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Most of the
chemical and
optical properties
of a substance are
dependent upon
the outer most
bound electrons in
atoms. Each
electron is usually
in its ground state
the lowest
energy state. Only
when an atom
absorbs specific
and sufficient
energy can the
atom move to a
well-defined
higher energy state
(excited state).
energy
excited states
ground state
Resonant Absorption
E2
E1
h f = E2 - E1
E2
E1
h f E2 - E1
Spontaneous emission
E2
h f = E2 - E1
E1
Excited state
Oscillating
mixed state
Ground state
~ 10-9 s later
f (Hz)
(m)
Photon
Energy (eV)
50
6106
210-13
radio
AM FM TV
< 109
> 0.3
< 410-6
microwaves
109
31011
0.3
110-3
410-6
110-3
Radiation
power lines
Comments
Magnetron. ~ 10 mm to 30 m can
penetrate atmosphere satellite
communications, mobile phones, police
radar, microwave cooking (polar water
molecule), medical diathermy.
f (Hz)
(m)
Photon
Energy
(eV)
infrared
31011
41014
110-3
810-7
110-3
2
light
3.91014
7.71014
7.810-7
3.910-7
ultraviolet
810-14
31016
410-7
110-8
Radiation
Comments
2
3
3
1102
Radiation
f (Hz)
(m)
Photon
Energy (eV)
Comments
x-rays
31016
1020
110-8
310-12
1102
4105
-rays
> 1018
310-10
> 4103