MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH PROJECT
GUIDELINES

2014/2015

PREPARED BY:
RESEARCH COMMITTEE OF DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES.

DEGREE PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF LIFE AND HEALTH SCIENCES

RESEARCH PROJECT

A GUIDE FOR PREPARATION OF RESEARCH

PROPOSAL, THESIS AND RESEARCH PAPER

2014

INTRODUCTION

This guide is intended as a supplement to the University Regulations for the

undergraduate programmes. Candidates should also consult their department for
specific departmental requirements.
Candidates are advised to acquaint themselves with the recommendations of this
guide in the early stages of preparation, even though some of the recommendations
apply only to the final stages. The guide also provides the information for supervisors
whose responsibilities include ensuring that candidates follow its recommendations.
A thesis which does now follow the approved format will not be accepted
and the degree will not be conferred until an acceptable standard has been met.

CONTENT
Page
1.

Research Proposal Guidelines

2.

Thesis guidelines

13

3.

Poster Guidelines

42

4.

Research Manuscript Guidelines

46

Research Proposal Guidelines

COMPONENT OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Introduction
This guide is to help the students of Management and Science University in preparation
of thesis. It deals only with the format of the thesis and some conventions.
Title / Topic
The title should accurately reflect the scope and content of the study. In addition, it
should be concise, simple and catchy in not more than 20 words. The title should be
informative/descriptive yet discrete and contain the key words of the proposal.
Introduction
This should be a brief statement answering the following questions: What is the
importance and rationale of the study? Why is this study worth doing? How does it
contribute to the chosen field of research? You should also defend the model/ system:
why do you use this organism/ herb in the study? This should draw the reader into the
rest of the proposal and give them a sense of the project as a whole. You will cover
some of the same items in more detail in other sections. (Figures and tables are not
allowed).
(About 500 words, Font type: Arial, Font size 11; 1.5 line spacing)
Research Problem / Statement
This section presents and summarizes the problem you intend to solve and your solution
to that problem i.e. what will change when this research is done or what would happen if
the research is not done. Problem is an existing negative state not absence of a solution.
Refers to what has been detected and needs a solution in the practical or theoretical
world. Should clearly state the nature of the problem and its known or estimated
magnitude / extent. Should be concise and brief (not more than 1 page)
Objective:
General Objective: Refers to the general intention of the research. Should spell out what
the research is supposed to accomplish.
Specific Objectives: These are specific aims / objectives arising directly from the general
objective. For each specific objective you must have a method to attempt to achieve it.

Hypothesis
Is a provisional idea, which the outcome of the proposed research will either confirm or
disprove It.

Literature Review
Preliminary library work on the subject- highlight what has been done in the past and
how that is directing the present proposed research project. Clearly support your
statement with documentation and references.
Materials and Methods
Outline how you propose to conduct the research (Research design, population samples
/subjects, sampling technique, location, selection criteria, experimental and control
groups). This might include the field site description, a description of the instruments you
will use, and particularly the data that you anticipate collecting.
Include flow chart, which can be used as guide when you are actually conducting the
research. This section should make clear to the reader the way that you intend to
approach the research question and the techniques and logic that you will use to
address it. The materials and method must be explained in the sentences NOT in the
point form.
Ethical Consideration
Ethics of the research here refers to the morals of the investigation or intervention as
regards the minimal abuse, disregard, safety, social and psychological well being of the
person, community and /or animals i.e. how the principles of consent, beneficence and
justice are handled in the study. Include a statement of where ethical clearance has been
or will be obtained.
Data Analysis
State the proposed method of data analysis, the plan for interpreting results and
statistical test that you will use in processing the data.
Expected outcomes /implications
Describe possible forms of the final product, e.g., publishable manuscript, conference
paper, invention, software, exhibit, performance, etc. Be specific about how you intend to
share your results or project with others.

References
List all the references cited in the research proposal and should be written according to
the approved format.

Appendices
Comprises of the budget, work plan/time framework, explanatory notes, questionnaire,
instruments and informed consent form. Details of the appendices are listed by type in
the Table of Contents.
Budget
This is the financial plan for implementation of the research. It should be clear, realistic
and reasonable (affordable). The budget items and the calculations for each item should
be summarized on the budget form. Projects that include travel should be specific about
benefit/reasons and locations.
Explanatory Notes
These include research approval letters, maps, and lists of areas to be visited.
Gantt Chart
Milestone or project timeline, which shows the duration of the project and layout the
order in which tasks or specific steps need to be carried out. This does not need to be a
day to day list but it may give an overview by weekly or monthly. You should include time
to write the final report/paper.
Instruments/Tools
These are details of tools used in the research e.g. Equipment, questionnaire, interview
schedule, scales and tests etc.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT

TYPEFACE AND FONT SIZE

The entire text of the thesis, including heading and page numbers, must be produced
with the same font or typeface. The font size should be 11 points (Arial) and should not
be scripted or italicized except for scientific names and terms in a different language.
Bold print may be used for headings. Footnotes and text in tables should not be less
than 8 points.

MARGINS
For the rest of the pages:
Top : 30 mm
Bottom : 25 mm
Left : 38 mm
Right : 25 mm
All information (text headings, footnotes, and illustrations), including page numbers must
be within the text area (see appendix K).

SPACING
The thesis should be typed 1.5 spaced. The following however should be single spaced:
i. Heading or subheading
ii. References

PAGINATION
Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the proposal including pages for
tables, figures and appendices. Each appendix should be identified separately using a
big letter (A, B, C). The pages of appendices should also be numbered accordingly.
Pages number should appear by themselves and should not be bracketed, hyphenated
or accompanied by other decorative devices.
The number of pages for title page, table of content, list of tables, list of figures, list of
abbreviations or glossary must use in small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, .).
Page 1 begins with the first page of the Introduction. All the pages should be numbered
at the top right corner for each page.

HEADER AND FOOTER

The use of header and footer is NOT allowed.

SYMBOLS
The symbol % may be used in place of the word percent, e.g. 72.5% and typed without a
space. If the candidate prefers to write 72.5 percent in full, then consistency should be
maintained throughout.

NUMBERS
All integers less than ten should be spelt out unless they are attached to units of
measure (e.g. 10 kg, 5 mL). Use figures for numbers 10 or more than 10, eg: About 225
students... Number which is less than 10 must be spelt out, eg: The samples in the
study consist of seven elderly.. .If a sentences begins with a number, write the
number in words, e.g. Twenty two students were sampled from the study area.

PAPERS
White paper (80 g) or paper of equivalent quality should be used. Paper should be of A4
size (210 mm x 297 mm) and all printing should used Laser Jet printer.

BINDING
The proposal should be comb bound with BLUE cover.

LENGTH OF PROPOSALS
A proposal for Degree research should be up to 10 pages excluding references and
appendices.

10

THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL COMPRISES OF:

The Preliminaries (pages numbered in Roman numerals) to consist of:i.
Title page (Not numbered)
ii.
Table of Contents
iii.
List of Tables (where applicable)
iv.
List of illustrations (Figures) (where applicable)
v.
List of Abbreviations (Acronyms) (where applicable)
The Body/Text (To be written continuously without page breaks)
Text of Proposal
The body of a proposal normally consists of the following sections. These can be
organized as separate subchapters:
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.0
3.0
3.1
3.2
4.0
5.0
6.0

INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH PROBLEM / STATEMENT
OBJECTIVE
HYPOTHESIS
LITERATURE REVIEW
MATERIALS AND METHOD
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
DATA ANALYSIS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES / IMPLICATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDICES (Budgets / Explanatory
Equipment/Tools

Notes

Gantt

chart

11

SAMPLE FORMAT FRONT COVER RESEARCH PROPOSAL

20 mm

RESEARCH PROPOSAL (Cooper Black: 16)

Spacing: 1.5 lines x
2

ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF CANCER PATIENTS (Arial : 16)

Spacing: 1.5 lines x 2

(Arial: 12; Bold,Italic)

Prepared By

ISKANDAR SHAH BIN HAIKAL (Arial : 14)

012000657789
Supervisor

Spacing: 1.5
lines

Dr. Mudzafaar Shah

Co Supervisors
Dr. Faiz Haikal
Dr. Siti Fatimah Abu Bakar
Spacing: 1.5 lines x 3

Department of Health Science

Faculty of Health & Life Sciences
Management and Science University
2014

Front cover colour: Blue

(Arial: 12)

12

SAMPLE FORMAT TEXT RESEARCH PROPOSAL

30 mm

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes is a condition that causes high blood glucose levels (Meydani 2007). It is a
chronic disease that can be managed but not cured. Research done by Martinez and
Frank (2002) concluded that three possible reasons people develop diabetes are, their
bodies cannot make any insulin, enough insulin or the bodies cannot use insulin
properly.

The basic pathophysiology of the disease is insulin deficiency attributable to

different degrees of either decreased insulin secretion or resistance to insulin action
(Begue et al. 1999). Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
-cells (DeStefano et al. 2001; Maxwell & Lip 1997). It is a lifelong disease that develops
when children pancreas stops producing enough insulin (Ali & Shafiq 2008).
1.1

RESEARCH PROBLEM / STATEMENT

Diabetes is regarded as a major risk factor for the development of artherosclerosis and
other cardiovascular complications. The major cause of diabetes is diet which contains
too much sugar. Nowadays, several diabetic drugs being used to treat diabetes has
been reported to have side effects. Therefore, people tend to look for an alternatives
such as natural remedies and herbal treatments that are known to have no side effects
and is relatively cheap and locally available.

Plantago major has been used as a traditional medicine for various conditions of
health disorder. However, the scientific data for pharmacological effect is still poor.
Chinese and Vietnamese used this plant as diuretic, expectorant and have antimicrobial
property.
25 mm

13

THESIS GUIDELINES

14

INTRODUCTION TO THESIS GUIDELINES

The thesis must represent a coherent body of research work by the student.
It must display a scholarly approach and through knowledge of the subject.
Plagiarism in any form is completely unacceptable. The thesis is the primary
and permanent record of the students work. As such, it is important that it both be
written by the student and confirms to normal academic standards.
All health science students prior to undertaking any thesis research, all
necessary approvals much be obtained and documented. This includes Animal Care,
Human Research Ethics and Biohazards Materials (as applicable). Students are
responsible for contacting the appropriate university office to determine whether
these approvals are required for their research and to get instruction on how they
may obtain them. Copies of approval letter should be submitted to Research
Management Centre MSU.

15

COMPONENTS OF THE THESIS

Organization of the Thesis

A thesis is made up of three main parts namely preliminary pages, text and references.
Refer to the Table 1 below.
Table 1: Arrangement of parts in a thesis
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.
13.

SUBJECT
Blank paper
Approval
Declaration of originality and
exclusiveness
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstracts (English)
Abstrak (Bahasa Melayu)
Table of contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Symbols/ Abbreviations/
Notation/ Terminology
Text :
Chapter I Introduction
Chapter II Literature Review
Chapter III Methodology
Chapter IV Results
Chapter V Discussion
Chapter VI Conclusion
References
Appendices

EXAMPLE

NOTES
No numbers

Roman page
number

Normal
numbering

16

Approval sheet
The wordings on the page should read as follows:
This thesis submitted to the Senate of Management and Science University has been
accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Biomedical Science (Hons).
The member of the Supervisory Committee is as follows:
Signature:
Supervisor: (names)
Co- supervisor: (if required)
Date:

Declaration Form
The declaration form should read as follows:
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been
previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at MSU or other institutions.
DATE:
SIGNATURE
(Name of candidates)
(Matrix number)

Abstract
Abstract should have minimum of 150 words and no more than 250 words (APA style). It
includes a brief statement of the problem; a concise description of the research method
and design; summary of major findings, including the significance or lack of it and
conclusion.
The abstract should be given both in English and Bahasa Melayu, the version to appear
first will be of the same language used in writing thesis. The abstract must be in ONE
paragraph only.

17

Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements usually contain written expressions of appreciation for guidance and
assistance from individuals and institutions.

Table of Contents
The table of contents lists in sequences, with corresponding page numbers, all relevant
subdivisions of the thesis. All chapters, sections and subsections may be numbered
accordingly.

List of Tables
The list shows the exact titles or captions of all tables in the text and appendices,
together with the beginning page of each table. Tables should be numbered accordingly
to the chapter.

List of Figures
This includes graphs, maps, charts, engineering drawing, photographs, sketches, and
printed images. The exact title or caption and its corresponding page number are listed.
Figure should be numbered accordingly to the chapter.

18

TEXT OF THESIS
The body of a thesis normally consists of the following sections. These can be organized
as separate chapters.

Chapter I : Introduction
The introductory chapter introduces the problems and indicates its importance and
validity. It sets forth the context, the hypotheses to be tested and the research objectives
to be attained (figures and tables are not allowed).

Chapter II : Literature Review

It is a critical review of literature related to the topic of the thesis. It is mean to act as a
base for the experimental/analytical section of the thesis. Literature selected must be up
to date, analysed and synthesized logically. The literature must have the consequences
between each paragraphs.

Chapter III : Methodology

This chapter or section in paragraph, describes the methods and techniques used. It
may also contain validation of methods used. The materials and method must be explain
in the sentences NOT in the point form

Chapter IV : Results
This chapter or section presents a complete account of results and analyses of the study
in the form of figures, tables or text so that the key information is highlighted. Each of the
figures, tables must be explain in text (paragraph) too.

Chapter V: Discussion
It discusses the results of the study in relation to the hypotheses. It highlighted the main
findings, their significance and implication. Students also can give their opinion on their
findings provided it is related to the outcome. A separate chapter for discussion may be
necessary to give an overall discussion of the finding leading to a conclusion.
Combination of the results and also discussion in one chapter are also accepted.

19

Chapter VI : Conclusion
Summary highlights the finding of the study upon which a conclusion is drawn in line with
the objectives sets. The conclusion should be one to three pages only either in bullet or
paragraphs formats.
References
All the references in the text must be listed.

Appendices
Some of thesis does not require the appendix. However the appendix can be placed
after the references list. Details of the appendices are listed by type in the Table of
Contents.

20

THESIS FORMAT

TYPE FACE AND FONT SIZE

The entire text of the thesis, including heading and page numbers, must be
proced with the same font or typeface. The font size should be 12 points (Times
Roman) or 11 points (Arial). And should not be scripted or italicized except for scientific
names and terms in a different language. Bold print must be used for headings.
Footnotes and text in tables should not be less than 8 points.

MARGINS
For the first page of any new chapter:
Top
: 50 mm
Bottom : 25 mm
Left
: 38 mm
Right : 25 mm
For the rest of the pages:
Top
: 30 mm
Bottom : 25mm
Left
: 38 mm
Right : 25 mm
All information (text heading, footnotes and illustrations), including page numbers must
be within the text area.

SPACING
The thesis should be typed 1.5 spaced. The following however should be single spaced:
i.
Heading and subheading
ii.
References or bibliography
iii.
Abstract
iv.
Acknowledgements
v.
Explanatory footnotes
Each paragraph from one to another should be 1.5 spaced. Title to text show
(Paragraph spacing before: 0 point, after: 0 point).

21

PAGINATION
Page should be numbered consecutively through the thesis including pages for
tables, figures and appendices. Each appendix should be identified separately using a
big letter (A, B, C). The pages of appendices should also be numbered accordingly.
Pages number should appear by themselves and should not be bracketed, hyphenated
or accompanied by other decorative devices.
The number of pages for title page for title page, dedication (optional) ,
acknowledgement, abstracts, table of content, list of tables, list of figures, list of
abbreviations or glossary must use in small Roman numerals ( i, ii, iii).
Page 1 begins with the first page of the Introduction (or chapter 1). All the pages
should be numbered at the TOP RIGHT CORNER for each page. For every new
chapter, the page number should be hidden.

HEADER AND FOOTER

The use of header and footer is NOT allowed.

SYMBOLS
The symbol % may be used in place of the word percent, e.g. 72.5% and typed without a
space. If the candidate prefers to write 72.5 percent in full, then consistency should be
maintained throughout.
NUMBERS
All integers less than ten should be spelt out unless they are attached to units of
measure (e.g. 10 kg, 5 mL). Use figures for numbers 10 or more than 10, eg: About 225
students... Number which is less than 10 must be spelt out, eg: The samples in the
study consist of seven elderly.. .If a sentences begins with a number, write the
number in words, e.g. Twenty two students were sampled from the study area.

PAPERS
White paper (80 g) or paper of equivalent quality should be used. Paper should be of A4
size (210 mm x 297 mm) and all printing should use Laser Jet printer.
BINDING
The thesis should be hard bound with DARK NAVY BLUE colour hard cover.

22

SOFY COPY COVER

The thesis must be burned into a CD to be summited. The cover of the CD must be
maroon in colour same as the hard bound cover. Inside the cover, students must print
out their abstract. Students must submit a soft copy of thesis, research manuscript and
poster presentation in individual files. The files for the soft copy MUST be in WORD
format. PDF format is not accepted.

REFERENCING STYLE
All referencing for the thesis and proposal will use American Psychological
Association (APA) style.
Using in-text citation with APA style
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for
example:
Lewis, C. W (2005). The ethics challenge in public service: A problem-solving guide (2nd
ed.). United Stated: John Wiley.
In text citation: (Lewis, 2005).
Within the text of the paper, include an in-text citation when it is refered to, summarize,
paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in the paper, there
must be a corresponding entry in the reference list.
For more than 1 author
Example:
Lewis, C. W., & Gilman, S. C. (2005). The ethics challenge in public service: A problemsolving guide (2nd ed.). United Stated: John Wiley.
In text citation: (Lewis & Gilman, 2005)

23

APPENDIX A: FRONT COVER (SPINE AND COVER OF THESIS)

FATIN ROSANALINA

50 MM

EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACTION FROM Tachypleus gigas

CARAPACE TOWARDS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

BSc. Biomedical Science (HONS) MSU

FATIN ROSANALINA

MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

2014

2014
Font: ARIAL, Size: 12 point, standard block size, using
gold colour

40 MM

24

APPENDIX B: SAMPLE OF TITLE PAGE

50 MM from top

EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACTIOND FROM Tachypleus gigas

CARAPACE TOWARDS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

FATIN ROSANALINA

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of

Biomedical Science (Hons) in the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences,
Management and Science University
May 2014
40 MM

Semester subjected is
taken

25

Appendix C: Sample of Approval Sheet

30mm from top

38mm

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Management and Science University has
been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Biomedical
Science (Hons). The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:

Signature

Supervisor

: Ms. Yasohdha Anne

Date

: 21 APRIL 2014

(IF AVAILABLE)
Signature

Co- supervisor : Pn. Suhana Md. Saad

Date

:21 APRIL 2014

Signature

Dean

: Professor Dr. Mohd Zahedi Daud

Date

: 21 APRIL 2014

Spacing: 1.5 lining

25mm

26

Appendix D: Declaration

50mm from top

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that
it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at MSU
or other institutions.

15 APRIL 2014
FATIN ROSANALINA
(12012112233)

27

APPENDIX E: SAMPLE OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

30mm from top

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Spacing: Double

I praise to the almighty Allah for giving me the strength and patience to complete
the research. I would like to express my sincere appreciation and deepest
gratitude to the following persons for their support during the research.

28

APPENDIX F: SAMPLE OF ENGLISH ABSTRACT

30mm from top

ABSTRACT
Spacing: Double

The examination of skeletal remains is a big challenge especially to coroners and

forensic anthropologist in carrying out an investigation. In terms of medico-legal
aspect, it is important to determine stature or height from various skeletal remains
and body parts brought for examination. Various body parts can be used to
identify sex as they bear a positive and linear correlation to stature. Many
researches have been carried out and proven successful in identification of the
body. The positive and linear correlation is being utilized in many forensic cases
such as mass disaster. Scientists have long been involved in standardizing the
anthropological data with respect to various populations of the world. The main
aim of the present research is to differentiate male and female sex using stature
measurement. A standard anthropometric technique is used as reference. To
estimate stature; measurements of foot length (FL), foot breadth (FB) and toe (T1
till T5) to base line were used in this study. Measurements were obtained from
100 subjects of school teachers age 30 to 50 years. All foot stature lengths
exhibit statistically positive significant correlation with stature (p-value < 0.01) and
the correlation coefficient (r) ranges from 0.546 to 0.578. The accuracy of the
regression equations was verified by comparing the estimated stature with actual
stature. Regression equations derived in this research can be used to estimate
stature from the complete or even partial footprints among Malaysian citizens.

Singles
spacing

29

APPENDIX G : SAMPLE OF BAHASA MELAYU ABSTRACT

30mm from top

PANDANGAN ORANG AWAM TERHADAP PESAKIT ALBINO

DI SEKSYEN 13, SHAH ALAM
ABSTRAK

Spacing: Single
Spacing: Double

Albinism adalah penyakit jarang diwarisi dimanifestasikan oleh ketiadaan dalam

lengkap atau sebahagian pigmen pada kulit, rambut, atau mata disebabkan oleh
kecacatan biosintesis melanin. Perkataan "golongan penghidap albinism"
merujuk kepada sekumpulan keadaan yang diwarisi.penghidap albinisme
mempunyai pigmen sedikit atau tiada di mata mereka, kulit, atau rambut. Mereka
telah mewarisi gen yang telah berubah yang tidak memberikan jumlah yang
biasa dan pigmen yang dipanggil melanin. Kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk
mengenalpasti pandangan, pengetahuan dan kesedaran di kalangan orang ramai
terhadap penghidap albinism. Kaedah kajian soal selidik ini telah dijalankan di
kawasan yang telah dipilih iaitu terhadap penduduk seksyen 13, Shah Alam yang
di mana hanya 200 sampel yang digunakan untuk kajian ini. Sebanyak 200
sampel dibahagikan secara rawak kepada penduduk berdasarkan jantina, umur,
kewarganegaraan, bangsa, status dan tahap pendidikan. Sebanyak 200 sampel
yang dipilih, dibahagikan sama rata pada jantina iaitu sebanyak 100 sampel pada
lelaki, dan 100 sampel pada wanita. Jenis kajian yang dipilih ialah kajian keratan
rentas. Data dianalisis menggunakan Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS) versi 16. Latar belakang penduduk seperti tahap pendidikan, umur,
jantina, bangsa dan status telah dicatatkan melalui kajian ini. Keputusan
menunjukkan kebanyakan penduduk mempunyai pengetahuan tentang albino,
iaitu sebanyak 83% orang lelaki yang tahu, dan 96% orang wanita yang tahu
mengikut jantina. Data bagi kesedaran dan pandangan orang ramai terhadap
albinism menunjukkan keputusan yang siknifikan, di mana nilai bagi kedua nya
adalah kurang daripada 0.005 (p<0.005). Kesimpulannya, penduduk seksyen 13
Shah Alam, mempunyai pengetahuan dan pandangan mereka sendiri terhadap
penghidap albino.

Singles
spacing

30

APPENDIX H: SAMPLE OF CONTENTS

30mm from top

CONTENT
Spacing: Double

Page
APPROVAL

DECLARATION

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iii

ABSTRACT

iv
Spacing: 1.5 lines

ABSTRAK

CONTENTS

vi

LIST OF TABLES

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xiv
Spacing: Double

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1

Introduction

1.2

Objectives

1.2.1 General Objectives

31

1.3

1.2.2 Specific Objectives

Hypothesis

3
Spacing: Double

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2.2

Microbial respirations

2.3

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

2.4

Current treatment for Staphylococcus spp infection

2.5

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

Spacing: 1.5 lines

Spacing: Double

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1

Materials

19

3.1.1 Apparatus

19

3.1.2 Chemical equipment

19

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1

Antisensitivity Testing/ Antimicrobial Testing

24

Spacing: Double

CHAPTER V DISCUSSION

30
Spacing: Double

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

33
Spacing: Double

32

REFERENCES

34
Spacing: Double

APPENDIX A

MEDICINAL HERBS PROCESSING

39

APPENDIX B

RESEARCH FLOW CHART

41

APPENDIX C

BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

42

APPENDIX D

GANTT CHART

APPENDIX E

MANUSCRIPT

45

APPENDIX F

POSTER

46

APPENDIX G

CD COPY

Spacing:
1.5 lines
44

33

Appendix I: Sample of List of Table

30mm from top

LIST OF TABLES
Spacing: Double

Tables
Table 4.1

Title

Page

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against

Staphylococcus aureus

25

Table 4.2

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against MRSA

26

Table 4.3

Coptis chinensis Franch against Staphylococcus

aureus

27

34

Appendix J: Sample of Figure List

30mm from top

LIST OF FIGURES
Spacing: Double

Figure No.

Figure 2.1

Figure Title

Page

Staphylococcus aureus under 1000x

magnification using compound microscope.

Figure 2.2

Microbial respirations

Figure 2.3

Boils seen on pelvis of homosapiens infected

with S. aureus.

Figure 2.5

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Figure 2.6

Vancomycin MIC detection by E-test

Figure 2.7

Mechanism of vancomycin- resistant

35

APPENDIX K: Sample List of Abbreviation and Symbols

30mmfromtop

LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS

Spacing: Double

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

MIC

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

MBC

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

MRSA

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

TCM

Traditional Chinese Medicine

VISA

Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus
aureus

VRSA

Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

>

More than

36

APPENDIX L: SAMPLE OF TEXT

50mm from top

CHAPTER I
Spacing: 1.5 lines x 2

INTRODUCTION
Spacing: 1.5 lines x 2

1.1

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Spacing: 1.5 lines x 1

38mm

Over the past 15 years, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(MRSA) has become a public health problem. (Paul et al, 2013). Rates of
MRSA infection in hospitals especially intensive care units (ICU), are rising
throughout the world. (MedMD, 2012). By 2005, admissions were triple the
number in 2000 and 10-fold higher than in 1995. In 2005 in the United
States alone, 368,600 hospital admissions for MRSAincluding 94,000
invasive infectionsresulted in 18,650 deaths. The number of MRSA
fatalities in 2005 surpassed the number of fatalities from hurricane Katrina
and AIDS combined and is substantially higher than fatalities at the peak
of the U. S. polio epidemic. (Richard, 2008).
Spacing: 1.5 lines x 1

MRSA is a strain of Staphylococcus bacteria that is resistant to

certain types of antibiotics. (Tim, 2014). It is carried by about 1% of the
population after contacted with contaminated surfaces or infected persons.
(MedMD, 2012). Most of the time, Staphylococcus spp does not cause any
harm to humans. However, damage to the skin or other injury may allow

25mm

25mm

37
30mm from top

the bacteria to overcome the natural protective mechanisms of the body,

leading to infection. (CDC, 2013; MedicineNet.com, 2012).

1.2

OBJECTIVE

1.2.1 General Objective:

To test the antimicrobial effect of Coptis chinensis Franch and

Scutellariae

baicalensis

Georgi

against

methicillin-

resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus aureus.

1.2.2 Specific Objectives:

Spacing: 1.5 lines x 1

i)

To compare the effectiveness between aqueous extraction and

methanol extraction.

ii)

To determine the best concentration of Coptis chinensis Franch and

Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi against MRSA and Staphylococcus
aureus.

iii)

To determine the inhibition zone of Coptis chinensis Franch and

Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi against MRSA and Staphylococcus
aureus.

1.3

HYPOTHESIS

There is no antimicrobial effect of Coptis chinensis Franch and

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus aureus.

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38

Appendix M: Sample of Figure

Figure 1. Percentage of patients with condition treated per National

Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) guidelines,
by sex, the HIV Outpatient Study, January 2002September 2009. Error
bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Abbreviations: LDL-C, low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Spacing: Single

39

Appendix N: Sample of tables

Table 4.3 Coptis chinensis Franch against Staphylococcus aureus.

Test strain

Concentration
(mg/ml)

Zone of inhibition (mm)

Methanol based

Aqueous
based

S. aureus

10

20

13

40

11

17

80

18

18

Positive ctrl (Penicillin)

Negative ctrl (Sterile saline)
Appendix O: Sample of Reference List

43
-

40

30mm from top

REFERENCES
Spacing: 1.0 x 2

Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in

children (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merill.
Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behavior therapy (Brief
Therapies Series). London: Sage.
Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of
posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security Through Science Series).
Amsterdam: IOS.
Treasure, D. C., Lemyre, P. N., Kuczka, K. K., & Standage, M. (2007). Motivation in
elite sport: A self-determination perspective. In M. S. Hagger & N. L.
Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and
sport (pp.153-166). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Format: Single spacing, alphabetically arranged.

41

APPENDIX O: SAMPLE OF CD COVER

Navy blue colour

Abstract

42

POSTER PREPARATION

43

POSTER FORMAT

POSTER SIZE
A4

SECTIONS

TITLE

Each student poster should include a title banner with the names and
institutional affiliations (MSU)

The title should be in a large font, preferably with letters, so it will be

readable from a distance

INTRODUCTION

Brief problem definition

OBJECTIVE (S)

HYPOTHESIS

METHODOLOGY

State the brief method and data analysis. Preferable flow chart.

RESULTS *

All illustrations, drawings, charts, pictures, graphs, figures, other visual

aids, and written text should be sufficiently large to allow them to be read
or seen easily from a distance of 60 inches (1.5 m).

44

DISCUSSION *

Interpretation of results and presentation of discoveries

Discussion of the merits, assumptions, and limitations of your approach

CONCLUSION *

Discuss on the major finding that give contribution to your research area.

REFERENCES

Four major references

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To whom it may concern.

General Advice
Lettering should be in dark, contrasting colours.
Do not use combinations of red and green as these are difficult for people
with common types of colour blindness to read
Avoid using large tables of figures - try to use graphs instead.
Include photographs and illustrations if at all possible.
Avoid detailed description of well-known methods.
Design your poster so that it flows logically from top to bottom.
As a general rule, it should be possible for someone to read and
comprehend the main subject and content of the poster no more than one
minute.

* Do not applicable for the research proposal poster display.

45

APPENDIX A: SUGGESTED FORMAT OF A SCIENTIFIC POSTER

46

RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT

47

Manuscript Preparation Guidelines

General: Manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced with wide margins on

one side of white paper. Good quality printouts with a font Times Roman; 12 pt or
Arial; 11 pt are required. The corresponding author should be identified (include a
fax number and e-mail address). Full postal addresses must be given for all coauthors. Authors should consult a recent issue of the journal for style if possible.
An electronic copy of the paper should accompany the final version. The Editors
reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity. Authors should
retain a copy of their manuscript since we cannot accept responsibility for
damage or loss of papers.

Paper Length: Research papers should not exceed 10,000 words of text plus
appropriate illustrations and tables. Review papers should not exceed 15,000
words plus illustrations and tables. Short communications should not exceed
2,000 words plus illustrations and tables.

Abstracts: Each research paper should be provided with an Abstract of about

100-150 words, reporting concisely on the purpose and results of the paper.

Text: Follow this order when typing manuscripts: Title, Authors, Affiliations,
Abstract, Keywords, and Main text, Acknowledgements, Appendix, References,
Figure Captions and then Tables. Do not import the Figures or Tables into your
text.

Units: The SI system should be used for all scientific and laboratory data. In
certain instances it may be necessary to quote other units.

Illustrations: All illustrations should be provided in camera-ready form, suitable

for reproduction (which may include reduction) without retouching. Photographs,
charts and diagrams are all to be referred to as
"Figure(s)" and should be numbered consecutively in the order to which they are
referred. All figures are to have a caption.

48

Line drawings: Good quality printouts on white paper produced in black ink are
required. All lettering, graph lines and points on graphs should be sufficiently
large and bold to permit reproduction when the diagram has been reduced to a
size suitable for inclusion in the journal.
Photographs: Original photographs must be supplied as they are to be
reproduced (e.g. black and white or colour). Please note that photocopies of
photographs are not acceptable.

Tables: Tables should be numbered consecutively and given a suitable caption

and each table typed on a separate sheet. Footnotes to tables should be typed
below the table and should be referred to by lowercase letters.

REFERENCE
Minimum 10 references are required. All references used in the manuscript must
be in the reference list. Referencing must use the American Psychological
Association (APA) style.

49

APPENDIX : SAMPLE OF MANUSCRIPT

Single spacing x 2

MANUSCRIPT
DETERMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE ON ADVERSE EFFECTS OF Bacille
Calmette Guerin (BCG) AND HEPATITIS B VACCINES BETWEEN
1.5
spacing

URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITY IN SELANGOR

Nur Hayati A.M.S., Noor Azimah A.,
Faculty Health and Life Sciences,
Management and Science University
Corresponding author, email: xxxxxx@yahoo.com

Single spacing x 2

ABSTRACT: The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a live bacterial

vaccine attenuated of Mycobacterium bovis, containing no preservative except
monosodium glutamate or albumin as the stabilizer. A cross sectional study were
conducted among hundred respondents were taken part. They were requested to
answer a questionnaire which included questions regarding the demographic
profiles, knowledge of BCG and Hepatitis B vaccines followed by BCG and
Hepatitis B vaccines adverse effects. The data was analyzed by using Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 via Independent T-Test with P
value <0.05. The data shown that community in urban area have more
knowledge than rural area with 50.2% and 49.8% respectively towards BCG and
Hepatitis B vaccines adverse effects in urban 52.8% and 47.2% rural (p>0.05).
There was relationship between knowledge and educational background where
high education

level at urban area was found to be knowledgeable on the

adverse effects of vaccine (p>0.05).

The most common adverse effects

experienced by the children was papule (21%) for BCG vaccine followed by
redness and high fever (26%) for Hepatitis B vaccine. As a conclusion,
community in urban has more knowledge on BCG and Hepatitis B vaccines
adverse effects rather than community in rural area.

1.5
spacing

50

Keywords: Adverse effects, Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine, Mycobacterium

bovis, monosodium glutamate and albumin.
Single spacing x 1

INTRODUCTION
Hepatitis B is a major public health problem. Approximately 30% of the
worlds population, about 2 billion people, has serological evidence of infection
with hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is estimated that 350 million of them have chronic
HBV infection, about a million of who die each year from chronic liver disease,
including cirrhosis and liver cancer (World Health Organization. 2001). The most
common form of TB is will affects the lungs, but it can affect other parts of the
body such as the bones, joints and kidneys. From experimental evidence clearly
shows, that simultaneous administration of as little as two to three immune
adjuvants, or repeated stimulation of the immune system by the same antigen
can overcome genetic resistance to autoimmunity (Sienkiewicz et al., 2012).
Single spacing x 1

METHODS
Study Design
The objective of this study is to find out the knowledge on adverse effects
of BCG and Hepatitis B vaccines in urban and rural community at Selangor state.
Collecting Data (Area Selection)
This study was conducted among parents or guardians of children at
urban and rural community in Selangor state which is for urban area, the area is
at Section 13, Shah Alam, Selangor and rural area is at Kampung Sijangkang,
Banting, Klang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

51

RESULTS
The data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
version 20 via Independent T-Test with P value <0.05. The data shown that
community in urban area have more knowledge than rural area with 50.2% and
49.8% respectively towards BCG and Hepatitis B vaccines adverse effects in
urban 52.8% and 47.2% rural (p>0.05). (Refer to Figure 1.1)
Single spacing x 1

DISCUSSION
Based on the results the respondent in urban area have good knowledge
towards adverse effects of Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and Hepatitis B
vaccines compared to respondent in rural area which are the mean xxx BCG
vaccine in urban and xxx in rural, followed by the mean xxx Hepatitis B vaccine in
urban and xxx rural. It is because urban community has higher education
compared to rural community. Besides that they have better housing, easier
access to hospitals and clinics, schools and public transportation, and higher
education levels (Amin R.,et al 2013).
Single spacing x 1

CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.
Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and blessing in completing this
thesis. Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Madam Noor Azimah Ahmad,
for her supervision and constant support

52

REFERENCES
Sienkiewicz D., Kuak W., Okurowska-Zawada B., Paszko-Patej G. (2012),
Neurologic

adverse

events

following

vaccination.

World

Health

Organization Geneva, (2001), Introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into

childhood immunization services, Management guidelines, including
information for health workers and parents.

NOTE: REFERENCE USED IN TEXT MUST BE IN THE REFERENCE LIST.

(MIN 15 REFERENCES TO MAX 20 REFERENCES)

FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1.1 Comparison of knowledge in urban areas.

NOTE: ALL FIGURES AND TABLES MUST BE AT THE END OF THE

MANUSCRIPT. IN YOUR TEXT RESULTS, PLEASE INDICATE THE FIGURES
AND TABLES PROPERLY.