, with minimum
To minimize the bit error rate of an uncoded system we distance d=3 is used. With hard decoding, the Hamming code
combine classical QAM modulation with Gray coding, so two is a SEC/DED (Single Error Correction / Double Error
horizontally or vertically adjacent symbols differs by precisely Detection) code. Another used block code is Hamming
one bit, while two diagonally adjacent symbols differ by (15,11,3).
exactly two bits. Other block codes which we have used in the coded MIMO-
The pilot symbols have not been included in the OFDM OFDM system are the binary Golay (23,12,7) code denoted as
system, as their only purpose is to estimate the channel matrix G23 and Golay (11,6,5) = G11. The Golay code G23 is able to
in the case of an unknown channel at the receiver. They would correct 3 errors and detect 6 errors in the case of hard
have been, for instance, Constant Amplitude Zero decoding.
AutoCorrelation (CAZAC) sequences, also called polyphase For block codes the decoding is based on the trellis
sequences. In the implemented system, we consider a perfect representation of the block codes, using the Viterbi algorithm
CSI at the receiver and before the MIMO detection; the with hard decision (1-bit quantization on the received channel
channel equalization is made using an estimated channel matrix values and Hamming distance metric) or soft decisions (multi-
based on the inverse of the channel matrix written in Toeplitz bit quantization and Euclidean distance metric). For the ideal
form. soft-decision decoding (infinite-bit quantization), the received
At the receiver, the signal at each receive antenna will have channel values are directly used in the decoder.
components from the all transmitted signals coming from 2) Convolutional codes, used for instance in GSM mobile
different paths of the MIMO channel. Assuming that the phones, as well as satellite and military communication
receiver is perfect time and frequency synchronized, for each devices, make every codeword symbol be the weighted sum of
receive antenna the cyclic prefix is removed and the FFT is
the various input message symbols. Fundamentally,
applied. After retrieving the subcarrier signals, MIMO
convolutional codes do not offer more protection against noise
detection is applied on a subcarrier basis. A spatial Maximum
than an equivalent block code, but they are generally easier to

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implement compared to the block code of equal correction V. SIMULATION RESULTS
power [13,14].
In the coded MIMO-OFDM system we use the nonrecursive A. Uncoded system
nonsystematic [7,5]8 convolutional code, with generator The first results presented in Fig. 4 are meant to show the
polynomials 1 + D + D 2 and 1 + D 2 . The decoding strategy for performances of the uncoded MIMO OFDM system (Fig. 1),
convolutional codes is based on the Viterbi algorithm using which not include any error correcting codes, as a starting point
hard decision or soft decision. and comparison reference for future simulations.
The source information bits {0,1} are generated randomly
3) Concatenated codes. A code adapted to the QAM
with uniform distribution. The transmitter includes QAM
mapping must certainly have more than one level of protection,
mapping with Gray coding. For the MIMO system we consider
as well as different correction capabilities within the same
NT = 2 transmit antennas and N R = 2 receive antennas. The
level. The general idea can be traced back to Elias product
codes construction, developed later by Forney, [15], into a number of OFDM subcarriers is K = 2 . The transmitted
simple and powerful concatenated code construction (Fig. 3), OFDM symbols are grouped in frames of T = 200 symbols
and the number of trials is 1000 frames or more to ensure a
Outer
Encoding
Π Inner
Encoding high accuracy up to BER = 10−3 . The program automatically
Interleaver generates the channel matrix H, in a randomly manner. The
Channel
channel fading is flat, channel matrix varying from frame to
frame. Fig. 4 shows the simulation results for MIMO OFDM
Inner
systems with different QAM constellations, from 4-QAM to
Outer
Decoding Π −1 Decoding 256-QAM.
Deinterleaver 0
10
Figure 3. Concatenated codes.

with three major advantages [16]: -1

10
• very long codes can be built by concatenating shorter
codes;
• concatenated codes can correct both single errors and -2
10
bursts of errors simultaneously;
• the decoding complexity of concatenated codes is low,
BER

as there are several short codes to be decoded, rather -3

10
than one very long code.
In the concatenated coded MIMO-OFDM system we use
[7,5]8 convolutional code for the outer code and Hamming -4
10 4-QAM
16-QAM
(15,11,3) or Golay (23,12,7) codes for the inner code.
64-QAM
In the coded system (Fig. 2) must be used an interleaver Π , 256-QAM
which denotes the process of permuting coordinates either on a -5
10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
block basis (a block interleaver) or on a sliding window basis
SNR, [dB]
(a convolutional interleaver).
Figure 4. Simulation results for the uncoded MIMO OFDM system.
If a burst error occurs, some consecutive bits are affected and
the codeword cannot be correctly decoded, so the bits are
High-order constellations assures more transmitted bits per
firstly interleaved and then transmitted. In this way, a burst
symbol. If the mean energy of the constellation is to remain the
error affects only a correctable number of bits in each
same, the points must be closer together and are thus more
codeword, so the decoder can decode the codewords correctly.
susceptible to noise and other corruption; this results in a
For this reason we use the interleaver in the coded MIMO-
higher BER and so high-order QAM can deliver more data less
OFDM from Fig. 2.
reliable than lower-order QAM [8].
In the case of concatenated codes, if there are sufficient
For the simulations, following remarks can be made:
erroneous bits that exceed the correcting capacity of the inner
• SNR has been preferred to Eb/N0 to emphasize the
code, switching the order of bits with the aid of interleaver, the
differences between the constellations for a constant
outer code will correct the rest of erroneous bits (see Fig. 3).
number of transmitted data. If M is the number of
In the simulations, we use only block interleavers with
constellation symbols, the transformation from SNR
writing on rows and reading on columns rules.
[dB] to Eb/N0 [dB] is:

SNR[dB]= E b N 0 [dB] + 10 log10 ( log 2 M ) , (7)

In the case of 16-QAM it is a difference of 6 dB.

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 • In the simulated system we considered that the and more than 8 dB (for BER<10-4) compared to the uncoded
transmitted signals have unitary variance σ 2x = 1 . But transmission.
After testing separately the proposed error correcting codes on
for 16-QAM or denser constellations, not all the points
a SISO system and the MIMO OFDM black box, the next
are equally distanced from the origin and the signal
logical step was to try and combine them. First, only
don’t have a unitary energy, so a coefficient
convolutional code [7,5]8 has been applied to the MIMO
k = −10 log10 σ2x should rectify the OX axis of the plots,
OFDM system, in order to have intermediary results. The
the equation (7) is modified:
MIMO OFDM system parameters are the same as those used in
the uncoded system ( NT = 2 , N R = 2 , K = 2 , T = 200 , trials
SNR[dB]= E b N 0 [dB] + 10 log10 ( log 2 M ) + k . (8)
1000 frames).
0
10
4 ⋅ 1 + 4 ⋅ (1 / 3) + 8 ⋅ (5 / 9)
2 2
5
For 16-QAM results σ2x = = so
16 9
another k = 2.55 dB must be decreased to get the real
-1
10
value. Therefore, a point of 10 dB for SNR corresponds
to a point of 1.45 dB for Eb/N0.
-2
10
B. Coded system

BER
For the presented error correcting codes in Section IV, the
BER performance results from Fig. 5 are useful to test the 10
-3

programs and the efficiently of the codes. For this we firstly

simulated a coded Single Input Single Output (SISO) system
with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. The -4 4-QAM, soft dec., 8 levels
10
modulation is 16-QAM, the number of information bits within 4-QAM, hard dec.
a frame is 1250 and the number of frames for each curve is 16-QAM, soft dec., 8 levels
1000. For the inner code we set Golay (23,12,7) and for outer -5
16-QAM, hard dec.
10
code we set convolutional [7,5]8 . The interleaver is a block -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
type of size 50x50. The decoding is made with the Viterbi SNR, [dB]

algorithm (hard decoding with Hamming distance) on the Figure 6. Simulation results for convolutional coded MIMO OFDM system
codes trellises. Using only the outer code or only the inner code (4-QAM, 16-QAM).
the gain is around 4 dB as compared to the uncoded 10
0

transmission, although there is no significant difference

between the two codes. The difference may be at the decoding
complexity in favor of the convolutional code.
0
10
-1
10
-1
10
BER

-2
10

-2
-3 10
10
BER

64-QAM, soft dec., 8 levels

-4
10 64-QAM, hard dec.
256-QAM, soft dec., 8 levels
-5
256-QAM, hard dec.
10 -3
Uncoded 10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Inner code only
SNR, [dB]
10
-6 Outer code only
Inner + Outer
Figure 7. Simulation results for convolutional coded MIMO OFDM system
Inner + Interleaver + Outer
-7 (64-QAM, 256-QAM).
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
SNR, [dB] The simulation results are ilustrated in Fig. 6 for 4-QAM and
Figure 5. Simulation results for concatenated coded SISO system with 16-QAM, both with uncoded, coded with hard decoding and
AWGN channel.
coded with 8 levels soft decoding cases. In Fig. 7, we have the
results for 64-QAM and 256-QAM. The simulation results
If the inner and outer codes are concatenated without an
confirmed the theoretical hypothesis that the soft decoding is
interleaver, the BER improvement is of 1 dB. Using a block
much better than the hard one.
interleaver between the two codes we obtain another 2 dB gain

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 Following results regards the concatenated coded MIMO
OFDM system, with the Golay (23,12,7) as inner code and
convolutional [7,5]8 as outer code. The Viterbi algorithm is
used for both codes, with hard or 8 levels soft decoding. Fig. 8
presents the results for the uncoded MIMO OFDM system, the
convolutional coded one and the concatenated coded one. For
concatenated codes a gain of 8 - 10 dB must be noticed.
10
0 pp. 1451-1458, Aug. 1998.
-1
10
-2
10
BER
-3
10
-4 uncoded
10
convol. code, hard dec.
convol. code, soft dec., 8 levels
concatenated codes
-5
10
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR, [dB]
Figure 8. Simulation results for concatenated coded MIMO OFDM system
(16-QAM).
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have presented the MIMO OFDM system
using different FEC codes. As a starting point, the uncoded
MIMO OFDM system is considered and simulated. For the
coded MIMO OFDM system, the best results in terms of BER
are obtained for the concatenation of some classical FEC codes,
block and convolutional. In addition, the soft decision improves
the BER performances compared with hard decision.
Further works will be continued in the following directions:
• The MIMO system must be extended to a higher
number of transmit and receive antennas. For particular
configurations of MIMO systems, with NT ≠ N R , the
FEC coding block must be positioned before the
demultiplexer and not after it, in the transmitter scheme
from Fig. 2.
• A higher number of OFDM subcarriers.
• For unknown channels (no CSI) at the receiver, we
must estimate the channel matrix, using an equalizer
with Least-Mean-Square (LMS) class algorithms.
• The decoding process in the MIMO OFDM system is
performed for a single iteration. The iterative decoding
principle, known from turbo codes, can be applied to
the MIMO detection and FEC decoding.
• To assure maximum diversity and coding advantages
for MIMO OFDM systems, can be used Space Time
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Block Codes (STBC) and Low Density Parity Check
(LDPC), in conjunction with MIMO-OFDM systems.
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