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SEQUENCESTRATIGRAPHY:

CONCEPTANDAPPLICATION
Compiledby:

BudiantoToha
Smester 12014/2015

Department Geology
Gadjah Mada University
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Nevertheless,Ipersistintheclaimthatcratons,theirmargins,
andtheirinteriorbasinsdonotjustliethere passively
waitingtobeencroacheduponbyrisingsealevels
orlaidbaretoerosionassealevelsfall.
Studentsandpractitionersofsequencestratigraphy are,
forthebetterorworse,
recordersandinterpretersoftectonicevolution.
L.L.Sloss Fortyyearsofsequencestratigraphy
GeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin,v.100.p.16611665,Nov.1988

Waterflowsdownhill
G.P.Allen
.andthesedimentsupplywithitaswell
(adoptedfromIrfan Cibaj,June2011)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

GeorgesP.Allen,25May1942 15October1998

GeorgesP.Allenspent20yearsstudying
theMahakam deltaareasedimentology.
Weowehimtheunderstandingof
sedimentaryprocessesaswellas
theirconsequencesinreservoirgeometry
(adoptedfromIrfan Cibaj,June2011)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

pointstoremember

FACIESANALYSIS
OBSERVASION

INTERPRETATION

PREDICTION

Geometry
Lithology

DepositionalEnvironment
andPaleogeography

Fossil

Location,
Geometryand
EconomicAspects

Sedimentarystructure
Paleocurrent

FACIESMODEL
(comparewithrecentsediments)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SequenceStratigraphy anditsapplicationforHC
explorationwithin~8hours??..
justlikeanefforttoswallowabiggerpreythanthemouth..!!!!!

NEVERGIVEUP TRYandTRYAGAIN,
YOULLSUCCEEDATLAST !!!!!
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

EXPLORATION CONCEPT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

CONCEPTUALMODELOFPETROLEUMSYSTEM
SOURCEROCKSPOTENTIAL:
1. SYNRIFTINTERVAL LESSDEEPSUBBASIN
2. SYNRIFTANDPOSTRIFTINTERVAL INTERMEDIATEDEEPSUBBASIN
3. SYNRIFT,POSTRIFTANDBACKARCINTERVAL DEEPSUBBASIN

SYNRIFTISTHEBESTPOTENSIALSOURCEROCKSPODS

RESERVOIRPOTENTIAL:
SYNRIFT:FLUVIAL,DELTAICLACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINEBEACH
POSTRIFT:FLUVIAL,DELTAIC,SHALLOWMARINE,CARBONATE
BACKARC:SHALLOWMARINE,DEEPWATER?ANDFLUVIODELTAIC
POSTRIFTINTERVALISTHEBESTKNOWNRESERVOIRINTERVAL

SOURCEROCKSPOTENTIAL
TRAPSandSEAL/CAPROCKS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

STRATIGRAPHY:
thescienceofrockstrata
Itisconcernedwith
allcharacters and
attributes ofrocks
asstrata;andtheir
interpretationinterms
ofmodeoforigin and
geologichistory
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

BASININFILLING
DYNAMICSSEDIMENTATION
SEQUENCESTRATIGRAPHY

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

CONCEPTSINSTRATIGRAPHY
STENOSPRINCIPLES(1669)
SuperpositionofStrata
OriginalLateralContinuityofStrata
OriginalHorizontalityofStrata
Collate:VerticalAccumulationofStrata
CROSSCUTTINGPRINCIPLE
veins,dykesetcwereknowntocutacrossthe
countryrock:therockscuttingacrossacountryrock
areyoungerthanthecountry.

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

LAWOFSUPERPOSITION
(STENO,1669)

6
5

Modifiedstatement:

LawofSuperposition:
Theyoungeststrataareattop
inanundisturbedsequence
(Anthony,1955,p.83)

1
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

ORIGINALHORIZONTALITY
(STENO,1669)
StatementofPrinciple:
Dippingbedswereonce
horizontal.
(Woodford,1935,p.3)

3
2
1

ModifiedStatement:
Lawofhorizontality :
Sedimentarystrataarelaiddown
nearlyhorizontallyandessentially
paralleltothesurfaceuponwhichthey
accumulate.(Anthony,locopcit.,p.83)
Note:Patternofsedimentaccumulationismostlyvertical(aggradations)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

HORIZONTALLATERALCONTINUITY
Steno,1669)
Modifiedstatement:
LawofOriginalContinuity:
Theoriginalcontinuityofwaterlaidsedimentary
strataisterminatedonlybypinchingoutagainst
thebasinofdeposition,atthetimeoftheir
deposition.
(Anthony,loc.op.cit,p.83)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

PRINCIPALOFLATERALACCRETION
Sedimentaryrocksareformedin
adepositionalenvironmentwithinitial
surfacerelativelyinclinedtothecenter
ofthebasin

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

Additionalsedimentsupply
willbeaccommodatedinthebasin
suchasprograding orretrograding
fashion(sidegrowth)
(progradation/retrogradation)

BDT

Actually .

DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS
AGGRADATION

RETROGRADATION

PROGRADATION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DEPOSITIONALDYNAMICS

SL7

13
12
9
8
7
1

6
2

12
9
7

SL5

10

11
SL1

6
5
4

PROGRADATION
RETROGRADATION

SL2

SL3

EROSIONSURFACE

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

SL6
SL4

BDT

SEDIMENTARY
FACIES AND ENVIRONMENT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEDIMENTARYENVIRONMENTANDFACIES
Asedimentaryenvironmentisapartofearthssurfacewhich
isphysically,chemically,andbiologicallydistinctfrom
adjacentterrains,e.g.deserts,rivervalleys,lake,deltas,
lagoon,shallowmarine(Selley,1985)

PROCESS
Asedimentaryfacies isamassofsedimentaryrockswhich
canbedefinedanddistinguishedfromothersby
geometry,lithology,sedimentarysructures,paleocurrent
pattern,andfossils(Selley,1985)

PRODUCT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEDIMENTARYFACIES:
PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,andBIOLOGICALASPECTS
OFDEPOSITIONALENVIRONMENTWITHIN
SYNCHRONOUSINTERVAL

CAUSE

EFFECT

Process
Physical
Chemical
Biological

SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENT

Erosional
Nondepositional
Depositional

SEDIMENTARY
FACIES

Geometry
Lithology
Sedimentary
structures
Paleocurrents
Fossils

(AfterSelley ,1985)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DEPOSITIONALFACIES
ANDENVIRONMENT

RSL

(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)

Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeof
acontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DEPOSITIONALFACIES
ANDENVIRONMENT

RSL

(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)

Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeof
acontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DEPOSITIONALFACIES
ANDENVIRONMENT

RSL

3
RSL

3
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)

Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeof
acontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DynamicofSedimentation
and
SequenceStratigraphy
Howsedimentaryrockisaccumulated
Factorscontrollingprocess
Stratigraphic Record
anditspattern
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

Stratigraphic Record

BDT

DynamicofSedimentation
Stratigraphic record

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

(afterMatthews,1974)

BDT

FactorsControllingSedimentation
1.
2.
3.
4.

Subsidence
Eustacy
Sedimentsupply/sedimentflux
(Climate)

Sedimentflux
Carbonatesedimentation
Etc.

References:
Posamentier,H.W.,Jervey,M.T.andVail,P.R.,1988,Eustatic controlsonclastic depositionI conceptualframework,in
Wilgus,C.K.etal.,(eds.)Sealevelchanges:anintegratedapproach.SEPMSpec.Publ.42,p.109124.
_____________andVailP.R.,1988,Eustatic controlsonclastic depositionII,inWilgus,C.K.etal.(eds),Sealevelchanges:
anintegratedapproach.SEPMSpec.Publ.42,p.125154.

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

FACTORSCONTROLLING
SHELFSTRATIGRAPHICPATTERNS

(AfterAllen,1997)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DynamicSedimentation

Accommodation
Space

Theinteractionofeustacy,subsidence,sedimentsupply,basinphysiography,andclimate
largerly controlbasinsedimentation.Oneormorevariablesmaybedominant
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

DynamicSedimentation
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics

constant
constant

CONSTANTSHORELINE

Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics

constant
constant

REGRESSION

constant

CONSTANTSHORELINE

AGRADATION

Sed Supply
Eustacy
constant
Tectonics

CONSTANTSHORELINE

AGRADATION

Sed Supply
Eustacy
constant
Tectonics

TRANSGRESSION

RETROGRADATION

Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics

constant

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

AGRADATION

PROGRADATION

BDT

DynamicSedimentation
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics

constant
constant
Constant()
Constant()

constant

TRANSGRESSION

RETROGRADATION

STARVEDBASIN

CONDENSEDSECTION

???

Sed Supply
Eustacy
constant
Tectonics

???

Sed Supply
Eustacy
Tectonics

???
etc..

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Nonmarine
SequenceStratigraphy
(Tectonostratigraphy)

Marine
SequenceStratigraphy

Chronostratigarphy
Stratal packages
Controlsofsedimentation
Accommodationspace
Tectonics
Basingeometry
Topography
Sedimentsupply
Provenance
Climate

Laterift
Pseudo
stasis

Climax
RegionalFaults
Coalesce

Chronostratigarphy
Stratal packages
Controlsofsedimentation
Accommodationspace
Tectonics
Eustacy (sealevelchanges)
Basingeometry
Physiography
Sedimentsupply
Provenance
Climate
Initiation
LocalSagging

Accom.Space

Time
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Formation of superimposed deltaic cycles or sequences


(after Allen and Chambers, 1998)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

EUSTACY DEFINITION

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

The earths axis of rotation is inclined at an


angle of 23.5o, which causes increasing
seasonal variation in temperature and day
lengths with increasing latitude. At the
equinoxes the sun is directly overhead at
the equator, and all parts of the earth
receive 12 hours of light and 12 hours of
darkness each day. At the summer solstice
the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of
Cancer, and Artic Circle has 24 hours of
continuous daylight, while all areas in the
Southern Hemisphpere experience less
than 12 hours of light everyday and the sun
never rises below the Antartic Circle. At the
winter solstice (not shown) the situation is
reversed; incoming solar radiation is
perpendicular to the erths surface at the
Tropic of Carpicorn, and all areas in the
Northern Hemisphere experience less than
12 hours of light each day ( Modified from
Strahler ,1975)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Orbital variations and their


force climatic changes and
the formation of Milankovitch
cycles

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

WHAT IS SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION ?


SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION IS
THE POTENTIAL SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SEDIMENT
TO ACCUMULATE
on the shelf, accommodation is controlled by
RELATIVE SEA LEVEL
in fluvial environments, accommodation is controlled
by THE FLUVIAL EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

( After Allen, 1997BDT


)

Definition :

( After van Gorsel, 1987 )


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Alluvial Coastal Plain and Fluvial Equilibrium Profile

( After Alen, 1999)


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Accommodation in Fluvial Environment

( After Allen, 1997 )


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Accommodation in Fluvial Environment

( After Allen, 1997 )


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

RELATION BETWEEN
ACCOMMODATION AND FACIES PATTERNS
IN FLUVIAL AND SHELF DEPOSITS
In any given interval, if the rate and nature
of sediment influx is constant, the sand / shale ratio
is inversely proportional to the ratio between :

rate of increase of accommodation


and sediment supply

(After Allen, 1999)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

( After Allen, 1997 )

Fluvial Stacking Pattern : an effect of increasing accommodation space

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Effects of accommodation rates on fluvial aggradations

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

EFFECTS OF ACCOMMODATION RATES ON FLUVIAL


AGGRADATION AND SAND/SHALE RATIO

SB

SB

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Effects of varying accommodation rates on coastal


and shelf sediment patterns, and sand / shale ratio

A low rate of accommodation (i.e. RSL rise) on the shelf results in low rates of coastal plain
aggradation, rapid shoreline progradation and high rate of sand amalgamation on the coastal plain.
High rates of shelf aggradation (i.e. RSL rise) result in higher rates of coastal plain aggradation
and decreased sand amalgamation
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

(After Allen, 1999)

BDT

Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with rapid increasing of


accommodation space , and higher sediment supply

(rapid RSL rise, higher sed.supply)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

(After Allen, 1999)

BDT

Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with slow increasing of


accommodation space , and higher sediment supply

(slow RSL rise, higher sed.supply)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

(After Allen, 1995)

BDT

Facies Stacking Patterns :


in a marine transition of depositional environment

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Parasequence-stacking pattern in parasequence sets ; cross-section and


well-log expression (Van Wagoner et al., 1991)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?


Multicolored layered sedimentary rocks
in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah.
(Skinner & Potter, 1987)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?

Cross-stratified sandstone,
Utah. (Skinner & Potter, 1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

STRATIGRAPHIC PATTERNS
( Facies Succession )

REGRESSION and TRANGRESSION


( increasing or decreasing Acc. Space vs Sed. Supply )

SEDIMENTARY CYCLES

EROSIONAL SURFACE
(UNCONFORMITY ?) and /or
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES / FACIES

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

(After Allen, 1999)

BDT

TRANSGRESSION
and
REGRESSION

( After van Gorsel, 1987 )


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

REGRESSIONS
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REGRESSIONS :
1. NORMAL REGRESSION
relative sea level is constant or rising and
the coast migrates seaward because there is an
overabundance of sediment supply with respect
to accommodation
2. FORCED REGRESSIONS
relative sea level falls and as a result
the coastline migrates seaward regardless of
sediment supply
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

( After Allen, 1997 )

BDT

NORMAL
and FORCED
REGRESSIONS

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT
( After Allen, 1997 )

SEDIMENTARY CYCLES

All shelf deposits are characterized


by cyclic sedimentation patterns

These cycles occur at several scales

These patterns are the result of cyclic


patterns of regression and transgression
which are formed by changes in relative
sea level (accommodation space)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT
( After
Allen, 1997 )

Thestackingpatternsofparasequences withinasequence.
Eachindividualmeterscalecycleisproducedbyonehighfrequency
relativesealevelcycle,andthelongertermthicknesspatternreflectsthe
lowerfrequency,longertermchangeinaccommodationspace.Thestacking
patternsdefinethesystemstractsofthesequence,asshown.
(fromTucker,2003)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Anexampleofmeterscale
cyclesandtheirstacking
pattern;asuccession
consistsofcoarsening
upwardunits(thinarrows
showthecycles),andthey
groupintopackages(sets)
basedontheincreasing
grainsizeandthickness.
(fromTucker,2003)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SHALLOW-MARINE
BEACH CYCLES :

Well-Log
Responses
for
Beach Parasequences
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SHALLOW-MARINE
DELTAIC CYCLES :
Well-Log
Responses
for
Deltaic Parasequences

( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

EXERCISE :
Stacking pattern ?
Flooding Surface ?
Sequence Boundaries ?
Maximum Flooding
Surface ?
System Tracts ?
Potential reservoir ?
Additional data needed ?

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEQUENCE DEFINITION
A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE , GENETICALLY
RELATED SUCCESSION OF PARASEQUENCES
AND PARASEQUENCE SETS BOUNDED BY
UNCONFORMITY AND THEIR CORRELATIVE
CONFORMITIES
It is used to provide a chronostratigraphic framework for the correlation
and mapping of sedimentary facies and for stratigraphic prediction

A SEQUENCE IS DEFINED BY THE PHYSICAL


RELATIONSHIPS OF THE STRATA ALONE ;
NOT BYTHICKNESS , DURATION , OR
INTERPRETATION OF GLOBAL OR
REGIONAL ORIGIN (i.e. scale independent)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

( Van Wagoner , August 1994 )

BDT

Sequence stratigraphy concepts


Duration of stratigraphic cycles

1st order
2nd order
3rd order
4th order
5th order
6th order

> 50
5 to 50
0.5 to 5
0.1 to 0.5
0.01 to 0.1
< 0.01

Megasequence / Wilson
Supersequence / Sloss
Sequence / Vail
Parasequence / Milankovitch
Parasequence / Milankovitch
Parasequence / Milankovitch

1st through 3rd order sequences can be resolved on seismic


The Pematang Group is consistent with a 2nd order sequence
(also known as a supersequence or a Sloss sequence)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SEQUENCE
*
*

SYSTEM TRACTS

Their position within the sequence


Stacking patterns parasequences and parasequence sets

PARASEQUENCE :
* A relatively conformable succession of genetically related
beds or bed-sets , bounded by marine flooding surfaces and
their correlative surfaces
* R sedimentation > R accommodation : coarsening / shallowing
upward (mostly)
* Boundary : marine-flooding surface
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

CONCEPT OF LATERAL ACCRETION > DEPOSITIONAL PACKET >


STRATAL ARCHITECTURE

100 Km

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

SEQUENCE
BDT
STRATIGRAPHY

Detailed Characteristics of Lamina , Laminaset , Bed , and Bedset


(from Campbell , 1967)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Stratigraphic Components I

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Stratal Units in Hierarchy : Definitions and Characteristics


( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Stratigraphic Components II

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SCALE IN
SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS
After Soegaard, 1994

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SCALE IN
SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS
After Soegaard, 1994

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Representative cores from X-Well


Facies description and Interpretation
A. Varicolored of sandy mudstone, predominantly reddish
brown to purple with variation of grayish green, moderate
brown, gray and yellow. Massive, blocky, mottled reddish
brown, some reveals subwaxy slickensided surfaces.
This facies is interpreted as palaeosol developed in a low
relief waterlogged flood plain setting.

B. Cross-bedded sandstone rapidly changes upwards into


interbedded of very fine to fine grained light gray sandstone
and muddy siltstone to silty-mudstone. A part of sandstone
reveals wavy to current ripple structure, locally appearance
of bioturbation and sediment deformation as well.
This facies is interpreted as overbank sediments due to
channel avulsion, which may close to the active fluvial system,
or possibly as backshore/mudflat lagoon
C. Low angle X-bedded sandstone, rests sharply on
muddy-wavy-rippled siltstone. Sandstone is strongly
X-bedded which becoming rippled to the top; fine to
medium grained; light to moderate brown; bioturbation
are identified quite similar to rootlets, especially shown by
hydrocarbon staining. This sandstone is interpreted as
upper shoreface, or possibly channel (fluvial ?).
GR reading of the underlying layer indicates of coarsening
upward, which suggests possible offshore-bar or lower
shoreface

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Core correlation to well-log


A
6764

6794

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Facies Model of One Sequence Reservoir


And its characteristics

( Toha et al., 1999 )


SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

K ( Permeability )

K ( Permeability )

100 101 102 103 104

100 101 102 103 104

GR + FACIES Thickness

GR + FACIES

MS

Seal

Thickness

Carbonate

Carbonate

15 - 30

15 - 30

MB
LSH

Baffle

MB
Baffle

10 - 15

TCF

10 - 15

15 - 30

AC1 / AC2

15 - 30

TCF
AC1 / AC2
MS

MS

MS
K ( Permeability )

Seal

MS

LSH
TCF

Transgressive Channel Fill ( Estuarine ) :


FU of medium to fine and silty bioturbated sandstone

Carbonate

MB

15 - 30
Baffle

10 - 15
15 - 30

Amalgamated Braided Channels :

LSH

TCF
AC1 / AC2
Seal

Marine Shale :
widespread lateral distribution
Prograding Mouth Bar :
CU of fine to medium muddy/silty bioturbated sandstone. Cleaner ,
Bioturbation decreases, ripple laminated and highly cemented at the top.
Lenses Shale :
local distribution (isolated)

MB

100 101 102 103 104

Thickness

LSH

Seal

Seal

GR + FACIES

MS

Seal

AC2 multistory , coarse-medium grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,


AC1

isolated
Amalgamated Braided Channels :
multistory , coarse grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,
widespread lateral distribution

MS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

Core and Facies Model

BDT

STRATIGRAPHY & FACIES MODEL OF MINAS FIELD


GR

Permeability ( K )

FACIES

Former Name
X

MOUTH BAR

AMALGAMATED BRAIDED CHANNELS

> 1000 mD

A1

MFS (SEAL)
10-1000 mD

PROGRADING MOUTH BAR

100-1000 mD

TRANSGRESIVE CHANNEL FILL (ESTUARINE)

> 1000 mD

AMALGAMATED BRAIDED CHANNELS

A2

SB

MFS (SEAL)

B1

ISOLATED CHANNELS AND BARS


MFS+CO3 (SEAL)
10-1000 mD

B2
PROGRADING MOUTH BAR
MFS (SEAL)
10-1000 mD

PROGRADING MOUTH BAR

100-1000 mD

TRANSGRESIVE CHANNEL FILL (ESTUARINE)

> 1000 mD

AMALGAMATED BRAIDED CHANNELS

SB

Potential bypassed Oil


( Infill, Horizontal, Attic wells andBDT
Tertiary Target )

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

Sedimentological facies versus


reservoir petrophysical classes
Proximal

distal
Non reservoir

Burrowed
mudstone
to
siltstone

Thin
interbedded
bedded
clean
sandstone
burrowed
and
sandstone
mudstone
and
mudstone

Laminated
sandstone

clean
sandstone
with few
clay
drappes

mudstone

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT
Schematic prograding mouth bar cross section

Lateral facies relationship and postulated core and well-log reponses


For beach parasequence
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

Fine to medium
grained sand

BDT

Aerial view of the mouth bar 2 deposited in the delta front


under 2 5 m of water depth. It emerges during the lowest tides.
The emerged part can reach many kilometers in extension.
Fine to medium
grained sand

Bioturbated
sand

Silt shale
allternations

Laminated
fine sands

Bioturbated
fine sand

Shale silt
allternations

Very fine sands

Distal
part of the
mouth bar : Concept AND APPLICATION
SEQUENCE
STRATIGRAPHY
( after Cibaj, 2011 )

Proximal part of the mouth bar


BDT

SEDIMENTOLOGY FOR GEOSCIENTISTS


Distributary channel as observed in outcrop
Coal bed

Lateral accretion
Fining upwards
grain size

Coal bed

Coal bed

Coarse-grained channel fill


Sharp and erosive basal
surface of the channel

STRATIGRAPHY
: Concept AND APPLICATION
( afterSEQUENCE
Cibaj, 2011
)

BDT

Distributary channels as observed in the modern Mahakam delta

Distributary channel

Tidal channel

STRATIGRAPHY
: Concept AND APPLICATION
( afterSEQUENCE
Cibaj, 2011
)

BDT

EXERCISE - DELTA

EXAMPLE OF FACIES MAP

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

CORRELATION
Type Log
4D - 46A

SCHEM ATIC HIGH RESOLUTION


STRATIGRAPHY FRAM EWORK

High Resolution Seq. Strat.


Flooding Surfaces

755

Regional CSB
Seq. Strat. Markers
( 3rd Order )
MFS

0
GR

LLD

NPHI
RHOB

2
0

SB

MFS

3
2
3.5
3.6

3.7

3.5

3.8

3.6

3.7
3.8

SB

SB
MFS

MFS
4

St ep I :
Iden t ify 3 r d Or der Seq . St rat . M arkers
Iden t if y Facies Lit holog y e.g. Chan nel s, Bars
Ident ify f looding Surfaces
Subdivid ed int o Individual Par asequen ces

Channel - Fill ( includes distributary channels & incised fluvial channel )


Mouth Bars
Mudstone - Mainly Delta front to shelf

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

SB : Sequence Boundary
MFS : Maximum Flooding Surface
No Orientation
No Scale

BDT

STEP 2

SW
4D - 46A
755

FEET

MD
GR

200

4D - 37

N PH I
0. 48
RHO B 0. 0 9
120 0 0
2. 5

TVDSS
0.2

NE

Co r r el at e M ar i n e Fl o o d i n g Sur f aces
Co r r el at e Faci es
M ap p i n g w i t h i n Ch r o n o st r at i g r ap h i c Un i t s
LLD

4D - 38

746

752

FEET

MD
GR

200

TVDSS
0.2

LLD

NPH I
0. 4 8
RH OB 0. 0 9
2. 5
12 00 0

FEET

MD
GR

TVD SS

200

0.2

LLD

NPH I
0.4 8
RH O B 0.0 9
2. 5
12 0 00

MFS

0
1

SB
MFS
3
?
?
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

SB
MFS
4

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

Wells Log Correlation


P

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SAND ISOPACHS
2D

2E
Section D

Section
B

2F

RESERVOIR M3-M3.5 ( UPPER)


427

MOUTHBAR
20

Section B

493
20

20

258

816

33

40

888

39

34

3E

812
41

3D

886
36

CHANNEL

839

811
40

443

40

844

40
43

Section
A

847

335

765

23

779

20

785

32

33

754

46

28

35

479

90

15

492
461

444

20

21

18

10

17

22

336

736

171
790

748

33

20

24

780

10

743

65

10

14

10

798

65

15

20

807

822

451

769

10

10 12

BAR

16

10

825

CHANNEL

805

45
14

767
15

808

806

BAR

18

4C

809

4D

20

838
28

40

4E

836
33

42

832

774

466

810

20
CHANNEL

21

35

771 796

30
35

33

20

420 803
5

801
12

421

10

407

1008

905

1004

MOUTHBAR

CHANNEL

< 10'

1011

< 20'

20

286

20

29

CHANNEL

20' - 40'

10' - 20'
Zone of erosion by
by overlying reservoir

BAR

> 40'

500

1000 meters

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

SAND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS


2D

2E

2F

Section D
MOUTHBAR
Section B
Section C

RESERVOIR M3-M3.5 ( UPPER)

427

493

258

816

888

812

Permeability Trend
Mouth Bar

3D

3E

886

839

811

CHANNEL
443

Section A

844

847

335

765
479

779

754

Permeability Trend
Channel

785
90

444

461

492

736
171
790

748

336
780

743

65
822

807
825

798

65

MOUTH BAR
805

45

No sandstone

451

769

767
808

4C

838

4D

4E

809
836
810

CHANNEL

466

774

832
771 796

420
421

Delta Front/Mouth Bar

1004

905

1011

Erosive contact
with overlying reservoir

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

801
1008

MOUTH BAR

Fluvial/Distributary Channel

803

286

CHANNEL
0

500

1000 meters

BDT

STYLES OF CHRONO- vs LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION


for progradational parasequence set (Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

STYLES OF CHRONO- vs LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION


for retrogradational parasequence set (Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

APPLICATION EXAMPLE :
WELLS CORRELATION, SANGATA FIELD

SUCCESS EXAMPLE
FROM MINAS FIELD

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

END SLIDES FOR THE CLASS

THANK YOU !
TERIMAKASIH !
MATUR NUWUN !
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION
IF NECESSARY AND TIMES ALLOWED
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION

BDT

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