Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
CONCEPTANDAPPLICATION
Compiledby:
BudiantoToha
Smester 12014/2015
Department Geology
Gadjah Mada University
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
Nevertheless,Ipersistintheclaimthatcratons,theirmargins,
andtheirinteriorbasinsdonotjustliethere passively
waitingtobeencroacheduponbyrisingsealevels
orlaidbaretoerosionassealevelsfall.
Studentsandpractitionersofsequencestratigraphy are,
forthebetterorworse,
recordersandinterpretersoftectonicevolution.
L.L.Sloss Fortyyearsofsequencestratigraphy
GeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin,v.100.p.16611665,Nov.1988
Waterflowsdownhill
G.P.Allen
.andthesedimentsupplywithitaswell
(adoptedfromIrfan Cibaj,June2011)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
GeorgesP.Allen,25May1942 15October1998
GeorgesP.Allenspent20yearsstudying
theMahakam deltaareasedimentology.
Weowehimtheunderstandingof
sedimentaryprocessesaswellas
theirconsequencesinreservoirgeometry
(adoptedfromIrfan Cibaj,June2011)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
pointstoremember
FACIESANALYSIS
OBSERVASION
INTERPRETATION
PREDICTION
Geometry
Lithology
DepositionalEnvironment
andPaleogeography
Fossil
Location,
Geometryand
EconomicAspects
Sedimentarystructure
Paleocurrent
FACIESMODEL
(comparewithrecentsediments)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
SequenceStratigraphy anditsapplicationforHC
explorationwithin~8hours??..
justlikeanefforttoswallowabiggerpreythanthemouth..!!!!!
NEVERGIVEUP TRYandTRYAGAIN,
YOULLSUCCEEDATLAST !!!!!
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
EXPLORATION CONCEPT
BDT
CONCEPTUALMODELOFPETROLEUMSYSTEM
SOURCEROCKSPOTENTIAL:
1. SYNRIFTINTERVAL LESSDEEPSUBBASIN
2. SYNRIFTANDPOSTRIFTINTERVAL INTERMEDIATEDEEPSUBBASIN
3. SYNRIFT,POSTRIFTANDBACKARCINTERVAL DEEPSUBBASIN
SYNRIFTISTHEBESTPOTENSIALSOURCEROCKSPODS
RESERVOIRPOTENTIAL:
SYNRIFT:FLUVIAL,DELTAICLACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINEBEACH
POSTRIFT:FLUVIAL,DELTAIC,SHALLOWMARINE,CARBONATE
BACKARC:SHALLOWMARINE,DEEPWATER?ANDFLUVIODELTAIC
POSTRIFTINTERVALISTHEBESTKNOWNRESERVOIRINTERVAL
SOURCEROCKSPOTENTIAL
TRAPSandSEAL/CAPROCKS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
STRATIGRAPHY:
thescienceofrockstrata
Itisconcernedwith
allcharacters and
attributes ofrocks
asstrata;andtheir
interpretationinterms
ofmodeoforigin and
geologichistory
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
BASININFILLING
DYNAMICSSEDIMENTATION
SEQUENCESTRATIGRAPHY
BDT
CONCEPTSINSTRATIGRAPHY
STENOSPRINCIPLES(1669)
SuperpositionofStrata
OriginalLateralContinuityofStrata
OriginalHorizontalityofStrata
Collate:VerticalAccumulationofStrata
CROSSCUTTINGPRINCIPLE
veins,dykesetcwereknowntocutacrossthe
countryrock:therockscuttingacrossacountryrock
areyoungerthanthecountry.
BDT
LAWOFSUPERPOSITION
(STENO,1669)
6
5
Modifiedstatement:
LawofSuperposition:
Theyoungeststrataareattop
inanundisturbedsequence
(Anthony,1955,p.83)
1
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
ORIGINALHORIZONTALITY
(STENO,1669)
StatementofPrinciple:
Dippingbedswereonce
horizontal.
(Woodford,1935,p.3)
3
2
1
ModifiedStatement:
Lawofhorizontality :
Sedimentarystrataarelaiddown
nearlyhorizontallyandessentially
paralleltothesurfaceuponwhichthey
accumulate.(Anthony,locopcit.,p.83)
Note:Patternofsedimentaccumulationismostlyvertical(aggradations)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
HORIZONTALLATERALCONTINUITY
Steno,1669)
Modifiedstatement:
LawofOriginalContinuity:
Theoriginalcontinuityofwaterlaidsedimentary
strataisterminatedonlybypinchingoutagainst
thebasinofdeposition,atthetimeoftheir
deposition.
(Anthony,loc.op.cit,p.83)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
PRINCIPALOFLATERALACCRETION
Sedimentaryrocksareformedin
adepositionalenvironmentwithinitial
surfacerelativelyinclinedtothecenter
ofthebasin
Additionalsedimentsupply
willbeaccommodatedinthebasin
suchasprograding orretrograding
fashion(sidegrowth)
(progradation/retrogradation)
BDT
Actually .
DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS
AGGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
PROGRADATION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
DEPOSITIONALDYNAMICS
SL7
13
12
9
8
7
1
6
2
12
9
7
SL5
10
11
SL1
6
5
4
PROGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
SL2
SL3
EROSIONSURFACE
SL6
SL4
BDT
SEDIMENTARY
FACIES AND ENVIRONMENT
BDT
SEDIMENTARYENVIRONMENTANDFACIES
Asedimentaryenvironmentisapartofearthssurfacewhich
isphysically,chemically,andbiologicallydistinctfrom
adjacentterrains,e.g.deserts,rivervalleys,lake,deltas,
lagoon,shallowmarine(Selley,1985)
PROCESS
Asedimentaryfacies isamassofsedimentaryrockswhich
canbedefinedanddistinguishedfromothersby
geometry,lithology,sedimentarysructures,paleocurrent
pattern,andfossils(Selley,1985)
PRODUCT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
SEDIMENTARYFACIES:
PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,andBIOLOGICALASPECTS
OFDEPOSITIONALENVIRONMENTWITHIN
SYNCHRONOUSINTERVAL
CAUSE
EFFECT
Process
Physical
Chemical
Biological
SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENT
Erosional
Nondepositional
Depositional
SEDIMENTARY
FACIES
Geometry
Lithology
Sedimentary
structures
Paleocurrents
Fossils
(AfterSelley ,1985)
BDT
DEPOSITIONALFACIES
ANDENVIRONMENT
RSL
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)
Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeof
acontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
DEPOSITIONALFACIES
ANDENVIRONMENT
RSL
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)
Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeof
acontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
DEPOSITIONALFACIES
ANDENVIRONMENT
RSL
3
RSL
3
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)
Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeof
acontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
DynamicofSedimentation
and
SequenceStratigraphy
Howsedimentaryrockisaccumulated
Factorscontrollingprocess
Stratigraphic Record
anditspattern
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
Stratigraphic Record
BDT
DynamicofSedimentation
Stratigraphic record
(afterMatthews,1974)
BDT
FactorsControllingSedimentation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Subsidence
Eustacy
Sedimentsupply/sedimentflux
(Climate)
Sedimentflux
Carbonatesedimentation
Etc.
References:
Posamentier,H.W.,Jervey,M.T.andVail,P.R.,1988,Eustatic controlsonclastic depositionI conceptualframework,in
Wilgus,C.K.etal.,(eds.)Sealevelchanges:anintegratedapproach.SEPMSpec.Publ.42,p.109124.
_____________andVailP.R.,1988,Eustatic controlsonclastic depositionII,inWilgus,C.K.etal.(eds),Sealevelchanges:
anintegratedapproach.SEPMSpec.Publ.42,p.125154.
BDT
FACTORSCONTROLLING
SHELFSTRATIGRAPHICPATTERNS
(AfterAllen,1997)
BDT
DynamicSedimentation
Accommodation
Space
Theinteractionofeustacy,subsidence,sedimentsupply,basinphysiography,andclimate
largerly controlbasinsedimentation.Oneormorevariablesmaybedominant
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
DynamicSedimentation
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
constant
constant
CONSTANTSHORELINE
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
constant
constant
REGRESSION
constant
CONSTANTSHORELINE
AGRADATION
Sed Supply
Eustacy
constant
Tectonics
CONSTANTSHORELINE
AGRADATION
Sed Supply
Eustacy
constant
Tectonics
TRANSGRESSION
RETROGRADATION
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
constant
AGRADATION
PROGRADATION
BDT
DynamicSedimentation
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
constant
constant
Constant()
Constant()
constant
TRANSGRESSION
RETROGRADATION
STARVEDBASIN
CONDENSEDSECTION
???
Sed Supply
Eustacy
constant
Tectonics
???
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
???
etc..
BDT
Nonmarine
SequenceStratigraphy
(Tectonostratigraphy)
Marine
SequenceStratigraphy
Chronostratigarphy
Stratal packages
Controlsofsedimentation
Accommodationspace
Tectonics
Basingeometry
Topography
Sedimentsupply
Provenance
Climate
Laterift
Pseudo
stasis
Climax
RegionalFaults
Coalesce
Chronostratigarphy
Stratal packages
Controlsofsedimentation
Accommodationspace
Tectonics
Eustacy (sealevelchanges)
Basingeometry
Physiography
Sedimentsupply
Provenance
Climate
Initiation
LocalSagging
Accom.Space
Time
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
BDT
BDT
EUSTACY DEFINITION
BDT
BDT
BDT
Definition :
BDT
BDT
BDT
BDT
RELATION BETWEEN
ACCOMMODATION AND FACIES PATTERNS
IN FLUVIAL AND SHELF DEPOSITS
In any given interval, if the rate and nature
of sediment influx is constant, the sand / shale ratio
is inversely proportional to the ratio between :
BDT
BDT
BDT
SB
SB
BDT
BDT
BDT
BDT
A low rate of accommodation (i.e. RSL rise) on the shelf results in low rates of coastal plain
aggradation, rapid shoreline progradation and high rate of sand amalgamation on the coastal plain.
High rates of shelf aggradation (i.e. RSL rise) result in higher rates of coastal plain aggradation
and decreased sand amalgamation
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
BDT
BDT
BDT
BDT
BDT
Cross-stratified sandstone,
Utah. (Skinner & Potter, 1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
STRATIGRAPHIC PATTERNS
( Facies Succession )
SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
EROSIONAL SURFACE
(UNCONFORMITY ?) and /or
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES / FACIES
BDT
TRANSGRESSION
and
REGRESSION
BDT
REGRESSIONS
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REGRESSIONS :
1. NORMAL REGRESSION
relative sea level is constant or rising and
the coast migrates seaward because there is an
overabundance of sediment supply with respect
to accommodation
2. FORCED REGRESSIONS
relative sea level falls and as a result
the coastline migrates seaward regardless of
sediment supply
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
NORMAL
and FORCED
REGRESSIONS
BDT
( After Allen, 1997 )
SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
BDT
( After
Allen, 1997 )
Thestackingpatternsofparasequences withinasequence.
Eachindividualmeterscalecycleisproducedbyonehighfrequency
relativesealevelcycle,andthelongertermthicknesspatternreflectsthe
lowerfrequency,longertermchangeinaccommodationspace.Thestacking
patternsdefinethesystemstractsofthesequence,asshown.
(fromTucker,2003)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
Anexampleofmeterscale
cyclesandtheirstacking
pattern;asuccession
consistsofcoarsening
upwardunits(thinarrows
showthecycles),andthey
groupintopackages(sets)
basedontheincreasing
grainsizeandthickness.
(fromTucker,2003)
BDT
SHALLOW-MARINE
BEACH CYCLES :
Well-Log
Responses
for
Beach Parasequences
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
BDT
SHALLOW-MARINE
DELTAIC CYCLES :
Well-Log
Responses
for
Deltaic Parasequences
BDT
EXERCISE :
Stacking pattern ?
Flooding Surface ?
Sequence Boundaries ?
Maximum Flooding
Surface ?
System Tracts ?
Potential reservoir ?
Additional data needed ?
BDT
SEQUENCE DEFINITION
A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE , GENETICALLY
RELATED SUCCESSION OF PARASEQUENCES
AND PARASEQUENCE SETS BOUNDED BY
UNCONFORMITY AND THEIR CORRELATIVE
CONFORMITIES
It is used to provide a chronostratigraphic framework for the correlation
and mapping of sedimentary facies and for stratigraphic prediction
BDT
1st order
2nd order
3rd order
4th order
5th order
6th order
> 50
5 to 50
0.5 to 5
0.1 to 0.5
0.01 to 0.1
< 0.01
Megasequence / Wilson
Supersequence / Sloss
Sequence / Vail
Parasequence / Milankovitch
Parasequence / Milankovitch
Parasequence / Milankovitch
BDT
SEQUENCE
*
*
SYSTEM TRACTS
PARASEQUENCE :
* A relatively conformable succession of genetically related
beds or bed-sets , bounded by marine flooding surfaces and
their correlative surfaces
* R sedimentation > R accommodation : coarsening / shallowing
upward (mostly)
* Boundary : marine-flooding surface
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
100 Km
SEQUENCE
BDT
STRATIGRAPHY
BDT
Stratigraphic Components I
BDT
BDT
Stratigraphic Components II
BDT
SCALE IN
SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS
After Soegaard, 1994
BDT
SCALE IN
SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS
After Soegaard, 1994
BDT
BDT
6794
BDT
BDT
K ( Permeability )
K ( Permeability )
GR + FACIES Thickness
GR + FACIES
MS
Seal
Thickness
Carbonate
Carbonate
15 - 30
15 - 30
MB
LSH
Baffle
MB
Baffle
10 - 15
TCF
10 - 15
15 - 30
AC1 / AC2
15 - 30
TCF
AC1 / AC2
MS
MS
MS
K ( Permeability )
Seal
MS
LSH
TCF
Carbonate
MB
15 - 30
Baffle
10 - 15
15 - 30
LSH
TCF
AC1 / AC2
Seal
Marine Shale :
widespread lateral distribution
Prograding Mouth Bar :
CU of fine to medium muddy/silty bioturbated sandstone. Cleaner ,
Bioturbation decreases, ripple laminated and highly cemented at the top.
Lenses Shale :
local distribution (isolated)
MB
Thickness
LSH
Seal
Seal
GR + FACIES
MS
Seal
isolated
Amalgamated Braided Channels :
multistory , coarse grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,
widespread lateral distribution
MS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT
Permeability ( K )
FACIES
Former Name
X
MOUTH BAR
> 1000 mD
A1
MFS (SEAL)
10-1000 mD
100-1000 mD
> 1000 mD
A2
SB
MFS (SEAL)
B1
B2
PROGRADING MOUTH BAR
MFS (SEAL)
10-1000 mD
100-1000 mD
> 1000 mD
SB
distal
Non reservoir
Burrowed
mudstone
to
siltstone
Thin
interbedded
bedded
clean
sandstone
burrowed
and
sandstone
mudstone
and
mudstone
Laminated
sandstone
clean
sandstone
with few
clay
drappes
mudstone
BDT
Schematic prograding mouth bar cross section
Fine to medium
grained sand
BDT
Bioturbated
sand
Silt shale
allternations
Laminated
fine sands
Bioturbated
fine sand
Shale silt
allternations
Distal
part of the
mouth bar : Concept AND APPLICATION
SEQUENCE
STRATIGRAPHY
( after Cibaj, 2011 )
Lateral accretion
Fining upwards
grain size
Coal bed
Coal bed
STRATIGRAPHY
: Concept AND APPLICATION
( afterSEQUENCE
Cibaj, 2011
)
BDT
Distributary channel
Tidal channel
STRATIGRAPHY
: Concept AND APPLICATION
( afterSEQUENCE
Cibaj, 2011
)
BDT
EXERCISE - DELTA
BDT
CORRELATION
Type Log
4D - 46A
755
Regional CSB
Seq. Strat. Markers
( 3rd Order )
MFS
0
GR
LLD
NPHI
RHOB
2
0
SB
MFS
3
2
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.8
SB
SB
MFS
MFS
4
St ep I :
Iden t ify 3 r d Or der Seq . St rat . M arkers
Iden t if y Facies Lit holog y e.g. Chan nel s, Bars
Ident ify f looding Surfaces
Subdivid ed int o Individual Par asequen ces
SB : Sequence Boundary
MFS : Maximum Flooding Surface
No Orientation
No Scale
BDT
STEP 2
SW
4D - 46A
755
FEET
MD
GR
200
4D - 37
N PH I
0. 48
RHO B 0. 0 9
120 0 0
2. 5
TVDSS
0.2
NE
Co r r el at e M ar i n e Fl o o d i n g Sur f aces
Co r r el at e Faci es
M ap p i n g w i t h i n Ch r o n o st r at i g r ap h i c Un i t s
LLD
4D - 38
746
752
FEET
MD
GR
200
TVDSS
0.2
LLD
NPH I
0. 4 8
RH OB 0. 0 9
2. 5
12 00 0
FEET
MD
GR
TVD SS
200
0.2
LLD
NPH I
0.4 8
RH O B 0.0 9
2. 5
12 0 00
MFS
0
1
SB
MFS
3
?
?
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
SB
MFS
4
BDT
BDT
SAND ISOPACHS
2D
2E
Section D
Section
B
2F
MOUTHBAR
20
Section B
493
20
20
258
816
33
40
888
39
34
3E
812
41
3D
886
36
CHANNEL
839
811
40
443
40
844
40
43
Section
A
847
335
765
23
779
20
785
32
33
754
46
28
35
479
90
15
492
461
444
20
21
18
10
17
22
336
736
171
790
748
33
20
24
780
10
743
65
10
14
10
798
65
15
20
807
822
451
769
10
10 12
BAR
16
10
825
CHANNEL
805
45
14
767
15
808
806
BAR
18
4C
809
4D
20
838
28
40
4E
836
33
42
832
774
466
810
20
CHANNEL
21
35
771 796
30
35
33
20
420 803
5
801
12
421
10
407
1008
905
1004
MOUTHBAR
CHANNEL
< 10'
1011
< 20'
20
286
20
29
CHANNEL
20' - 40'
10' - 20'
Zone of erosion by
by overlying reservoir
BAR
> 40'
500
1000 meters
BDT
2E
2F
Section D
MOUTHBAR
Section B
Section C
427
493
258
816
888
812
Permeability Trend
Mouth Bar
3D
3E
886
839
811
CHANNEL
443
Section A
844
847
335
765
479
779
754
Permeability Trend
Channel
785
90
444
461
492
736
171
790
748
336
780
743
65
822
807
825
798
65
MOUTH BAR
805
45
No sandstone
451
769
767
808
4C
838
4D
4E
809
836
810
CHANNEL
466
774
832
771 796
420
421
1004
905
1011
Erosive contact
with overlying reservoir
801
1008
MOUTH BAR
Fluvial/Distributary Channel
803
286
CHANNEL
0
500
1000 meters
BDT
BDT
BDT
APPLICATION EXAMPLE :
WELLS CORRELATION, SANGATA FIELD
SUCCESS EXAMPLE
FROM MINAS FIELD
BDT
THANK YOU !
TERIMAKASIH !
MATUR NUWUN !
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION
IF NECESSARY AND TIMES ALLOWED
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION
BDT