487

Appendix 1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES

Properties of Petroleum Liquids
Product
Regular gasoline
Summer grade
Interseasonal grade
Winter grade
Premium gasoline
Summer grade
Interseasonal grade
Winter grade
No.1 fuel oil
No.2 fuel oil
Kerosene
Jet fuel JP-4
Jet fuel JP-5

Viscosity (cSt)
@ 60F

API Gravity

Specific Gravity
@ 60F

0.70
0.70
0.70

62.0
63.0
65.0

0.7313
0.7275
0.7201

0.70
0.70
0.70
2.57
3.90
2.17
1.40
2.17

57.0
58.0
66.0
42.0
37.0
50.0
52.0
44.5

0.7467
0.7165
0.7711
0.8155
0.8392
0.7796
0.7711
0.8040

Specific Gravity and API Gravity

Liquid

Specific Gravity (60F)

API Gravity (60F)

Propane
Butane
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Light crude
Heavy crude
Very heavy crude
Water

0.5118
0.5908
0.7272
0.7796
0.8398
0.8348
0.8927
0.9465
1.0000

N/A
N/A
63.0
50.0
37.0
38.0
27.0
18.0
10.0

488

Properties of Hydrocarbon Gases

Formula

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
n-Butane
Isopentane
n-pentane
Neopentane
n-Hexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
Neohexane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
n-Heptane
2-Methylhexane
3-Methylhexane
3-Ethylpentane
2,2-Dimethylpentane
2,4-Dimethylpentane
3,3-Dimethylpentane
Triptane
n-Octane
Di-isobutyl
Isooctane
n-Nonane

CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C4H10
C5H12
C5H12
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C9H20

16.0430
30.0700
44.0970
58.1230
58.1230
72.1500
72.1500
72.1500
86.1770
86.1770
86.1770
86.1770
86.1770
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
114.2310
114.2310
114.2310
128.2580

Critical Constants

Vapor
Pressure at
100F (psia)

Pressure
(psia)

5000
800
188.65
72.581
51.706
20.443
15.575
36.72
4.9596
6.769
6.103
9.859
7.406
1.621
2.273
2.13
2.012
3.494
3.294
2.775
3.376
0.5371
1.1020
1.7090
0.17155

666.0
707.0
617.0
527.9
548.8
490.4
488.1
464.0
436.9
436.6
452.5
446.7
454.0
396.8
396.0
407.6
419.2
401.8
397.4
427.9
427.9
360.7
361.1
372.7
330.7

Ideal Gas, 14.696 psia, 60F

Specific Heat
Volume
(Btu/lb/F)
(ft3/lb)

Temperature
(F)

Volume
(ft3/lb)

116.66
90.07
205.93
274.4
305.52
368.96
385.7
321.01
453.8
435.76
448.2
419.92
440.08
512.8
494.44
503.62
513.16
476.98
475.72
505.6
496.24
564.15
530.26
519.28
610.72

Gravity
(air = 1.00)

0.0988
0.0783
0.0727
0.0714
0.0703
0.0684
0.0695
0.0673
0.0688
0.0682
0.0682
0.0667
0.0665
0.0682
0.0673
0.0646
0.0665
0.0665
0.0667
0.0662
0.0636
0.0673
0.0676
0.0657
0.0693

0.5539
1.0382
1.5226
2.0068
2.0068
2.4912
2.4912
2.4912
2.9755
2.9755
2.9755
2.9755
2.9755
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.9441
3.9441
3.9441
4.4284

23.654
12.620
8.6059
6.5291
6.5291
5.2596
5.2596
5.2596
4.4035
4.4035
4.4035
4.4035
4.4035
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.322
3.322
3.322
2.9588

0.52676
0.40789
0.38847
0.38669
0.39500
0.38448
0.38831
0.39038
0.38631
0.38526
0.37902
0.38231
0.37762
0.38449
0.38170
0.37882
0.38646
0.38651
0.39627
0.38306
0.37724
0.38334
0.37571
0.38222
0.38248

Appendix 1

Gas

Molecular
Weight

C10H22
C5H10
C6H12
C6H12
C7H14
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
C2H2
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H8

142.2850
70.1340
84.1610
84.1610
98.1880
28.0540
42.0810
56.1080
56.1080
56.1080
56.1080
70.1340
54.0920
54.0920
68.1190
26.0380
78.1140
92.1410
106.1670
106.1670
106.1670
106.1670
104.1520

0.06088
9.917
4.491
3.267
1.609
1400
232.8
62.55
45.97
49.88
64.95
19.12
36.53
59.46
16.68
3.225
1.033
0.3716
0.2643
0.3265
0.3424
0.2582

304.6
653.8
548.8
590.7
503.4
731.0
676.6
586.4
615.4
574.9
580.2
509.5
656.0
620.3
582.0
890.4
710.4
595.5
523
541.6
512.9
509.2
587.8

652.1
461.1
499.28
536.6
570.2
48.54
198.31
296.18
324.31
311.8
292.49
376.86
354
306
403
95.29
552.15
605.5
651.22
674.85
650.95
649.47
703

0.0702
0.0594
0.0607
0.0586
0.0600
0.0746
0.0717
0.0683
0.0667
0.0679
0.0681
0.0674
0.0700
0.0653
0.0660
0.0693
0.0531
0.0549
0.0564
0.0557
0.0567
0.0572
0.0534

4.9127
2.4215
2.9059
2.9059
3.3902
0.9686
1.4529
1.9373
1.9373
1.9373
1.9373
2.4215
1.8677
1.8677
2.3520
0.8990
2.6971
3.1814
3.6657
3.6657
3.6657
3.6657
3.5961

2.6671
5.411
4.509
4.509
3.8649
13.527
9.0179
6.7636
6.7636
6.7636
6.7636
5.411
7.0156
7.0156
5.571
14.574
4.8581
4.1184
3.5744
3.5744
3.5744
3.5744
3.6435

0.38181
0.27122
0.30027
0.29012
0.31902
0.35789
0.35683
0.35535
0.33275
0.35574
0.36636
0.35944
0.34347
0.34223
0.35072
0.39754
0.24295
0.26005
0.27768
0.28964
0.27427
0.27470
0.26682
(Continued)

Appendix 1

n-Decane
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylene
Propylene
Butylene
Cis-2-butene
Trans-2-butene
Isobutene
1-Pentene
1,2-Butadene
1,3-Butadene
Isoprene
Acetylene
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Styrene

489

490

Properties of Hydrocarbon Gasescontd

Gas

Formula

Molecular
Weight

Isopropylbenzene
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Ammonia
Air
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Water
Helium
Hydrogen chloride

C9H12
CH4 O
C2H6O
CO
CO2
H2S
SO2
NH3
N2+O2
H2
O2
N2
Cl2
H2O
He
HCl

120.1940
32.0420
46.0690
28.0100
44.0100
34.0820
64.0650
17.0305
28.9625
2.0159
31.9988
28.0134
70.9054
18.0153
4.0026
36.4606

Vapor
Pressure at
100F (psia)
0.188
4.631
2.313

394.59
85.46
211.9

157.3
0.95
906.71

Critical Constants
Pressure
(psia)

Temperature
(F)

Volume
(ft3/lb)

Ideal Gas, 14.696 psia, 60F

Specific Heat
Gravity
Volume
3
(Btu/lb/F)
(air = 1.00) (ft /lb)

465.4
1174
891.7
506.8
1071
1306
1143
1647
546.9
187.5*
731.4
493
1157
3200.1
32.99
1205

676.2
463.01
465.31
220.51
87.73
212.4
315.7
270.2
221.29
400.3
181.4
232.48
290.69
705.1
450.31
124.75

0.0569
0.0590
0.0581
0.0527
0.0342
0.0461
0.0305
0.0681
0.0517
0.5101
0.0367
0.0510
0.0280
0.04975
0.2300
0.0356

4.1500
1.1063
1.5906
0.9671
1.5196
1.1768
2.2120
0.5880
1.0000
0.06960
1.1048
0.9672
2.4482
0.62202
0.1382
1.2589

3.1573
11.843
8.2372
13.548
8.6229
11.134
5.9235
22.283
13.103
188.25
11.859
13.546
5.3519
21.065
94.814
10.408

0.30704
0.32429
0.33074
0.24847
0.19909
0.23838
0.14802
0.49678
0.2398
3.4066
0.21897
0.24833
0.11375
0.44469
1.24040
0.19086

Appendix 1

491

Appendix 1

ASTM METHOD FOR VISCOSITY VERSUS TEMPERATURE

OF LIQUIDS
The ASTM method of calculating the viscosity variation with temperature for a
petroleum liquid is explained below. This does not require the use of the special
logarithmic graph paper.
log logZ = A BlogT

(A 1.5)

where
log Logarithm to base 10
Z Variable that depends on viscosity of the liquid, v
v Viscosity of liquid, cSt
T Absolute temperature, R or K
A and B constants that depend on the specific liquid
The variable Z is defined as follows:
Z = v + 0:7 + C D

(A 1.6)

where C and D are as follows:

C = exp1:14883 2:65868v

(A 1.7)

D = exp0:0038138 12:5645v

(A 1.8)

C, D, and Z are all functions of the kinematic viscosity.

Given two sets of temperature viscosity values (T1, v1) and (T2, v2), we can
calculate the corresponding values of C, D, and Z from Eqs (A 1.6) to (A 1.8).
We can then come up with two equations using the pairs of (T1, Z1) and (T2, Z2)
values by substituting these values into Eq. (A 1.5) as shown below:
log logZ1 = A B logT1

(A 1.9)

log logZ2 = A B logT2

(A 1.10)

From the above equations, the two unknown constants A and B can be easily
calculated, since T1, Z1, and T2, Z2 values are known.

492

Appendix 1

VISCOSITY OF A MIXTURE OF LIQUIDS USING

BLENDING INDEX
In this method, a Blending Index is calculated for each liquid based on its
viscosity. Next, the Blending Index of the mixture is calculated from the individual blending indices by using the weighted average of the composition of the
mixture. Finally, the viscosity of the blended mixture is calculated using the
Blending Index of the mixture. The equations used are as follows:
H = 40:073 46:414 log10 log10 V + B

(A 1.11)

B = 0:931 1:72V

(A 1.12)

for

B = 0:6 for

0:2 < V < 1:5

V > = 1:5

Hm = H1 pct1 + H2 pct2 + /100

where
H, H1, H2, Blending Index of liquids
Hm Blending Index of mixture
B Constant in Blending Index equation
V Viscosity in cSt
pct1, pct2, Percentage of liquids 1, 2, in blended mixture

VISCOSITIES OF COMMON HYDROCARBON GASES

Gas

Viscosity (cP)

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
n-Butane
Isopentane
n-Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
Ethylene
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Air
Nitrogen
Helium

0.0107
0.0089
0.0075
0.0071
0.0073
0.0066
0.0066
0.0063
0.0059
0.0050
0.0048
0.0045
0.0098
0.0184
0.0147
0.0122
0.0178
0.0173
0.0193

Note: Properties are based on 50F temperature and atmospheric pressure.

(A 1.13)
(A 1.14)

493

Appendix 1

GAS COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR CALCULATION METHODS

Dranchuk, Purvis, and Robinson Method
In this method of calculating the compressibility factor, the coefficients A1, A2, etc.,
are used in a polynomial function of the reduced density r as follows:
!


A3
A5 2
A2

+
+ A4 +
Z = 1 + A1 +
Tpr Tpr3 r
Tpr r
(A 1.15)
A5 A6 r5
A7 r3
+
+ 3
Tpr
Tpr 1 + A8 r2 e A8 r2
where
r =

0:27Ppr
ZTpr

(A 1.16)

and
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
Ppr
Tpr

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.31506237
1.04670990
0.57832729
0.53530771
0.61232032
0.10488813
0.68157001
0.68446549
Pseudo-reduced pressure
Pseudo-reduced temperature

Other symbols have been defined before.

American Gas Association (AGA) Method

The AGA Method for the compressibility factor uses a complicated mathematical algorithm and therefore does not lend itself easily to manual calculations.
Generally, a computer program is used to calculate the compressibility factor.
Mathematically, the AGA method is represented by the following function:
Z = Function gas properties, pressure, temperature

(A 1.17)

where gas properties include the critical temperature, critical pressure, and gas
gravity.
The AGA-IGT, Report No. 10 describes in detail this method of calculating Z.
This approach is valid for gas temperatures in the range of 30120F and for
pressures not exceeding 1380 psig. The compressibility factor calculated using

494

Appendix 1

this method is quite accurate and generally within 0.03% of those calculated
using the Standing-Katz chart in these range of temperatures and pressures.
When temperatures and pressures are higher than these values, the compressibility factor calculated using this method is within 0.07% of the value obtained from
Standing-Katz chart.
The reader may also refer to the AGA publication Report No. 8, Second
Edition, November 1992 for more information on compressibility factor calculation methods.

California Natural Gas Association (CNGA) Method

This is a fairly simple equation for quickly calculating the compressibility factor,
when the gas gravity, temperature and, pressure are known, as described in the
following equation:
1
Z=  

Pavg 344400101:785G
1+
Tf3:825

(A 1.18)

where
Pavg Average gas pressure, psig
Tf Average gas temperature, R
G Gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Note that pressure used in this equation is the gauge pressure.
This formula for the compressibility factor is valid when the average gas
pressure Pavg is more than 100 psig. For pressures less than 100 psig, Z is
approximately equal to 1.00.