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  • Transistor Basics

    Transféré par

    Khoa Dang
    40 vues12 pages
    The document discusses bipolar transistors, including their basic structure, operation, properties, and use as switches in circuits. It describes the common NPN and PNP transistor types, explaining that transistors function as current amplifiers. Key transistor terms are defined, such as common-emitter current gain, common-base current gain, and voltages like VCE, VCB, and VBE. Transistor states like cut-off, saturation, and active regions are covered. Examples show how to calculate component values needed for a transistor to operate as a switch in a given circuit. The document also briefly introduces field-effect transistors and their advantages over bipolar junction transistors.

    Description originale:

    basic knowledge of transistors

    Titre original

    Transistor basics

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    The document discusses bipolar transistors, including their basic structure, operation, properties, and use as switches in circuits. It describes the common NPN and PNP transistor types, explaining that transistors function as current amplifiers. Key transistor terms are defined, such as common-emitter current gain, common-base current gain, and voltages like VCE, VCB, and VBE. Transistor states like cut-off, saturation, and active regions are covered. Examples show how to calculate component values needed for a transistor to operate as a switch in a given circuit. The document also briefly introduces field-effect transistors and their advantages over bipolar junction transistors.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    40 vues12 pages

    Transistor Basics

    Transféré par

    Khoa Dang
    The document discusses bipolar transistors, including their basic structure, operation, properties, and use as switches in circuits. It describes the common NPN and PNP transistor types, explaining that transistors function as current amplifiers. Key transistor terms are defined, such as common-emitter current gain, common-base current gain, and voltages like VCE, VCB, and VBE. Transistor states like cut-off, saturation, and active regions are covered. Examples show how to calculate component values needed for a transistor to operate as a switch in a given circuit. The document also briefly introduces field-effect transistors and their advantages over bipolar junction transistors.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 12

    Transistor

    www.hamk.fi

    Bipolar Transistor

    Nowadays intergraded insides the circuit but still important part of the electronic
    parts!
    Basic structure

    NPN transistor

    PNP transistor

    Kollektori
    Collector

    Kollektori
    Collector

    N
    Kanta
    Base

    P
    Kanta
    Base

    Emitteri
    Emitter

    Emitteri
    Emitter

    www.hamk.fi

    Operation

    Works as a current amplifier


    Transistor requires that the voltages are connected right order (Bias)
    Arrow on the emitter shows the direction of the current thought the transistor
    IE = IC + IB (Base current is very small compared to collector current)

    IC

    IB

    IC
    -

    IB

    +
    -

    IE

    IE

    www.hamk.fi

    Properties

    The common-emitter current gain

    Also known hFE

    the common-base current gain

    Allways below one

    IC

    IB

    IC

    IE

    Kuva: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/dope.html

    www.hamk.fi

    Currents and Voltages

    VCE Collector Emitter voltage (dc)


    VCB Collector Base voltage (dc)
    VBE Base Emitter voltage (dc)
    IB Base current (dc)
    IC Collector current (dc)
    IE Emitter current (dc)
    Biased in the forward direction VBE is 0,7
    V
    VRB = VBB VBE
    VRB = IB * RB
    Combined with the previous
    IB * RB = VBB VBE
    We get formula for the base current

    IB

    VBB VBE
    RB
    www.hamk.fi

    IB

    VBB

    IC
    VCB+
    +
    VBE IE

    VCC
    VCE

    Currents and Voltages

    Collector Emitter voltage


    VCE = VCC VRC
    Voltage over Rc
    VRC = IC * RC
    Combined with the previous
    VCE = VCC - IC * RC
    Further

    VCE VCC I B * * RC

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    IB

    VBB

    IC
    VCB+
    +
    VBE IE

    VCC
    VCE

    Transistor States

    Cutt-off region
    IB = 0 => IC about 0
    This means that VCE is about VCC
    Saturation
    When IB grows sufficiently VCE goes
    close zero so the transistor is fully
    ON
    Active region
    Region between Cutt-off region and
    Saturation

    IB

    VBB

    IC
    VCB+
    +
    VBE -

    VCC

    UCE

    IE

    Operation point

    Load curve

    www.hamk.fi

    Transistor as a practice

    Transistor as a switch
    Two states Fully open and Fully closed
    Example, lets settle does the following circuit work as a switch.
    When switch 2 is open so the transistor is open (switch open)
    VCE = 10V
    When switch is closed the VCE is quite near zero (0 V)

    IC

    VCC VCE 10V 0V

    10mA
    RC
    1k

    Minimum current when the transistor is in saturation

    I B min

    I CSat 10mA

    50 A
    hFE
    200

    Maximum value for base resistor

    RB max

    VBin VBE 5V 0,7V

    86k
    I B min
    50 A

    Works! Because the resistor RB smaller that that!

    www.hamk.fi

    Exercise

    Caculate the value for resistor R1 so that circuit works as switch for the load.

    IC

    VCC
    24V

    48mA
    RC 500

    I B min
    RB max

    I CSat 48mA

    240 A
    hFE
    200

    U Bin U BE 5V 0,7V

    17917
    I B min
    240 A

    We select e.g. 15K

    www.hamk.fi

    Sensor Inputs
    PLC sensors and their connections

    www.hamk.fi

    Field-effect transistor (FET)

    Voltage controlled transistor


    Advantages to BJT transistors is big input impedance,
    disadvantage smaller gain and non-linearity
    Types
    JFET
    MOSFET
    IGBT

    www.hamk.fi

    FET as a switch

    www.hamk.fi

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