Bear

1 Etymology

This article is about the mammalian family. For the koala

and extinct bear-like marsupials, see Phascolarctidae.

The English word bear comes from Old English bera

Ursine redirects here. For the village, see Ursine, and belongs to a family of names for the bear in
Germanic languages that originate from an adjective
Nevada. For other uses, see Bear (disambiguation).
meaning brown.[3] In Scandinavia, the word for bear is
bjrn (or bjrn), and is a relatively common given name
Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears
for males. The use of this name is ancient and has been
are classied as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with
found mentioned in several runestone inscriptions.[4]
the pinnipeds being their closest living relatives. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European name of the
widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats bear is *htos, whence Sanskrit rka, Avestan ara,
throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Greek (arktos), Latin ursus, Welsh arth (whence
Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents perhaps "Arthur"), Albanian ari, Armenian (arj).
Also compared is Hittite artagga-, the name of a monof North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.
ster or predator.[3] In the binomial name of the brown
Common characteristics of modern bears include large
bear, Ursus arctos, Linnaeus simply combined the Latin
bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, shaggy hair,
and Greek names.
plantigrade paws with ve nonretractile claws, and short
tails. While the polar bear is mostly carnivorous, and the The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word for bear, *htos
giant panda feeds almost entirely on bamboo, the remain- seems to have been subject to taboo deformation or
replacement in some languages (as was the word for
ing six species are omnivorous with varied diets.
wolf, wlkw os), resulting in the use of numerous unrelated
With the exception of courting individuals and mothwords with meanings like brown one (English bruin)
ers with their young, bears are typically solitary animals.
and honey-eater (Slavic medved).[5] Thus, some IndoThey are generally diurnal, but may be active during the
European language groups do not share the same PIE
night (nocturnal) or twilight (crepuscular), particularly
root.
around humans. Bears possess an excellent sense of smell
and, despite their heavy build and awkward gait, are adept
runners, climbers, and swimmers. In autumn, some bear
species forage large amounts of fermented fruits, which 2 Evolutionary history
aects their behaviour.[1] Bears use shelters, such as caves
and burrows, as their dens; most species occupy their dens The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the subduring the winter for a long period (up to 100 days) of order Caniformia, or doglike carnivores, within the
sleep similar to hibernation.[2]
order Carnivora. Bears closest living relatives are the
[6]
Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their pinnipeds, canids, and musteloids.
meat and fur. With their tremendous physical presence The following synapomorphic (derived) traits set bears
and charisma, they play a prominent role in the Arts, apart from related families:
mythology, and other cultural aspects of various human
societies. In modern times, the bears existence has been
presence of an alisphenoid canal
pressured through the encroachment on their habitats and
the illegal trade of bears and bear parts, including the
paroccipital processes that are large and not fused to
Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six bear species as
the auditory bullae
vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species,
auditory bullae are not enlarged
such as the brown bear, are at risk of extirpation in certain
countries. The poaching and international trade of these
lacrimal bone is vestigial
most threatened populations are prohibited, but still ongoing.
cheek teeth are bunodont and hence indicative of
a broad, hypocarnivorous (not strictly meat-eating)
diet (although hypercarnivorous (strictly meateating) taxa are known from the fossil record)[7]
1

2 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
carnassials are attened

all living bears. Species of Ursavus subsequently entered North America, together with Amphicynodon and
Additionally, members of this family possess posteriorly Cephalogale, during the early Miocene (2118 Mya).
oriented M2 postprotocrista molars, elongated m2 mo- Members of the living lineages of bears diverged from
lars, and a reduction of the premolars.
Ursavus between 15 and 20 Mya ago,[10][11] likely via the
Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfam- species Ursavus elmensis. Based on genetic and morphoilies: Ailuropodinae (monotypic with the giant panda), logical data, the Ailuropodinae (pandas) were the rst to
Tremarctinae (monotypic with the spectacled bear), and diverge from other living bears about 19 Mya ago, alof this group have been found before
Ursinae (containing six species divided into one to three though no fossils
[12]
about
5
Mya.
genera, depending on the authority).

2.1

Fossil bears

The New World short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) differentiated from Ursinae following a dispersal event
into North America during the mid Miocene (about 13
Mya).[12] They invaded South America (~1 Ma) following formation of the Isthmus of Panama.[13] Their earliest fossil representative is Plionarctos in North America (~ 102 Ma). This genus is probably the direct ancestor to the North American short-faced bears (genus
Arctodus), the South American short-faced bears (Arctotherium), and the spectacled bears, Tremarctos, represented by both an extinct North American species (T.
oridanus), and the lone surviving representative of the
Tremarctinae, the South American spectacled bear (T.
ornatus).

Plithocyon armagnacensis skull

The earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct

subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including Parictis (late
Eocene to early middle Miocene, 3818 Mya) and the
slightly younger Allocyon (early Oligocene, 3430 Mya),
both from North America. These animals looked very
dierent from todays bears, being small and raccoonlike in overall appearance, and diets perhaps more similar to that of a badger. Parictis does not appear in Eurasia
and Africa until the Miocene.[8] It is unclear whether lateEocene ursids were also present in Eurasia, although faunal exchange across the Bering land bridge may have been
possible during a major sea level low stand as early as the
late Eocene (about 37 Mya) and continuing into the early
Oligocene.[9] European genera morphologically are very
similar to Allocyon, and also the much younger American Kolponomos (about 18 Mya), are known from the
Oligocene, including Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon.
The raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale is the oldestknown member of the subfamily Hemicyoninae, which
rst appeared during the middle Oligocene in Eurasia about 30 Mya ago. The subfamily also includes
the younger genera Phoberocyon (2015 Mya), and
Plithocyon (157 Mya).
A Cephalogale-like species gave rise to the genus Ursavus
during the early Oligocene (3028 Mya); this genus proliferated into many species in Asia and is ancestral to

Fossil of cave bear (Ursus spelaeus)

The subfamily Ursinae experienced a dramatic proliferation of taxa about 5.34.5 Mya ago, coincident with major environmental changes; with the rst members of the
genus Ursus also appearing around this time.[12] The sloth
bear is a modern survivor of one of the earliest lineages
to diverge during this radiation event (5.3 Mya); it took
on its peculiar morphology, related to its diet of termites
and ants, no later than by the early Pleistocene. By 34
Mya ago, the species Ursus minimus appears in the fossil
record of Europe; apart from its size, it was nearly identical to todays Asiatic black bear. It is likely ancestral
to all bears within Ursinae, perhaps aside from the sloth
bear. Two lineages evolved from U. minimus: the black
bears (including the sun bear, the Asiatic black bear, and
the American black bear); and the brown bears (which includes the polar bear). Modern brown bears evolved from

3
U. minimus via Ursus etruscus, which itself is ancestral to
both the extinct Pleistocene cave bear and todays brown
and polar bears. Species of Ursinae have migrated repeatedly into North America from Eurasia as early as 4
Mya during the early Pliocene.[14]

3 Classication

The fossil record of bears is exceptionally good. Direct ancestor-descendent relationships between individual species are often fairly well established, with sucient
intermediate forms known to make the precise cut-o between an ancestral and its daughter species subjective.[15]
Other extinct bear genera include Agriarctos, Indarctos, and Agriotherium (sometimes placed within
hemicyonids).

2.2

Taxonomic revisions of living bear

species

The giant pandas taxonomy (subfamily Ailuropodinae)

has long been debated. Its original classication by
Armand David in 1869 was within the bear genus Ursus, but, in 1870, it was reclassied by Alphonse MilneEdwards to the raccoon family.[16] In recent studies, the Brown bear (Ursus arctos)
majority of DNA analyses suggest that the giant panda
has a much closer relationship to other bears and should (Extant species in bold.)
be considered a member of the family Ursidae.[17] Estimates of divergence dates place the giant panda as the
most ancient oshoot among living taxa within Ursidae,
having split from other bears as recently as 11.6 Mya to
as distantly as 22.1 Mya.[12][18] The red panda was included within Ursidae in the past. However, more recent research does not support such a conclusion, and
instead places it in its own family Ailuridae, in superfamily Musteloidea along with Mustelidae, Procyonidae,
and Mephitidae.[19][20][21] Multiple similarities between
the two pandas, including the presence of false thumbs,
are thus thought to represent an example of convergent
evolution for feeding primarily on bamboo.
Unlike their neighbors elsewhere, the brown bears of
Alaskas ABC Islands evidently are more closely related
to polar bears than to other brown bears in the world.
Researchers Gerald Shields and Sandra Talbot of the
University of Alaska Fairbanks Institute of Arctic Biology studied the DNA of several samples of the species
and found that their DNA is dierent from that of other
brown bears. The discovery has shown that, while all
other brown bears share a brown bear as their closest relative, those of Alaskas ABC Islands dier and share their
closest relation with the polar bear.[22] Also, the very rare
Tibetan blue bear is a type of brown bear. This animal
Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
has never been photographed.
Koalas are often referred to as bears due to their appearance; however, they are marsupials, not bears.

Family Ursidae

CLASSIFICATION

Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)

Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)

Indian Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus ursinus)

Ailuropoda microta
Ailuropoda wulingshanensis

Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Subfamily Ailuropodinae
Ailurarctos
Ailurarctos lufengensis
Ailurarctos yuanmouenensis
Ailuropoda (pandas)
Ailuropoda baconi
Ailuropoda fovealis
Ailuropoda melanoleuca - giant
panda
Ailuropoda
melanoleuca
melanoleuca; giant panda
Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis; Qinling panda

Subfamily Tremarctinae
Plionarctos
Plionarctos edensis
Plionarctos harroldorum
Tremarctos (spectacled bears)
Tremarctos ornatus - spectacled
bear
Tremarctos oridanus - Florida
spectacled bear
Arctodus
Arctodus simus - giant short-faced
bear
Arctodus pristinus
Arctotherium
Arctotherium angustidens
Arctotherium bonariense
Arctotherium brasilense

American black bear (Ursus americanus)

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

Arctotherium latidens
Arctotherium tarijense
Arctotherium vetustum
Arctotherium wingei

Subfamily Ursinae
Ursavus
Ursavus brevirhinus
Ursavus depereti
Ursavus elmensis
Ursavus pawniensis
Ursavus primaevus
Ursavus tedfordi
Indarctos
Indarctos anthraciti
Indarctos arctoides
Indarctos atticus
Indarctos nevadensis
Indarctos oregonensis
Indarctos salmontanus
Indarctos vireti
Indarctos zdanskyi
Agriotherium
Agriotherium inexpetans
Agriotherium schneideri

Syrian brown bears (Ursus arctos syriacus)

Agriotherium sivalensis
Melursus
Melursus ursinus - sloth bear
Melursus ursinus inornatus; Sri
Lankan sloth bear
Melursus ursinus ursinus; Indian
sloth bear
Helarctos
Helarctos malayanus - sun bear
Helarctos malayanus malayanus
Helarctos malayanus euryspilus;

3
Borneo sun bear
Ursus
Ursus rossicus
Ursus sackdillingensis
Ursus minimus
Ursus thibetanus - Asian black bear
Ursus thibetanus formosanus; Formosan black bear
Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus
Ursus
thibetanus
japonicus;
Japanese black bear
Ursus thibetanus laniger
Ursus thibetanus mupinensis
Ursus thibetanus thibetanus
Ursus
thibetanus
ussuricus;
Manchurian black bear or Ussuri black bear
Ursus abstrusus
Ursus americanus - American
black bear
Ursus americanus altifrontalis,
Olympic black bear
Ursus americanus amblyceps, New
Mexico black bear
Ursus americanus americanus,
Eastern black bear
Ursus americanus californiensis,
California black bear
Ursus americanus carlottae, Haida
Gwaii black bear or Queen Charlotte black bear
Ursus americanus cinnamomum,
cinnamon bear
Ursus americanus emmonsii, glacier
bear
Ursus americanus eremicus, Mexican black bear
Ursus americanus oridanus,
Florida black bear
Ursus americanus hamiltoni, Newfoundland black bear
Ursus americanus kermodei, Kermode bear or spirit bear
Ursus
americanus
luteolus,
Louisiana black bear
Ursus americanus machetes, West
Mexico black bear
Ursus americanus perniger, Kenai
black bear
Ursus americanus pugnax, Dall
black bear
Ursus americanus vancouveri, Vancouver Island black bear
Ursus etruscus

CLASSIFICATION

Ursus arctos - brown bear

Ursus arctos arctos; Eurasian brown
bear
Ursus arctos alascensis
Ursus arctos beringianus; Kamchatka brown bear or Far Eastern
brown bear
Ursus arctos californicus; California golden bear
Ursus arctos crowtheri; Atlas bear
Ursus arctos dalli
Ursus arctos gobiensis; Gobi bear
(very rare)
Ursus arctos horribilis; grizzly bear,
North American brown bear, or silvertip bear
Ursus arctos isabellinus; Himalayan
brown bear or Himalayan red bear
Ursus arctos lasiotus; Ussuri brown
bear or black grizzly
Ursus arctos middendor; Kodiak
bear
Ursus arctos nelsoni; Mexican
grizzly bear
Ursus arctos piscator; Bergmans
bear (extinct?)
Ursus arctos pruinosus; Tibetan blue
bear, Tibetan bear, or Himalayan
blue bear
Ursus arctos sitkensis
Ursus arctos syriacus; Syrian
(brown) bear
Ursus maritimus - polar bear
Ursus maritimus maritimus
Ursus maritimus tyrannus
Ursus savini
Ursus deningeri
Ursus spelaeus - cave bear
Ursus inopinatus, MacFarlanes
bear (cryptid; if an authentic species,
extinct)
Kolponomos
Kolponomos clallamensis
Kolponomos newportensis
The genera Melursus and Helarctos are sometimes also
included in Ursus. The Asiatic black bear and the polar
bear used to be placed in their own genera, Selenarctos
and Thalarctos; these names have since been reduced in
rank to subgeneric rank.
A number of hybrids have been bred between American
black, brown, and polar bears.

4.1

Morphology

Biology

kg (1,650 lb). As to which species is the largest depends

on whether the assessment is based on which species has
the largest individuals (brown bears) or on the largest average size (polar bears), as some races of brown bears are
much smaller than polar bears. Adult male Kodiak bears
average 480 to 533 kg (1,058 to 1,175 lb) compared to
an average of 386 to 408 kg (851 to 899 lb) in adult male
polar bears, per the Guinness Book of World Records.[25]
The smallest bears are the sun bears of Asia, which weigh
an average of 65 kg (143 lb) for the males and 45 kg (99
lb) for the females, though the smallest mature females
can weigh only 20 kg (44 lb).[26][27] All medium"-sized
bear species (which include the other ve extant species)
are around the same average weight, with males averaging
around 100 to 120 kg (220 to 260 lb) and females averaging around 60 to 85 kg (132 to 187 lb), although it is
not uncommon for male American black bears to considerably exceed average weights.[28] Head-and-body
length can range from 120 cm (47 in) in sun bears to 300
cm (120 in) in large polar and brown bears and shoulder
height can range from 60 cm (24 in) to over 160 cm (63
in) in the same species, respectively. The tails of bears are
often considered a vestigial feature and can range from 3
to 22 cm (1.2 to 8.7 in).[27][28]

4.1

Morphology

Unlike most other Carnivora, bears have plantigrade feet

Unlike most other land carnivorans, bears are plantigrade.

They distribute their weight toward the hind feet, which
makes them look lumbering when they walk. They are
still quite fast, with the brown bear reaching 48 km/h
(30 mph), although they are still slower than felines and
canines. Bears can stand on their hind feet and sit up
straight with remarkable balance. Bears nonretractable
claws are used for digging, climbing, tearing, and catching prey. Their ears are rounded.
Bears have an excellent sense of smell, better than the
dogs (Canidae), or possibly any other mammal. This
sense of smell is used for signalling between bears (either
to warn o rivals or detect mates) and for nding food.
Smell is the principal sense used by bears to nd most of
their food.[26]

4.1.1 Dentition
Despite being quadrupeds, bears can stand and sit similarly to
humans.

Bears are generally bulky and robust animals with relatively short legs. They are sexually dimorphic with regard to size, with the males being larger.[23][24] Larger
species tend to show increased levels of sexual dimorphism in comparison to smaller species,[24] and where a
species varies in size across its distribution, individuals
from larger-sized areas tend also to vary more. Bears are
the most massive terrestrial members of the order Carnivora. Some exceptional polar bears and Kodiak bears
(a brown bear subspecies) have been weighed at over 750

Unlike most other members of the Carnivora, bears have

relatively undeveloped carnassial teeth, and their teeth
are adapted for a diet that includes a signicant amount
of vegetable matter. The canine teeth are large, and the
molar teeth at and crushing. Considerable variation occurs in dental formula even within a given species. This
may indicate bears are still in the process of evolving from
carnivorous to predominantly herbivorous diets. Polar
bears appear to have secondarily re-evolved fully functional carnassials, as their diets have switched back towards carnivory.[29] The dental formula for living bears
is: 3.1.2-4.23.1.2-4.3

4.2

4 BIOLOGY

Distribution and habitat

Humming, a loud monotonous buzzing sound, primarily employed by cubs.[30]

See also: List of carnivorans by population

Bears are primarily found in the Northern Hemisphere,
and with one exception, only in Asia, North America
and Europe. The single exception is the spectacled bear
(Tremarctos ornatus); native to South America it inhabits the Andean region. The Atlas bear, a subspecies of
the brown bear, was the only bear native to Africa. It
was distributed in North Africa from Morocco to Libya,
but has been extinct since around the 1870s. The most
widespread species is the brown bear, which occurs from
Western Europe eastwards through Asia to the western
areas of North America. The American black bear is restricted to North America, and the polar bear is restricted
to the Arctic Sea. All the remaining species are Asian.[26]

4.5 Diet and interspecic interactions

With the exception of the polar bear, bears are mostly

forest species. Some species, particularly the brown bear, Asian black bear feeding on berries
may inhabit or seasonally use other areas, such as alpine
scrub or tundra.

4.3

Behaviour

While many people think bears are nocturnal, they are, in

fact, generally diurnal, active for the most part during the
day. The belief that they are nocturnal apparently comes
from the habits of bears that live near humans, which engage in some nocturnal activities, such as raiding trash
cans or crops while avoiding humans. The sloth bear of
Asia is the most nocturnal of the bears, but this varies
by individual, and females with cubs are often diurnal to
avoid competition with males and nocturnal predators.[26]
Bears are overwhelmingly solitary and are considered to
be the most asocial of all the Carnivora. Liaisons between
breeding bears are brief, and the only times bears are encountered in small groups are mothers with young or oc- Brown bear feeding on infrequent, but predictable, salmon micasional seasonal bounties of rich food (such as salmon grations
runs).[26]
Most bears have diets of more plant than animal matter
and are completely opportunistic omnivores. Some bears
4.4 Vocalizations
will climb trees to obtain mast (edible vegatative or reproductive parts, such as acorns); smaller species that are
Bears produce a variety of vocalizations such as:
more able to climb include a greater amount of this in
their diets.[31] Such masts can be very important to the di Moaning, produced mostly as mild warnings to po- ets of these species, and mast failures may result in longtential threats or in fear,
range movements by bears looking for alternative food
[32]
One exception is the polar bear, which has
Barking, produced during times of alarm, excite- sources.
adopted
a
diet
mainly of marine mammals to survive in
ment or to give away the animals position.
the Arctic. The other exception is the giant panda, which
Hung, made during courtship or between mother has adopted a diet mainly of bamboo. Stable isotope
and cubs to warn of danger.
analysis of the extinct giant short-faced bear (Arctodus
simus) shows it was also an exclusive meat-eater, probably
Growling, produced as strong warnings to potential
a scavenger.[33] The sloth bear, though not as specialized
threats or in anger.
as the previous two species, has lost several front teeth
Roaring, used much for the same reasons as growls usually seen in bears, and developed a long, suctioning
and also to proclaim territory and for intimidation. tongue to feed on the ants, termites, and other burrowing

4.7

Winter dormancy

insects they favour. At certain times of the year, these

insects can make up 90% of their diets.[34] All bears will
feed on any food source that becomes available, the nature of which varies seasonally. A study of Asiatic black
bears in Taiwan found they would consume large numbers of acorns when they were most common, and switch
to ungulates at other times of the year.[35]

dependent upon the food supply available to the growing individual. The females of smaller species may have
young in as little as two years, whereas the larger species
may not rear young until they are four or even nine years
old. First breeding may be even later in males, where
competition for mates may leave younger males without
access to females.[26]

When taking warm-blooded animals, bears will typically

take small or young animals, as they are easier to catch.
However, both species of black bears and the brown bear
can sometimes take large prey, such as ungulates.[35][36]
Often, bears will feed on other large animals when they
encounter a carcass, whether or not the carcass is claimed
by, or is the kill of, another predator. This competition is
the main source of interspecies conict. Bears are able to
defend a carcass against some comers. Mother bears also
can usually defend their cubs against other predators.

The bears courtship period is very brief. Bears in northern climates reproduce seasonally, usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation, although tropical species breed all year round. Cubs are born toothless, blind, and bald. The cubs of brown bears, usually
born in litters of one to three, will typically stay with the
mother for two full seasons. They feed on their mothers
milk through the duration of their relationship with their
mother, although as the cubs continue to grow, nursing
becomes less frequent and cubs learn to begin hunting
with the mother. They will remain with the mother for
about three years, until she enters the next cycle of estrus
and drives the cubs o. Bears will reach sexual maturity
in ve to seven years. Male bears, especially polar and
brown bears, will kill and sometimes devour cubs born to
another father to induce a female to breed again. Female
bears are often successful in driving o males in protection of their cubs, despite being rather smaller.

The tiger is the only predator known to regularly

prey on adult bears, including fully grown adults of
brown bears, sloth bears, Asiatic black bears and sun
bears[37][38][39][40][41][42] When hunting bears, tigers will
position themselves from the leeward side of a rock or
fallen tree, waiting for the bear to pass by. When the bear
passes, the tiger will spring from an overhead position and
grab the bear from under the chin with one forepaw and
the throat with the other. The immobilised bear is then
killed with a bite to the spinal column. After killing a
4.7 Winter dormancy
bear, the tiger will concentrate its feeding on the bears
[43][44]
fat deposits, such as the back, legs and groin.
Further information: American black bear Hibernation
and Grizzly bear Hibernation
Many bears of northern regions are assumed to hibernate

4.6

Breeding

Further information: Brown bear Reproduction,

American black bear Reproduction and development,
Polar bear Reproduction and lifecycle, Grizzly bear
Reproduction, Asian black bear Reproduction and life
cycle, Spectacled bear Reproduction and Sloth bear
Reproduction
The age at which bears reach sexual maturity is highly

Polar bear mother nursing her cub

in the winter, a belief supported by a number of scientic studies.[45][46] While many bear species do go into a
physiological state often colloquially called hibernation
or "winter sleep", it is not true hibernation. In true hibernators, body temperatures drop to near ambient and
American black bears mating
heart rates slow drastically, but the animals periodically
rouse themselves to urinate or defecate and to eat from
variable, both between and within species. Sexual ma- stored food. The body temperature of bears, on the other
turity is dependent on body condition, which is in turn hand, drops only a few degrees from normal, and the heart

10

RELATIONSHIP WITH HUMANS

rate slows from a normal value of 55 to just 9 beats per

minute.[47] They normally do not wake during this hibernation, so do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate the
entire period. Higher body heat and being easily roused
may be adaptations, because females give birth to their
cubs during this winter sleep.[46]

Relationship with humans

See also: Bear danger

Some species, such as the polar bear, American black

Wojtek the bear with a Polish soldier: During the Battle of Monte
Cassino, Wojtek helped move ammunition.
Bear danger area closure sign of a type used in Denali National
Park, Alaska

bear, sloth bear, and brown bear, are dangerous to humans, especially in areas where they have become used to
people. All bears are physically powerful and are likely
capable of fatally attacking a person, but they, for the
most part, are shy, are easily frightened and will avoid
humans. Injuries caused by bears are rare, but are often widely reported.[48] The danger that bears pose is often vastly exaggerated, in part by the human imagination.
However, when a mother feels that her cubs are threatened, she will behave ferociously. It is recommended to
give all bears a wide berth because they are behaviorally
unpredictable.
Where bears raid crops or attack livestock, they may
come into conict with humans.[49][50] These problems
may be the work of only a few bears, but they create a
climate of conict, as farmers and ranchers may perceive
all losses as due to bears and advocate the preventive removal of all bears.[50] Mitigation methods may be used to
reduce bear damage to crops, and reduce local antipathy
towards bears.[49]
Laws have been passed in many areas of the world to protect bears from habitat destruction. Public perception of
bears is often very positive, as people identify with bears
due to their omnivorous diets, ability to stand on two legs,
and symbolic importance,[51] and support for bear protection is widespread, at least in more auent societies.[52]
In more rural and poorer regions, attitudes may be more

shaped by the dangers posed by bears and the economic

costs they cause to farmers and ranchers.[50] Some populated areas with bear populations have also outlawed
the feeding of bears, including allowing them access to
garbage or other food waste. Bears in captivity have been
trained to dance, box, or ride bicycles; however, this use
of the animals became controversial in the late 20th century. Bears were kept for baiting in Europe at least since
the 16th century.

5.1 Bear hunt

Main article: Bear hunting
Some cultures use bears for food and folk medicine.
Their meat is dark and stringy, like a tough cut of beef.
In Cantonese cuisine, bear paws are considered a delicacy. The peoples of China, Japan, and Korea use bears
body parts and secretions (notably their gallbladders and
bile) as part of traditional Chinese medicine. More than
12,000 bile bears are thought to be kept on farms, for their
bile, in China, Vietnam, and South Korea.[53] Bear meat
must be cooked thoroughly, as it can be infected with
Trichinella spiralis, which can cause trichinosis.[54][55][56]

6.2

Myth and legend

Culture

6.1

Names

The female rst name Ursula, originally derived

from a Christian saint's name and common in Englishand German-speaking countries, means little she-bear
(diminutive of Latin ursa). In Switzerland, the male rst
name Urs is especially popular, while the name of the
canton and city of Bern is derived from Br, German for
bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt
and other forms) means bear-brave, bear-hardy, or
bold bear.[57][58]
In Scandinavia, the male personal names Bjrn (Sweden,
Iceland) and Bjrn (Norway, Denmark), meaning bear,
are relatively common. In Finland, the male personal
name Otso is an old poetic name for bear, similar to Kontio.

11
fairy tale "Morozko", whose arrogant protagonist Ivan
tries to kill a mother bear and her cubsand is punished
and humbled by having his own head turned magically
into a bears head and being subsequently shunned by human society.
"The Brown Bear of Norway" is a Scottish fairy tale
telling the adventures of a girl who married a prince magically turned into a bear, and who managed to get him
back into a human form by the force of her love and after
many trials and diculties. In the 1970s, this story was
adapted into the East German fantasy lm The Singing
Ringing Tree and broadcast on British television.
Evidence of bear worship has been found in early Chinese
and Ainu cultures, as well (see Iomante). Korean people
in their mythology identify the bear as their ancestor and
symbolic animal. According to the Korean legend, a god
imposed a dicult test on a she-bear; when she passed it,
the god turned her into a woman and married her.

In Russian and other Slavic languages, the word for bear, Legends of saints taming bears are common in the Alpine
medved (), and variants or derivatives, such as zone. In the arms of the bishopric of Freising, the bear
is the dangerous totem animal tamed by St. Corbinian
Medvedev, are common surnames.
and made to carry his civilised baggage over the mounThe Irish family name McMahon means Son of Bear
tains. A bear also features prominently in the legend of
in Irish.
St. Romedius, who is also said to have tamed one of these
In East European Jewish communities, the name Ber animals and had the same bear carry him from his her()Yiddish cognate of Bearhas been attested as mitage in the mountains to the city of Trento.
a common male rst name, at least since the 18th century,
Similar stories are told of Saint Gall and Saint Columand was, among others, the name of several prominent
banus.
rabbis. The Yiddish Ber is still in use among Orthodox
Jewish communities in Israel, the US, and other coun- This recurrent motif was used by the Church as a symbol
tries. With the transition from Yiddish to Hebrew un- of the victory of Christianity over paganism.[59] In the
der the inuence of zionism, the Hebrew word for bear, Norse settlements of northern England during the 10th
dov (), was taken up in contemporary Israel and is at century, a type of hogback grave cover of a long narrow
present among the commonly used male rst names in block of stone, with a shaped apex like the roof beam of a
long house, is carved with a muzzled, thus Christianised,
that country.
bear clasping each gable end. Though the best collec"Ten Bears" (Paruasemana) was the name of a welltion of these is in the church at Brompton, North Yorkknown 19th century chieftain among the Comanche.
shire,[60] their distribution ranges across northern EngAlso among other Native American tribes, bear-related
land and southern Scotland, with a scattered few in the
names are attested.
north Midlands and single survivals in Wales, Cornwall,
and Ireland; a late group is found in the Orkney Islands.
Bears are a popular feature of many childrens stories, including Goldilocks and "The Story of the Three Bears",
For bears in mythology, see Jean de l'Ours, Arcturus, the Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.
Ursa Major, and Berserker.
En uheldig bjrnejakt (An Unfortunate Bear Hunt)
by Theodor Kittelsen.
There is evidence of prehistoric bear worship. Anthropologists such as Joseph Campbell have regarded this as
Onikuma from Ehon Hyaku Monogatari
a common feature in most of the shing and hunting According to his hagiography, a bear killed Saint
tribes. The prehistoric Finns, along with most Siberian
Corbinian's pack horse on the way to Rome, so the
peoples, considered the bear as the spirit of ones foresaint commanded it to carry his load. Once he arfathers. This is why the bear (karhu) was a greatly rerived in Rome, however, he let the bear go.
spected animal, with several euphemistic names (such as
otso, mesikmmen and kontio). The bear is the national
The saddled bear of St. Corbinian" the emblem
animal of Finland.
of Freising, here incorporated in the arms of Pope

6.2

Myth and legend

This kind of attitude is reected in the traditional Russian

Benedict XVI

12

6 CULTURE

Coat of Arms of the Abbey of Saint Gall

The Three Bears, Arthur Rackham's illustration to
English Fairy Tales, by

6.3

Bears appear in the canting arms of Bern and Berlin.

Bear symbols are used extensively in Berlin street
decorations.[62]

Symbolic use

For more details on this topic, see Bear in heraldry.

The Russian bear is a common national personication

Misha, the Russian Bear mascot of the 1980 Moscow Olympic

Games

The British Lion, the Persian Cat and the Russian Bear (see The
Great Game)

Also, bear, "bruin", or specic types of bears are popular nicknames or mascots, for example, for sports teams
(Bayern Munich, Chicago Bears, California Golden
Bears, UCLA Bruins, Boston Bruins); and a bear cub
called Misha was mascot of the 1980 Summer Olympics
in Moscow, Soviet Union.

Smokey Bear has become a part of American culture

for Russia (as well as the Soviet Union). The brown bear since his introduction in 1944. Known to almost all
Americans, he and his message, Only you can preis also Finland's national animal.
vent forest res (updated in 2001 to Only you can
prevent wildres), have been a symbol of preserving
woodlands.[63] Smokey wears a hat similar to one worn
by U.S. Forest Service rangers; state police ocers in
some states wear a similar style, giving rise to the CB
slang bear or Smokey for the highway patrol.
The name Beowulf has been hypothesized to mean beewolf, a kenning for bear.[64]

6.4 Figures of speech

The ag of California

The physical attributes and behaviours of bears are commonly used in gures of speech in English.

In the United States, the black bear is the state animal of

Louisiana, New Mexico, and West Virginia; the grizzly
bear is the state animal of both Montana and California.
Bears also appear in the state seals of California and
Missouri.

In the stock market, a bear market is a period of

declining prices. Pessimistic forecasting or negative
activity is said to be bearish (due to the stereotypical
posture of bears looking downwards), and one who
expresses bearish sentiment is a bear. Its opposite is
a bull market, and bullish sentiment from bulls.

In the UK, the bear and sta has long featured on the
heraldic arms of Warwickshire county.[61]

In gay slang, the term "bear" refers to male individuals who possess physical attributes much like a bear,

13
such as a heavy build, abundant body hair, and com- Conservation.[65] Speciality organizations for each of the
monly facial hair.
eight species of bears worldwide include:
A bear hug is typically a tight hug that involves wrapping ones arms around another person, often leaving that persons arms immobile.
Bear tracking in the old Western states of the U.S.
and, to this day, in the former Dakota Territory, the
expression you ain't just a bear trackin'" is used to
mean you ain't lying or thats for sure. This expression evolved as an outgrowth of the experience
pioneer hunters and mountainmen had when tracking bear. Bears often lay down false tracks and are
notorious for doubling back on anything tracking
them. If you are not following bear tracks, you are
not following false trails or leads in your thoughts,
words or deeds.
In Korean culture, a person is referred to as being
like a bear when they are stubborn or not sensitive to what is happening around their surroundings.
Used as a phrase to call a person stubborn bear.
The Bible compares King David's bitter warriors,
who ght with such fury that they could overcome
many times their number of opponents, with a
bear robbed of her whelps in the eld (2 Samuel
17:8 s:Bible (King James)/2 Samuel#Chapter 17).
The phrase a bereaved bear () , derived
from this Biblical source, is still used in the literary
Hebrew of contemporary Israel.

6.5

Teddy bears

Brown bear: Vital Ground.

Asiatic black bear: Moon Bears.
North American black bear: Black Bear Conservation Coalition.
Polar bear: Polar Bears International.
Sun bear: Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre.
Sloth bear: Wildlife SOS.
Andean bear: Andean Bear Conservation Project.
Giant panda: Chengdu Research Base of Giant
Panda Breeding.

8 See also
List of fatal bear attacks in North America
List of ctional bears
List of individual bears
Ursa minor
Ursari

9 References

Main article: Teddy bear

[1] Slovakia warns of tipsy bears. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2008-11-11.

Around the world, many children have stued toys in the

form of bears.

[2] Peter Tyson is editor in chief of NOVA Online. Bear

Essentials of Hibernation. Pbs.org. Retrieved 2013-0926.
[3] Pokorny (1959) indo-european.nl

Organizations regarding bears

Two authoritative organizations for seeking scientic information on bear species of the world are the International Association for Bear Research & Management,
also known as the International Bear Association (IBA);
and the Bear Specialist Group of the Species Survival
Commission, a part of the International Union for the
Conservation of Nature. These organizations focus on
the species natural history, management, and conservation.
Other organizations exist to further wild bear education
and conservation. Bear Trust International works for
wild bears and other wildlife through four core program
initiatives: 1) Conservation Education, 2) Wild Bear
Research, 3) Wild Bear Management, and, 4) Habitat

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10

Further reading

Bears of the World, Terry Domico, photographs by

Terry Domico and Mark Newman, Facts on File,
Inc., 1988, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-8160-1536-8.
The Bear by William Faulkner.
Brunner, Bernd: Bears: A Brief History. New Haven
and London: Yale University Press, 2007.

11

External links

The Bears Project Information, reports and images

of European brown bears and other living species
Western Wildlife Outreach Information on the history, biology, and conservation of North American
Grizzly Bears and Black Bears
The Bear Book and Curriculum Guide a compilation of stories about all eight species of bears worldwide, including STEM lessons rooted in bear research, ecology, and conservation

EXTERNAL LINKS

17

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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File:19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/19-Formosan_Black_Bear.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Abu0804
File:As_Between_Friends_(Punch_magazine,_13_December_1911,_detail).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/16/As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%2C_detail%29.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally uploaded to en.wikipedia; transferred by Mrostami on 24 October 2006. Original artist: Leonard Raven-Hill
File:Bear_Alaska_(3).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bear_Alaska_%283%29.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: Driving To Alaska Original artist: Carl Chapman from Phoenix, usa
File:Bear_foot.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Bear_foot.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
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File:Black_Bear_Cubs_Wrestling_in_Bearizona,_Arizona.webm Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/
Black_Bear_Cubs_Wrestling_in_Bearizona%2C_Arizona.webm License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
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BY 3.0 Contributors: http://www.bear.org/website/images/stories/images/images-new/bears_mating_kawishiwi_yard_1986.jpg Original
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12.2

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File:Black_bear_large.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Black_bear_large.jpg License: Public domain

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wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_rampant_element.svg' class='image'><img alt='Lion rampant element.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.
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File:Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_2.OGG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Cub_polar_bear_is_nursing_
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File:Sloth_Bear_Washington_DC.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Sloth_Bear_Washington_DC.
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B6hle-H%C3%B6hlenb%C3%A4r-Dreiviertelprofil.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ra'ike (see
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
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