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I. I NTRODUCTION
Smart grid refers to a completely modernized electricity
delivery system which detects, protects and optimizes the
operation of its interconnected elements from end to end.
The system realizes the communication between the industrial
users, consumers and their electric equipments to different
generators and loads through the high-voltage network and
low-voltage distribution system. A two-way communication
infrastructure is used to deliver the realtime information between the generators and the consumers [1]. The control center
of smart grid can use the information sent from the sensors
at the consumer side to detect the behavior of the equipment
and control the stability of the power grid. A key point in
the success of smart grid technology is how to meet the
complicated requirement in the communication. It demands
high communication quality and energy efficiency while taking
care of the system expenses and bandwidth. The bandwidth is
needed to manage, store and integrate the large amounts of
data that smart devices will produce [1]. Thus a question in a
pressing need is: how to reduce the communication expenses
as well as saving transmission bandwidth?
In this paper, cognitive radio is proposed as the communication infrastructure in smart grid to address the above question.
In cognitive radio system, each secondary user (without license) is able to sense the licensed spectrum band and detect
the unused spectrum holes. If a frequency channel is not
X. Ma is with the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. He
is a P.h.D student in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science xma4@utk.edu
Husheng Li is with the University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN 37996
USA. He is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science. husheng@ece.utk.edu
S. M. Djouadi is with the University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTN 37996
USA. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science. djouadi@eecs.utk.edu
f1
f2
......
Fig. 2: Flow chart of system state estimation.
fN
k= 1
9 10
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
where tn+1 is the time of the n + 1th jump and tn of the nth
jump, and i, j = 0, 1. And as is well known [8],
pij = lim Qij ( ) = P {n+1 = j | n = i},
(7)
(8)
P {k+1 = 1 | k = 0}
= P {n+1 = 1, tn+1 tn k | n = 0}
k
= Q01 (k) =
p01 S01 ( ),
(9)
=1
Similarly, we have
p10 (k)
p10 S10 ( ),
=1
p00 (k)
p11 (k)
=
=
1 p01 (k),
1 p10 (k).
These conditional probabilities are useful in the state estimation in the second case where k is unknown at the receiver.
l
In the following Sij
( ) and plij (k) denotes the probability of
the sojourn time and the conditional transition probability of
the lth bandwidth (the lth semi-Markov process), respectively.
IV. S TATE E STIMATION OVER C OGNITIVE R ADIO S YSTEM
In this section, we discuss the state estimation algorithm
over cognitive radio in both cases described in Section II.
= x
k1|k1
(10)
T
= APk1|k1 A + V
(11)
l
P (l, k+1
l
= P (k+1
= 0|l, kl = 1)
0|l, kl
= 1)
r
P (r, k+1
= 1|l, kl = 0)
= x
k|k1 + k Kk (yk C x
k|K1 )
(12)
Kk
Pk|k
= Pk|k1 C T (CPk|k1 C T + W )1
= Pk|k1 k Kk Pk|k1
(13)
(14)
0,
l
= P (k+1
= 0|kl = 1) = pl10 (k),
1
r
=
P (k+1
= 1)
N 1
1
1
r
=
P (k+1
= 1, kr = j)
N 1 j=0
1 r
p (k)P (kr = j)
N 1 j=0 j1
0,
r
P (r, k+1
= 0|l, kl = 1)
(15)
The first and the fourth equalities in (15) are obvious from
the sensing policy, the second is the transition probability for
the lth channel and the third is based on the sensing policy
1
P (k+1
= 0)
p110 (k)
0
2
= 0)
P (k+1
0
0
p210 (k)
0
1
= 1)
P (k+1
p111 (k)
0
Qq (k + 1) :
yk+1 kq C x
q (k + 1),
q
q (k + 1)C T q T + W.
CR
k
2N
pq (k + 1)
xq (k + 1),
q=1
+ 1)
R(k
2N
q (k + 1) +
pq (k + 1)(R
q=1
2
= 1)
P (k+1
0
.
0
2
p11 (k)
(
xq (k + 1) x
(k + 1))(
xq (k + 1) x
(k + 1))T ).
V. N UMERICAL S IMULATIONS
The state estimation in the case that k is known is similar
to the one with TCP protocol packet loss and the performance
has been studied in plenty of works before (e.g. [11]), thus
we only focus on the performance of the algorithm proposed
in the case that k is unknown.
The estimator developed in this paper is applicable to all the
linearized power systems. For simplicity, in this example, we
assume a scalar system with parameters: A = 0.95, C = 1,
V = 0.0001, W = 0.01. Let P (11 = 1) = 0.7, P (11 = 0) =
0.3, P (12 = 1) = 0.8, and P (12 = 0) = 0.2.
We assume that there are two channels (N = 2) to be
sensed. Each channel is characterized by a semi-Markov
process with imbedded transition probability matrix P 1 =
[p1ij ],P 2 = [p2ij ], sojourn time conditional distribution func1
2
tions Sij
( ) and Sij
( ):
[
]
[
]
0.3 0.7
0.45 0.55
1
2
P =
P =
,
0.4 0.6
0.25 0.75
1
1
( ) = s11 exp(| 4|)
( ) = s10 exp(| |), S10
S01
2
2
2
S01 ( ) = s0 exp(| |), S10 ( ) = s21 exp(| 6|)
pq (k + 1) =
wtq (k)
pt (k),
t=1
2
1
( ) = 1
with sji such that =0 Sij
( ) = =0 Sij
2N
We
run
50
Monte-Carlo
simulations
for
100
samples. Fig.
x
q (k) =
wtq (k)
pt (k)
xt (k)/
pq (k + 1),
3 compares the true state and the estimated one and Fig. 4
t=1
plots the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). From these two
2N
(
q
figures, it is obvious that the algorithm developed in this paper
(k) =
R
wtq (k) Vt (k) +
can estimate the system state very well.
t=1
)
Next, the stochastic characteristic[ of the second
q
q
T
] semi(
xt (k) x
(k))(
xt (k) x
(k)) /
pq (k + 1).
0.9 0.1
2
Markov process is changed to: P =
0.75 0.25
where wtq (k) denotes the transition probability of the process
k calculated in (15).
2
S01
( ) = s21 exp(| 6|)
2) Then, after obtaining the above values of the intermediate
2
S10
( ) = s20 exp(| |)
variables, use them as inputs to 2N Kalman Filters matched
q (k +1) after the
to each state q. From this we get x
q (k +1), R
which means that the primary users are much more active now
q (k + 1) after the measurement
time update and x
q (k + 1), R
than the former one. Redoing the simulation with the other
update.
parameters unchanged, state estimation and RMSE for this
3) The weights pq (k + 1) are updated from the innovation example are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. As shown in Fig.6,
processes of the Kalman Filter as:
the performance degrades slightly as the available time for
transmission in the second channel is much less. However, the
pq (k + 1) = c
pq (k + 1)Qq (k + 1)1/2
result is still satisfactory as cognitive radio can automatically
exp{1/2qT (k + 1)Q1
(k
+
1)
(k
+
1)},
sense and use the better channel (the first channel in this
q
q
2N
0.45
1.5
True State
Estimated State
0.4
0.3
RMSE
State Comparion
0.35
1
0.5
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
20
40
60
80
100
Samples
0.45
0.4
0.35
RMSE
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
20
40
20
40
60
80
100
Samples
Fig. 3: State comparison between the true one and the estimated one.
60
80
100
Samples
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper first proposed the application of cognitive radio
in smart grid. Then state estimation of the power system
over such communication link is discussed. The cognitive
1.5
State Comparion
True State
Estimated State
0.5
20
40
60
80
100
Samples