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ABSTRACT : Makshika is one of the materials used since long, having therapeutic importance. Since
the samhita period till the modern era of science and technology Makshika has occupied an important
position in Ayurvedic system of healing. It’s a mineral of Copper, Iron and Sulphur. Therapeutic description
of makshika is found in the literatures of samhita period but its detailed pharmaceutical description is
found in the literatures of 7th Cent. AD and onwards. Bearing in mind, its high therapeutic ability many
research works are going on in different leading academic institutions and reputed pharmaceutical sectors.
In this current review article it is tried to highlight the Makshika in ancient literatures and current researches,
which will help the research workers in great extent.
Key words : Makshika, Shodhana, Marana, Putapaka.
1. Swedana Eranda tail, Suranakanda, Kanji, Takra, Gomutra, Rn-7/6-7, R.T.-21/12-14, A.P.-4/32-33,
Kodrava, Kadalikanda, Nimbu, Karkotikanda R.P.-Verse/79,
(swarasa), Kulattha , Kalamarisa (kwatha) etc. R.S.S-Verse/208
2. Bharjana Nimbu, Kadalikanda (swarasa), Saindhava lavana R.T.-21/7-11, R.T.-21/18 R.S.S. -
Verse/209-210, A.P-.4/12-13,
3. Nirvapa Triphala, Sigrumula (kwatha), Nimbu, Agastyapatra R.T.-21/15-17, R.R.S.-2/83, R.Ch.-7/61
(swarasa), Amla dravya
4. Putapaka Amla, Lavana, Eranda taila, Ghrita, Agastyapatra kalka Rn-7/7, R.Ch.-7/103
1. --- Nimbu swarasa, Kulatha kwatha, Putapaka Varaha, R.T.-21/19-20, S.S.M.K.-11/56, Br. Y.T -41/
Eranda taila, Ajamutra, Takra, Devadali, Gaja 66, R.S.-Verse/ 284, Y.R. -PP./146,
Bala, Hanspadi, Arka, Snuhi Br. R.R.S-PP/ 104-105
2. --- Eranda taila, Goghrita, Matulunga Heating --- R.R.S.-2/84, R.R.S.-2/85,
swarasa Br. R.R.S-PP/104-05
3. Gandhak Nimbu swarasa, Eranda taila, Putapaka Varaha, R.P.S.-5/124, R.Ch.-7/106-107, R.R.S.-2/
Kumari swarasa Gaja 84, R.S.S.-1/211-212, Br.Y.T-41/64-65,
Y.T.-PP /145, Br.R.R.S.-PP /104-105
R.T.-21/21-22, Rmt-3/70-71
4. Kajjali Nimbu swarasa Kupipakwa Valuka R.S.-Verse / 282-283
yantra yantra
Putapaka & Gaja
5. Hingula Nimbu swarasa Putapaka Varaha R.T.-21/23-25
Makshika in Ancient Literature : Mohapatra S. et. al. 196
Abbreviations : R.T.-Rasa Taranginee, R.H.T.-Rasa Hridaya Tantra, R. Chd- Rasendra Chudamani, R. Ch-Rasendra
Chintamani, Rmt. - Rasamritam, R.P.S.-Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara, R.R.S-Rasa Ratna Samucchhaya,
A.P.-Ayurveda Prakasha, Y.R.-Yoga Ratnakar, Br. Y.T.-Brihat Yoga Tarnaginee, Br. R.R.S.-Brihat Rasa Raj
Sunder, R.P.-Rasa Padhati, R.S.S-Rasendra Sara Sangraha, S.S.M.K.-Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyam
Khanda, Ch. Chi - Charaka Samhita Chikistha Sthaan, Su. Chi - Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa Sthana,
R.M.- Rasa Manjari, A.K.-Anandakanda, R.K.-Rasa kamdhenu, Y.T.-Yoga Taranginee, Ast. Sm. -Ashtanga
Samgraha, Ast. Hr.-Ashtanga Hridaya, G.S.-Gorakshya Samhita, R.S.-Rasayana Sara, Rn -Rasarnava.
Specific Gravity : Approximately 4.2 (average for C.B.Jha et al, Study of Sattuapatana w.s.r to
metallic minerals). Abhraka and Makshika, 1992, IMS, BHU
Chemical Analysis : Kalekiran et al, Vividha padhati se Shodhita va
22 marita Swarna Makshika ka bhautika rasayanika
Makshika Raw Material
tatuatmaka vishleshana, 1998, Nagpur, Govt. Ay.
1. The material is identified as compound form of College
chelcopyrite from the X-Ray diffraction study.
B. meena et al, Swarna Makshika Bhasma ka
2. Chiefly contains Copper, Iron and Sulphur. Nirmanatmaka evam Prabhavatmaka Adhyana,
3. Particle size of raw Makshika after making it powder 1998, NIA, Jiapur
for bhavana procedure analyzed through Scanning Prassan Kumar.T, et al, Preparation and
Electron Microscope is approximately 6-8 micron. physicochemical analysis of Swarna Makshika
Makshika Bhasma23 : Bhasma and it’s clinical efficacy in Switra, 2002,
Patiala, Govt. Ay. College
1. The material is identified as a mixture of chemical
Chaudhary A.K. et al., “Comparative study of
compounds from the X-Ray diffraction study.
Bhasma of Makshika and Makshika Satva w.s.r. to
2. Chiefly contains Copper, Iron and Sulphur and some Analytical, Physico-chemical and Haematogical
compounds of silica were also found. assessment”. 2002 I.M.S., B.H.U.
3. Particle size of Makshika bhasma analyzed through Durga Chinta et al, Comparative Study of Makshika
Scanning electron microscope is approximately 1-2 Bhasma and the Bhasma prepared with the
micron. combination of Tamra & Loha, Dept. of Rasa Shastra,
There are many researches on Makshika bhasma IMS, BHU, 2005
done at different levels like literary, pharmaceutical S. Mohapatra et al, Process standardization of Swarna
analytical, experimental and clinical all across the country. Makshika bhasma and its experimental evaluation for
Maximum of these are tried to be incorporated here for hypnotic and behavioral activities on experimental
reference as follows . animal, 2007, IMS, BHU
Different Research works on Swarna Makshika Analytical Research :
across the Country24 :
CB Jha et al, Study of Sattuapatana w.s.r to
Literary Research : Abhraka and Makshika, 1992, IMS, BHU
N Dwivedi et al, Makshika dhatu Vigyana, 1959, IPGT Kalekiran et al, Vividha paddhati se Shodhita va
&RA, Jamnagar marita Swarna Makshika ka bhautika rasayanika
Rajyagaru, et al, Swarna Makshika Bhasma Vigyana, tatuatmaka vishlesana, 1998, Govt. Ay. College
1973, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar Nagpur
M.S.Sharma, et al, Swarna Makshika vimarsa, 1976, Prasanna Kumar. T, et al. Preparation and
Udaipur , M.M.M Govt. Ay College physicochemical analysis of Swarna Makshika
Bhasma and it’s clinical efficacy in Switra, 2002,
O.N. Upadhya, et al Study of Makshika, 1979, I.M.S, Govt. Ay. College, Patiala
BHU
AK Chaudhary et al, Comparative study of Bhasma
Pharmaceutical Research : of Makshika and Makshika sattwa w.s.r to analytical
Satpute Ashok D, et al, Preparation of Swarna physico chemical and haematological assessment,
Makshika bhasma and mandura bhasma, 1979, 2002, IMS, BHU
Govt. Ay. College Bang lore Durga Chinta et al, Comparative Study of Makshika
R.K. Sharma, et al, Swarna Makshika Satua Bhasma and the Bhasma prepared with the
Bhasma Kalpana evam uska Rasayana prbhaba combination of Tamra & Loha, Dept. of Rasa Shastra,
Adhyana.1984, Udaipur IMS, BHU, 2005
Vijaya.Pal et al, Swarna Makshika Bhasma evam S. Mohapatra, et al, Process standardization of Swarna
Swarna Makshika Satua bhasma ka Makshika bhasma and its experimental evaluation for
Nirmanatamaka, evam Pandu per Adhyayana, hypnotic and behavioral activities on experimental
1985, Govt. Ay. College Punjab, Partials animal, 2007, IMS, BHU
Makshika in Ancient Literature : Mohapatra S. et. al. 198
4. With different anupana it is used in different diseases. 10. Acharya Sharangdhar, Sharangdhar Samhita Madhyama Khanda-
11/53, Edited by Shri Radha Krishna Prashar, 3 rd Edn.
5. Its description under different groups shows its Baidhyanath Ayurveda Bhawan, Patna.
special physicochemical property which might be 11. Acharya Vagbhatt, Rasa Ratna Samuchchhaya -02/81, Edited
recognized by different scholars during different due by Sri Dattatreya Anant Kulkarni,ML Publication, New Delhi,
1969.
course of time.
12. Jha C.B., Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra, Published by Chaukhamba
6. Its alchemical uses are also described in different Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi, 1994; Vd. Yadavji Trikamji
literatures which are not found in regular practice of Acharya, Rasamritam, English Translation by Dr. D. Joshi,
Published by Chwakhambha Sanskrit Bhavan, varanasi, 2003.
alchemy in to day’s era.
13. Bhatt Yasodhar, Rasa Prakasha Sudhakar 05/122 Edited by S.N.
7. From the alchemical point of view it is called as Mishra, Chowkambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi.; Upadhyay
pranorasendrasya (soul of mercury). Madhav, Ayruveda Prakasha-04/07, edited by Gulraj Sharma
and Mishra, Second Edition, Agrawal Press, Aligarh.; Acharya
8. The size of raw material chalcopyrite is 6-8 micron Vagbhatt, Rasa Ratna Samuchchhaya -02/82, Edited by Sri
Dattatreya Anant Kulkarni,ML Publication, New Delhi, 1969;
and bhasma is 1-2 micron.
Bhatt Sri Gopala Krishna, Resendra Sara Samgraha- Verse-53,
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Metallographic Study of Metallic Bhasmas, Dept. of Rasa hypnotic and behavioral activities on experimental animal, 2007,
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