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ABSTRACT
COMPOSITE COLUMNS
by
Magnar Berge
COMPOSITE COLUMNS
by
Magnar Berge
A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of
New Jersey Institute of Technology
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
August 1998
APPROVAL PAGE
COMPOSITE COLUMNS
Magnar Berge
Edward G. Dauenheimer, Thesis Advisor
Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NJIT
Date
Walter Konon, Committee Member
Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NJIT
Date
John R. Schuring, Committee Member
Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NJIT
Date
BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH
Author:
Magnar Berge
Degree:
Master of Science
Date:
August 1998
Major:
Civil Engineering
To my beloved family
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION
2.1 General
2.1.1 Limitations
2.1.2 Columns with Multible Steel Shapes
2.2 Design
2.2.1 Compression
10
11
vii
11
12
13
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page
Chapter
15
16
17
18
18
19
14
19
21
21
22
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
viii
60
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table
9
11
15
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure
12
18
22
25
30
32
35
40
42
44
48
52
53
55
58
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
DESIGN ACCORDING TO AISC
2.1 General
2.1.1 Limitations
The cross-sectional area of the steel shape, pipe, or tubing shall comprise at least four
percent of the total composite cross section.
Concrete encasement of a steel core shall be reinforced with longitudinal load carrying
bars, longitudinal bars to restrain concrete, and lateral ties. Longitudinal load carrying
bars shall be continuous at framed levels; longitudinal restraining bars may be
interrupted at framed levels. The spacing of ties shall be not greater than two-thirds of
the least dimension of the composite cross section. The cross-sectional area of the
transverse and longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least 0.007 sq. in. per inch of bar
spacing. The encasement shall provide at least 1.5 in. of clear cover outside of both
transverse and longitudinal reinforcement.
Concrete shall have a specified compressive strength f c 'of not less than 3 ksi nor more
than 8 ksi for normal weight concrete and not less than 4 ksi for light weight concrete.
The specified minimum yield stress of structural steel and reinforcing bars used in
calculating the strength of a composite column shall not exceed 55 ksi.
The minimu
shall be equal to
D Fy / 8E
D.
loaded area
2.2 Design
2.2.1 Compression
(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)
(2_6)
(2.7)
0.3
V As
W=
E = 29,000 ksi
fc ' = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi
= yield stress reinforcement, ksi
c 1 =1.0, c2=0.85, c3=0.4
c2=0.6, c3=0.2
(2.8)
An approximate formula for the nominal flexural strength /14, is given in Galambos
0.9
A i,= web area of encased steel shape; for concrete filled tubes, A % = 0, in. 2
Z = plastic section modulus of steel section, in. 3
Cr = average of distance from compression face to longitudinal reinforcement in that
face and distance from tension face to longitudinal reinforcement in that face, in.
h1 = width of composite cross section perpendicular to the plane of bending, in.
= width of composite cross section parallel to the plane of bending, in.
CHAPTER 3
SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHOD ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 4 (EC4)
lid
Npl.Rd
in y-direction:
40 mm cy 0.4 b,
in z-direction:
40 mm cy 5_ 0.3 h,
d/t
<
90 62
where:
c V235 / fy (3.2)
The cover of the flanges of fully encased I-beams should not be less than 40 rum or
1/6 of the width b of the flange.
For concrete filled tubes there is usually no need for longitudinal reinforcement.
IV pl.R Aafy
Ac lc fck A sfsk
(
ECM / c
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
effective length
partial safety factor for concrete
Yc
The influence of the long-term behavior of the concrete on the elastic modulus of
rupture should be considered, if:
A. > 0.8
A.>
1 6
and
e/d < 2
Ec = E
N G Sd
0.5
N sd
(3.8)
10
cr
crit
<
where:
(3.9)
= 0.2(2 r)
r
> 1.0
(3.10)
where
13 = 1.0
= 0.66 + 0.44 r 0.44
(3.11)
13 should
= 0.5 [1 + a ( 0.2) + X 2 ]
(3.14)
Curve a
Curve b
for fully or partially encased I-Beams with bending about the strong
axis.
Curve c
for fully or partially encased I-Beams with bending about the weak axis.
12
where
(3.17)
(3.18)
(3.19)
(3.20)
(3.21)
Equation of interaction curve according to R. Bergman:
13
(3.22)
(3.23)
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.26)
(3.27)
(3.28)
For concrete encased I-Beams with bending about the y-axis and 6 > 0.6, it could
happen that for x > c . the above equation yields too small -values. The following
equation should be checked to see if it yields greater values and therefore controls:
The influence of imperfection is usually only to be considered for the axis that is most
endangered for failure, i.e. for the check of the axis that is less endangered Ltd can be
used instead of .
15
If the shear stresses exceed the figures in Table 3.3, studs must be used.
Table 3.3 Allowable Shear Stresses N/mm
N pl ,Rd = A ct f
yd
Ac
cd
-1-
f sd
(3.33)
where
area of steel shape, concrete, and reinforcement
yd- A la
Lk
cd
f sk
fsd=
16
a,
= 1.0
= 0.85
For concrete filed pipes the positive effect of tying can be considered, if:
d
NSd10
where
N pm,Rd = A c f cd
(3.40)
17
uncracked concrete.
Wpan, Wpsn und Wpcn plastic section modulus of steel shape, reinforcement, and
uncracked concrete in the area 2 h.
The equations to determine the location of the neutral axis h and the plastic section
modulus are given in Appendix A.
CHAPTER 4
COMPARISON OF THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN METHODS
Section Properties
A s = 96.4 in
A = 36.4 in 2
18
19
20
The results show that the ultimate moment is the same for both methods. The ultimate
moment resistance occurs when the concrete is cracked to half height, i.e. the tension
stresses due to bending are overpressed by compression due to the axial force so that
the neutral axis is in the middle of the cross-section.
21
4.2. Interaction
AISC takes combined flexure and bending into account by a linear interaction between
axial strength and flexural strength. Thus, the positive effect of the axial force on the
resisting moment is not taken into account like it is in Eurocode 4. This results in overdesigned columns and waste of material. The more economical approach is to
determine the moment capacity corresponding to the actual axial force (Figure 3.1).
APPENDIX A
Cross-Section A.1
'79
'7 3
(A.5)
(A.6)
(A.7)
(A.8)
(A.9)
(A.10)
(A.11)
(A.12)
24
(b) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape: r. 12 hnz <= b I 2
25
Cross-Section A.2
(A.17)
(A.18)
(A.19)
Wypan=(h,+tw1)h,2
(A.20)
26
(b) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape 2: t w, / 2 < h ny, < h, / 2
h, / 2 -
(A.23)
(A24)
(A.25)
(A.26)
(A.27)
(A.28)
27
/2
(A33)
hnz <=
h 2 / 2 - tf2
28
(A.35)
(A.36)
(A.37)
29
(A.43)
(A.44)
30
Cross-Section A3
h/2
31
11
(A.49)
sou
(A.50)
(A.51)
(A.52)
(A.53)
(A.54)
(A.55)
(A.56)
32
Cross-Section A.4
(A.57)
(A.58)
(A.59)
(A.60)
h,, h / 2
33
I 2
34
(b) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape: t w / 2 < h_< b / 2
(A.69)
35
Cross-Section A.5
(A.77)
(A.78)
(c) Neutral axis in the Feb of the steel shape 1: b, 1 2 :5_ h, S h,12 -
(A.79)
(A.80)
(d) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape 1: 1'2 1 / 2 - tfl <= 5 h),15_ hl
(A.81)
(A.82)
(A.83)
(A.84)
37
(A.85)
(A.86)
(A.87)
(A.88)
b, / 2
38
(A.97)
bl I
(A.99)
(A.100)
40
Cross-Section A.6
(A.101)
(A.102)
dl 2
(A.103)
(A.104)
41
(A.105)
(A.106)
(A.107)
(A.108)
(A.109)
(A.1 10)
(A.111)
(A.112)
42
Cross-Section A.7
(A.113)
(A.114)
(A.1I5)
(AA 16)
43
fly
(A.117)
(A.118)
(A.I2I)
b/2
(A.124)
44
Cross-Section A.8
(A.125)
(A.126)
t2 / 2
(A.127)
(A.128)
(b) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape 2: tw2 / 2 < hny < b, / 2
45
AT Npn,Rd Asn ( 2
fsd
2'b, a c -
a c
f cd)
+ 2 (2t f2
w2 (h2 2 if 2 ) ( 2 110
wl
) (2
ac
Ld
a, fed)
(A.129)
(A.130)
(A.131)
(A.132)
(A.133)
(A.134)
(A.135)
46
(A.136)
(A.137)
(A.138)
/2
(A.139)
(A.140)
/2-
A.I4I)
',A.142)
hn,
47
48
Cross-Section A.9
(A.145)
(A.146)
(A.147)
(A.148)
I 2 S hny S b, I
(A.I51)
h, I 2 -
Iterative Solution:
hny
50
(A.157)
(A.158)
t,, / 2
(A.159)
(A.160)
b1 I 2
(A.161)
(A.162)
5 I/ 1 / 2 -
51
Iterative Solution:
zo
52
Cross-Section A.10
vz
Figure A.10 Filled Circular Tube
5.3
Cross-Section A.11
*z
Figure A.11 Circular Encased Cross-Section in Tube
(A.171)
(A.172)
di / 2
(A.173)
(A.174)
54
(A.175)
(A.176)
(A.177)
(A.178)
(A.179)
(A.180)
(A.181)
(A.182)
55
Cross-Section A.12
(A.183)
(A.184)
(a) Neutral axis in the web of the steel shape: hn, LC. h / 2 -
(A.185)
= (t . + 2 t)
i
(A.186)
56
(b) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape: h / 2 - if h,,h 12
(A.188)
dl 2
(A.189)
Jr at
+ 2
h2
(A.190)
57
(b) Neutral axis in the flange of the steel shape: t w / 2 <= h,,< b / 2
58
Cross-Section A.13
(A.199)
(A.200)
(A.201)
(A.202)
59
(A.204)
(A.205)
(A.206)
REFE RENCES
60