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CEWB222
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Mohd Hafiz bin Zawawi
What is Hydraulics?
Hydraulic may be defined as the science
that deals with the mechanical behavior of
water at rest or in motion.
The mechanical behavior may entail
computing forces and energy.
The science of fluid at rest is called
hydrostatics
The science of moving fluid is called
hydrodynamics
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Distinction
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids
itself under all condition. The fluids maybe
gaseous or liquid.
Hydraulic Primarily deals with water. A
hydraulic approach is more empirical and
emphasis on finding solution of practical
value practically
Classification of Hydraulics
Source of water
Surface water, vadose zone, saturated geological
formation and ice glaciers
Type of conduit
Open channel, pipe flows and watershed
hydraulics
Properties of water
Water quality and water quantity
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Type of Environment
Agriculture, coastal, wetland, lake and river
Land use
Agriculture, urban, forest and rural
Solution Technique
Mathematical and statistical
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Flow Types
Open channel flow may be classified in a variety of ways;
however, the following types are the most widely used.
1) Time as the Criterion
(Steady and Unsteady Flow)
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1) Time criterion
Using time as a condition, flow in an open channel may be classified
as either Steady or Unsteady
Steady Flow refers to the case where the depth and velocity at a
particular point in a channel are constant over time. In steady flow,
the depth and velocity may vary from point to point along a channel
reach; however, in order for the flow to be steady, the depth and
velocity at any single point must be fixed over all time.
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Since the water surface itself is a streamline, then the depth and
velocity of flow is the same everywhere along a channel reach or
length.
In uniform flow, the channel bottom, the Energy Grade Line, and
the Hydraulic Grade Line are parallel along the entire channel
length.
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Varied Flow
Refers to the condition where the flow depth can change
along the channel reach. Varied flow can be
further
subdivided into Gradually Varied or Rapidly Varied flow.
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Unsteady flow
Uniform flow
Varied flow
Gradually varied
Flow
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State of flow
The state is governed by:
a) The effect of viscosity
b) The effects of gravity
The effect of viscosity relative to inertia would cause
the flow to be in either one of the following states :
State of flow
i) Laminar flow :
Viscous forces are so strong relative to the inertial forces.
Water particles appear to move in streamlines
Reynolds number Re < 500
State of flow
b) The effects of gravity
The effect of viscosity relative to inertia would cause the flow to be in either
one of the following states:
i) Subcritical flow :
Gravity force is more pronounced
The flow has a low velocity and often tranquil and streaming
F=
gy
Froude Number
Froude number, Fr, is a dimensionless value that
describes different flow regimes of open channel
flow. The Froude number is a ratio of inertial and
gravitational forces.
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Regimes of Flow
1.
2.
3.
4.
picture
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figure 1
Hydraulic jump
jump
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