Three-Phase Short-Circuit Currents on an Unloaded Generator

Three-phase Short-Circuit on an
Unloaded Generator
Subtransient and transient AC
currents - Decaying sinusoids
DC current - Decaying
unidirectional
Steady-state AC currents
Small double-frequency term
Chapter 7: Symmetrical
Short Circuits
Fundamentals
Effects of Network Impedances
Examples
Use of Bus Impedance Matrix
7 Symmetrical short circuits
Notes on Power System Analysis
Subtransient current I
and envelope of AC current
Generator Short Circuit Currents

5
0
T
Ia(t)
k
Ia
10
15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
T
k
0.4
0.5
0.6
10
Iac T
Ib
T
Ib(t)
k
Iac
2
0
I''
5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
T
k
0.4
0.5
0.6
10
Ic T
Ic(t)
k
0
0
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
T
k
0.4
t [sec]
0.5
0.6
AC transient and subtransient current
Subtransient Current
10
Peak value of the AC current I"

Prefault voltage of generator is E
I" = E/Xd"
Iac - I
Iac T
k
0.4
k
time [sec]
I 1
where Xd" is the generator

subtransient reactance (usually
tabulated)
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
T
k
Effect of Network Impedances

Consider a generator feeding a
transformer feeding a line with
a short circuit on it
G1
1) Obtain impedance values:

G1: 50 MVA
13.8 kV
Xd" = 20%
G1: 150 MVA
14.4 kV
Xd" = 20%
T1: 50 MVA 13.8 : 115 kV X = 10%
T2: 150 MVA 14.4 : 115 kV X = 10%
L1: X = 40 ohms
L2: X = 50 ohms
All resistances are much smaller than
reactances
T2
L1
13.8
kV
Solution of Example System
T1
G2
L2
Total impedance to the fault:

Z = 0 + j (Xd"+Xtransf+Xline)
where the resistance has been
ignored
Small Example System
14.4
kV
115 kV
2) Convert impedances to per unit on a

base of 100 MVA:
G1: Xd" = 0.20 100 / 50 = 0.400 pu
G2: Xd" = 0.20 100/150 = 0.1333 pu
T1: X = 0.10 100 / 50 = 0.200 pu
T2: X = 0.10 100 / 150 = 0.0667 pu
Zbase = (115 kV)2 /100 MVA = 132.2
L1: X = 40 /132.2 = 0.302 pu
L2: X = 50 /132.2 = 0.378 pu
10
1) Obtain impedance values

2) Convert impedances to per unit on a
base of 100 MVA
j0.40 j0.20
1.0
3) Draw the impedance diagram with a

short circuit at the point of the fault
4) Solve the circuit for the currents and
any voltages that may be desired
j0.302
j0.0667 j0.1333
j0.378
1.0
Circuit diagram (per phase LN)

showing fault
11
12
j0.60
Combine impedances in series and

parallel:
X1 = 0.400+0.200 = 0.600 pu
XLeq = 1/(1/.302+1/.378)
= 0.1679 pu
X2 = 0.1679 + 0.0667 + 0.1333
= 0.368 pu
1.0
1.0
I1
13
1.0
15
14
16
If the currents on the low-voltage side

of T1 are desired:
Ibase = 100 MVA/(1.732 13.8 kV)
= 4.18 kA
I = 1.667 4.18 kA = 6.97 kA
If the transformer delta winding
currents are needed:
Idelta = 6.97 kA / 1.732 = 4.02 kA
Sometimes the results are given in

MVA (at nominal voltage):
S1 = 1.667 100 MVA
= 166.7 MVA
S2 = 2.72 100 MVA
= 272 MVA
1.0
If = I1 + I2 = 1.67 + 2.72 = 4.39 pu

V1 = 1.0 - j 0.400 (-j 1.667)
= 1.0 - 0.667 = 0.333 pu
Convert back to amps and volts:
Ibase(HV) = 100 MVA/(1.732115 kV)
= 502 A
I1 = 1.667 502 A = 837 A
I2 = 2.72 502 A = 1365 A
j0.368
I2
I2
Circuit diagram (per phase LN)

after network reductions
Calculate currents:
X1 = 0.600 pu
X2 = 0.368 pu
I1 = 1 / j 0.600 = -j 1.667 pu
I2 = 1 / j 0.368 pu = -j 2.72 pu
j0.60
I1
j0.368
17
18
Multimachine Case
8.3%
For a few generators, use

Thevenins Theorem:
G1 36.8 MVA X = 29%
W
2.6%
P
Replace network with its equivalent

at the point of the fault
Open-circuit voltage is the prefault
system voltage (usually 1.0 per unit)
32%
T1 42.4 MVA X = 10.6%
2%
T2 4.32 MVA X = 7.5%
7.8%
Z
G2 3.75 MVA X = 34%
L
7.2%
Also use Superposition Theorem
115 kV LINES Z IN PER UNIT ON 100 MVA

0.083
0.026
0.083
0.0196
0.072
0.0589
20
0.02
0.00478
0.32
0.072
19
P
0.078
0.02
P
1.038
0.25
0.788
I2
I3
10.81
1.736 9.07
(b) AFTER DELTA-WYE CONVERSION ON W-L-P
(a) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 3-PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT AT D

21
I3
10.81
I2
+
1
-
If
(c) AFTER NETWORK REDUCTIONS.
22
1/Zth=(1/0.0823)+(1/1.038)+(1/10.81)
Zth = 0.0757 per unit
I1 = 1.0 / 10.81 = 0.0925 per unit
I2 = 1.0 / 1.038 = 0.963 per unit
I3 = 1.0 / 0.0823 = 12.15 per unit
If = 12.15 + 0.0925 + 0.963
= 13.21 pu
Ibase = 100 MVA/(1.732115 kV)
= 502 A
If = 13.21 502 A = 6630 A
0.0823
1.038
23
24
Short-Circuit MVA
I3 = 12.15 pu
Current division:
From W:
12.15 .1309 / .2335
= 6.81 per unit
From L:
12.15 .1026 / .2335
= 5.34 per unit
Thevenin equivalents of systems

are sometimes given as shortcircuit MVA values:
ScMVA = Isc(per unit) (Base MVA)

so Xth = E/Isc = 1/Isc
or
Xth = (Base MVA)/(ScMVA) per unit
25
Load Currents
26
Multimachine Study
Neglect load currents for typical

short-circuit studies
The load currents can be found
from a load-flow study and
added to the results of the shortcircuit study, if needed
In practice, there are a large

number of generators and hand
calculations are impractical
Development of matrix methods
is simple as demonstrated next
27
Matrix Methods
For systems with more than a few
generators, use matrix methods
to set up the circuits for shortcircuit studies
Bus admittance matrix is easy to
calculate
Bus impedance matrix is more
difficult to calculate but gives shortcircuit currents easily
29
Example
I1
-j 4.0
-j 5.0
3
28
-j 3.0
-j 0.1
I2
-j 0.5
Admittances
in per unit
30
Example
Bus Impedance Matrix
Nodal analysis:
Solve for V in terms of I:
I1 = -j 9.0 V1 + j 4.0 V2 + j 5.0 V3

I2 = j 4.0 V1 j 7.1 V2 + j 3.0 V3
0 = j 5.0 V1 + j 3.0 V2 j 8.5 V3
or I = Ybus V
where Ybus is the bus admittance
matrix
or nodal admittance matrix
Then V = Ybus-1 I = Zbus I

where Zbus is the bus impedance
matrix
The bus impedance matrix can
be computed by inverting the
bus admittance matrix or by
direct formation
31
Another Example
0.00 + j0.20 0.00 - j5.00
0.00 + j0.25 0.00 - j4.00
0.00 + j0.40 0.00 - j2.50
0.00 + j0.10 0.00 - j10.0
-j 9.80 j 5.00
Ybus =
33
j 4.00
j 0.00
j 5.00 -j 8.30 j 2.50
j 0.00
j 4.00
j 2.50 -j 16.5 j 10.0
j 0.00
j 0.00
Bus
Number
1
2
3
4
Zbus =j
j 10.0 -j 10.6
32
Example (continued)
Branch
Bus
Impedance Admittance
Number Numbers [per unit]
[per unit]
35
Admittance
[per unit]
0.00 j0.80
0.00 j0.80
0.00 j0.00
0.00 j0.60
34
0.5036 0.4357 0.4392
0.4143
0.4357 0.5117 0.4277
0.4035
0.4392 0.4277 0.5415
0.5108
0.4143 0.4035 0.5108
0.5762
36
Short-Circuit Calculations with Zbus
Short-Circuit Calculations with Zbus

4
4
3
V3
Remainder of system
V1
Fault
0
1 pu
If
3
2
1
+
V0 = 1.0 pu
1
-
1 pu
V2 = -1 pu
+
1
V1
-1
V3
37
Z11
Z12
Z13
= Z21
Z22
Z23
-If
Z31
Z32
Z33
2
V2 = 0.0 pu
38
Vi is voltage of node i to 0 node,

Vi = 1+Vi is voltage of node i
to ground or neutral
V1 = - Z12 /Z22
If = 1/Z22
V3 =- Z32 /Z22
V4
V1 = 1 - Z12 /Z22
V3 = 1 - Z32 /Z22
39
Example
Zbus =j
0.4357
0.4392
0.4143
0.4357
0.5117
0.4277
0.4035
0.4392
0.4277
0.5415
0.4143
0.4035
0.5108
40
Fault at bus k is three-phase short circuit
0.5036
Fault at bus k:
Ik
V1
V2
V3
V4
0.5108
-j 1.986
0.0
0.1349
0.1278
0.1772
0.5762
-j 1.954
0.1487
0.0
0.1643
0.2116
-j 1.847
0.1889
0.2102
0.0
0.0566
-j 1.735
0.2809
0.2998
0.1135
0.0
I k= 1/Zkk
Vj = 1 - Zjk /Zkk
41
42
Circuit Breakers
Interrupt faults
Circuit Breaker Application

Circuit Breakers
ANSI Simplified Methods
Momentary Duty and
Ratings
Interrupting Duty and
Ratings
SF6
Generator
Breaker
43
Relays (logic elements)
SF6 HV
Breaker
Vacuum
Air LV
MV Breaker Breaker
Not on same scale
44
Expulsion Fuse Cutout

LINE TERMINAL
BRACKET
Electromechanical
Relay
Digital Electronic
Multifunction Relay
PORCELAIN
SUPPORT
Digital Electronic
Relays
Logic built into most LV breakers

EXPULSION TUBE
LINE TERMINAL
45
OPEN TYPE FUSE CUTOUT

(NOT TO SCALE)
46
48
Fusible Link
TIN-PLATED BUTTON HEAD
TIN FUSIBLE ELEMENT
TUBE
CUTAWAY VIEW OF TYPICAL FUSE LINK

(NOT TO SCALE)
LEADER
Tin fusible element shown. Link fits

inside expulsion tube
47
Theory
E = prefault voltage (rms)

usually 1.0 pu
-t/Ta
Idc(max)(t) = 2 I" e
Irms(t) = [Iac(t)2 + Idc (t) 2]1/2
This is rigorous:
Momentary duty is Irms at 0.5 cycle and
interrupting duty is Irms at contact
parting time of breaker
Usually use simplified methods, discussed
next
Sudden 3-phase short circuit on a

generator with external reactance Xe
ia(t) = 2 Iac(t) cos(t+) - 2 I" e-t/Tacos()
Iac(t) = (I"-I')e-t/T"d + (I'-I)e-t/T'd + I
I"=E/(X"d+Xe)
I'=E/(X'd+Xe)
I=E/(Xd+Xe)
T"d=T"do(X"d+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
T'd=T'do(X'd+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
49
50
Circuit Breakers
Sequence of events in AC circuit
breaking:
Basically, an AC circuit breaker is

switchgear that can
withstand the momentary shortcircuit current
interrupt the short-circuit current at
the current zero following contact
parting
withstand the transient recovery
voltage across its open contacts
after relays detect fault and

energize trip coil,
breaker contacts open,
arc is established and then
extinguished at a current zero
51
Opening
time
52
Circuit breakers in the US are

rated per ANSI standards, by
Arcing
time
Initiation
Trip
Primary
of short
circuit contacts
circuit energized part
Simplified Methods (ANSI)
Interrupting time
Contact parting
time
Tripping
delay
Arc on
primary
contacts
extinguished
53
momentary (or first-cycle or

closing and latching) rating, and
interrupting rating on either:
total current rating (older breakers)
symmetrical current rating (new
breakers)
54
Simplified Method
Simplified Methods (ANSI)

Circuit breakers in the US are
rated per ANSI standards, by
Simplified method method uses

Thevenin reactance Xth at the
point of the fault, then I =
E/Xth
If resistance is significant,
calculate Zth = (Rth2 + Xth2)1/2,
and I = E/Zth
momentary (or first-cycle or

closing and latching) rating
interrupting rating
compute both first cycle and
interrupting duties to compare
with ratings
55
First-cycle duties
ANSI C37.5 (total interrupting rating)

ANSI C37.010 (symmetrical int. rating)
Breakers that are rated on a

symmetrical current basis
LV circuit breakers and fuses use
closing and latching capability

must exceed the first-cycle duty
ANSI C37.13
57
58
First-cycle duties for HV and MV circuit

breakers: Induction motors
First-cycle duties for HV and MV circuit

breakers
Turbo-generators, hydrogenerators, and condensers
1.00 Xd"
Hydro-generators (no damper

windings)
0.75 Xd'
Synchronous motors
1.00 Xd"
56
Look up machine reactances from

tables in ANSI standards
HV (and MV) circuit breakers (above
1000 V) use
momentary rating must exceed

the calculated first-cycle duty
First-cycle duties
Breakers that are rated on a

total current basis
above 1000 hp at 1800 rpm or

less
above 250 hp at 3600 rpm
50-1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less
50 - 250 hp at 3600 rpm
59
1.00 Xd"
Below 50 hp
1.20 Xd"
neglect
60
10
First-cycle duty
First-cycle duty
approximates the duty on the
breaker during the first half cycle
of short-circuit current.
breaker must be able to close
and latch, while withstanding the
mechanical forces
compare to breaker momentary
rating
Compute I" using the

appropriate reactances in the
short-circuit study
The first-cycle duty is 1.60 I"
61
LV CB and Fuses
LV power CB must close and latch

into a fault to allow coordination
with downstream devices
molded-case circuit breakers may
use blow-off contacts that limit
current
63
64
System X/R
Every generator has its own X/R,
but a safe approximation is:
If a fault is near a large generator,

the system X/R ratio can be large
Simplified method is modified for
X/R >15, either:
derate breaker interrupting rating by
80%, or
use the method given in ANSI
C37.010
62
LV circuit breakers can be power

circuit breakers or molded-case
circuit breakers
System X/R Ratio
LV CB and Fuses
For LV circuit breakers and

fuses, see ANSI C37.13 for
reactances and multipliers to
estimate the momentary
current
65
Find Thevenin reactance seen from

the fault, neglecting all resistances
Find the Thevenin resistance seen
from the fault, neglecting all
reactances
Then X/R ratio = Xth/Rth
66
11
Interrupting Rating
Interrupting Rating
Total current basis (older

breakers)
Symmetrical current basis (new

breakers)
Interrupting rating based on total

(asymmetrical) current including ac
and dc components.
Interrupting rating based on

symmetrical current (ac
component only)
Symmetrical current basis (new

breakers)
67
Symmetrical interrupting duties for HV and

MV circuit breakers
Symmetrical interrupting duties for HV and

MV circuit breakers: Induction motors
above 1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less
Turbo-generators, hydrogenerators, and condensers
1.00 Xd"
Hydro-generators (no damper

windings)
0.75 Xd'
50 - 250 hp at 3600 rpm
Synchronous motors
1.50 Xd"
Below 50 hp
69
Symmetrical interrupting rating
3-phase sc I 80% of interrupting

rating, and
1-phase-ground sc I 70% of the
interrupting rating
1.50 Xd"
3.00 Xd"
neglect
70
Calculate I = E/X for 3-phase and

1-phase-ground short circuits
Circuit breaker is adequate for
any X/R if
above 250 hp at 3600 rpm

50-1000 hp at 1800 rpm or less
68
71
Calculate X/R, if X/R>15 then

Look up multiplying factor from
ANSI C37.010
Multiply the factor by I" to estimate
the breaker interrupting duty
If the interrupting duty
interrupting rating, then the
breaker is adequate
72
12
Breaker Ratings
ANSI C37.06 has ratings for HV

breakers with symmetrical
interrupting ratings:
If X/R 15, then multiplying

factor is 1.00, breaker has
interrupting rating based on
current only
rated max voltage

rated voltage range factor K
rated short-circuit current
plus other ratings
73
K factor
74
K factor
If K = 1, then interrupting
rating = rated short-circuit
current
If K > 1, then interrupting

rating is inversely proportional
to the operating voltage, up to
a limit of K times the rated
short-circuit current
Breaker has an operating region
with a MVA rating
75
Example
IscratedK
I [kA]
Vmax = 15 kV, Iscrated = 19 kA,

K=2.27, apply at 13 kV:
Iint rated( V )
45
40
35
Vmax/K
kA
Interrupting rating = 19 kA15

kV/13 kV = 21.9 kA
Check maximum int rating =
KIscrated = 2.2719 kA = 43.1 kA
Interrupting rating = 21.9 kA
Isc ratedK
30
kA
25
20
15
10
Vmax
V
kV
77
76
V [kV]
15
K
kV
78
13
As V decreases from its

maximum, the interrupting
rating increases up to a
maximum of K rated sc
current at Vmax/K
Note that the close and latch
capability is 1.6 K rated
short-circuit current
79
14

Three-Phase Short-Circuit Currents on an Unloaded Generator

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Three-phase Short-Circuit on an

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

Generator Short Circuit Currents

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

AC transient and subtransient current

Notes on Power System Analysis

Peak value of the AC current I"

where Xd" is the generator

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

Effect of Network Impedances

Notes on Power System Analysis

1) Obtain impedance values:

Solution of Example System

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Total impedance to the fault:

Small Example System

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

2) Convert impedances to per unit on a

Notes on Power System Analysis

1) Obtain impedance values

3) Draw the impedance diagram with a

Notes on Power System Analysis

Circuit diagram (per phase LN)

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

Combine impedances in series and

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

Notes on Power System Analysis

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

If the currents on the low-voltage side

Sometimes the results are given in

7 Symmetrical short circuits

If = I1 + I2 = 1.67 + 2.72 = 4.39 pu

Circuit diagram (per phase LN)

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

For a few generators, use

G1 36.8 MVA X = 29%

Replace network with its equivalent

T1 42.4 MVA X = 10.6%

G2 3.75 MVA X = 34%

Also use Superposition Theorem

115 kV LINES Z IN PER UNIT ON 100 MVA

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis

(b) AFTER DELTA-WYE CONVERSION ON W-L-P

(a) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 3-PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT AT D

Notes on Power System Analysis

7 Symmetrical short circuits

Notes on Power System Analysis