Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.1 (Safety Precautions-Aircraft and Workshop) PDF

PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC)
Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category A/B1
MODULE 7: MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Sub Module 7.1 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP
Sub Module 7.2 - WORKSHOP PRACTICES
Sub Module 7.3 TOOLS
Sub Module 7.4 AVIONIC GENERAL TEST EQUIPMENT
Sub Module 7.5 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS & STANDARDS
Sub Module 7.6 FITS AND CLEARANCES
Sub Module 7.7 ELECTRICAL WIRING INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM (EWIS)
Sub Module 7.8 RIVETING
Sub Module 7.9 PIPES AND HOSES
Sub Module 7.10 SPRINGS
Sub Module 7.11 BEARINGS
Sub Module 7.12 TRANSMISSIONS
Sub Module 7.13 CONTROL CABLES
Sub Module 7.14 MATERIAL HANDLING
Sub Module 7.15 WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING AND BONDING
Sub Module 7.16 AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Sub Module 7.17 AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE
Sub Module 7.18 DISASSEMBLY, INSPECTION, REPAIR AND ASSEMBLY
Sub Module 7.19 ABNORMAL EVENTS
Sub Module 7.20 MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
ISO 9001:2008 Certified

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7/01
For Training Purpose Only

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Sub Module 7.1 Safety Precautions Aircraft and Workshop
List of Amendments
Amendment No.
Sub-Module &
Pages:
Issue Date:
Issue 01, Rev-00
All
31 March 2014

Date Inserted:
Inserted By:
Date Removed:
Removed By:

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MODULE 7
Sub Module 7.1
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP

7.1

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Contents
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ....................................... 1
SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY .................................................. 3
SAFETY WITH GASES............................................................. 6
SAFETY WITH OXYGEN .......................................................... 9
SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS ................................... 13
SAFETY WITH FIRE ............................................................... 20
PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES ............................ 26
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE ........................................ 32

7.1 - i

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GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

INTRODUCTION
Most accidents are, in the main, caused by human carelessness
and accidents in the work place are among the main causes of
death and disability.
They are, additionally, the cause of a great loss of man-hours
and, thus, cost companies (and individuals) large amounts of
money.
All personnel should be aware, not only of the potential for
accidents and injury, wherever they work, but also of the
legislation and information that is available in an attempt to
prevent accidents actually happening.
While it is incumbent upon companies, to ensure that all
personnel receive adequate training in Health and Safety
matters, this Module contains a reminder of some of the general
safety precautions which are necessary, when working in the
aerospace industry.
The Module continues with further topics, which are concerned
with the practices recommended for the safe and efficient
maintenance of aircraft and aerospace components.

7.1 - 1
Aircraft, by their very nature and design, make for a dangerous

working environment. The danger is further increased by the
wide variety of machines, tools and materials required to
support and maintain aircraft.
Technicians should only operate equipment with which

they are familiar and can operate safely.
Hand tools should be kept in proper working order.
Technicians should know the location of the first aid box

and emergency equipment.
Good housekeeping in hangars, shops, and on the flight

line is essential to safe and efficient maintenance. The
highest standards of orderly work arrangements and
cleanliness should be observed while maintaining an
aircraft. When a maintenance task is complete, the
technician should remove and properly store
maintenance stands, hoses, electrical cords, hoists,
crates, boxes, and anything else used to perform the
work.
Pedestrian lanes and fire lanes should be marked and

used as a safety measure to prevent accidents and to
keep pedestrian traffic out of work areas.

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Power cords and air hoses should be straightened,

coiled, and properly stored when not in use.
Oil, grease, and other substances spilled on hangar or

shop floors should be immediately cleaned or covered
with an absorbent material to prevent fire or personal
injury.
Under no circumstances should oil or cleaning fluid be

emptied into floor drains. Fumes from this type of
disposal may ignite and cause severe property damage.
Gasoline spills on the hangar floor should be flushed

away with water. Sweeping these fuel spills with a dry
broom could cause static electricity that might ignite the
fuel.
Aircraft finishes should be applied in a controlled

environment (paint room) whenever possible. A
technician should never do this type of work near an
open flame or in the presence of lights that are not
explosion proof. No other work should be done on an
aircraft while it is being painted.
Never use unstable piles of boxes, inadequate

scaffolding, or un-secured ladders for working at heights.
Always use designated ladders, work stands,
maintenance steps that are equipped with appropriate
handholds, handrails and safety railing.
Always walk and never run, and never hurry when

engaged in hazardous work.

7.1 - 2

It is very important, that all personnel know the location of the

fixed points where firefighting equipment and First Aid treatment
are available. They must also be aware of the types of
emergency that can occur in the workplace (whether in the
workshop, hangar or on the ramp), and of the procedures to be
followed in any emergency.

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SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY

The human body conducts electricity. Furthermore, electrical
current, passing through the body, disrupts the nervous system
and causes burns at the entry and exit points. The current, used
in domestic 220-240 volt, 50Hz ac electricity, is particularly
dangerous because it affects nerves in such a way that a
person, holding a current-carrying conductor, is unable to
release it. Table 1 shows some typical harmful values and
effects of both ac and dc electricity supplies.
Since water also conducts electricity, great care must be taken
to avoid handling electrical equipment of all kinds when
standing on a wet surface or when wearing wet shoes. The
water provides a path to earth and heightens the possibility of
electric shock. To ensure that equipment is safe, the minimum
requirement is through the use of three-core cable (which
includes an earth lead) and, possibly, a safety cut-out device.
In conjunction, more often than not, with ignorance or
carelessness, electrical hazards generally arise due to one or
more of the following factors:
Inadequate or non-existent earthing
Worn or damaged wiring, insulation, plugs, sockets and
All electrical equipment must be regularly checked and tested

for correct operation and electrical safety. To show that this has
been done, a dated label should be attached, showing when the
equipment was last tested and when the next inspection is due.
Any new item of equipment must have a test label attached.
The presence of a test label does not, however, absolve the
user from checking the equipment for any external signs of
damage, such as a frayed power cord (or missing safety
devices) before use.
In the event of a person witnessing another person receiving an
electric shock, the basic actions, to be followed by the witness,
are:
Shout for help and ensure there is no danger of also
becoming a victim
Switch off the electrical current or remove the victim from
the supply by means of insulated material
If the victim has ceased breathing, initiate resuscitation
Call for professional medical help
If the victim is suffering from burns, exclude air from
wounds
Treat for shock by keeping the victim warm
other installations
Bad wiring systems and the misuse of good systems
Incorrect use of fuses
Inadequate inspection and maintenance of power tools
and equipment
The approved methods of artificial resuscitation must, by law,
be displayed on wall charts in workplaces.

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Voltage/Current
Possible Outcome
50V ac or 100V dc
May give rise to dangerous shocks
1 mA
Harmless tingle
1 12 mA
Painful, but can be released
12 20 mA
Very painful, cannot be released
20 50 mA
Paralysis of respiration
> 50 mA
Heart stoppage
to be aware of the safety procedures associated with its use.

Single phase supply
Most shop equipment operating on 110/230-volt single-phase
alternating current is connected with a three-conductor cord.
Of the three conductors one wire carries the power and is
referred to as the 'Live' wire. The second wire is the 'Neutral'
and is connected to the earth ground where the power enters
the building or at the transformer. The third wire is the Earth
equipment ground and connects the housing of the equipment
to the earth ground.
Single phase wire/connector identification
Live Wire - The live wire is connected to the righthand connector of the 'Plug Base'.
Neutral Wire - The neutral wire is connected to the lefthand connector of the 'Plug Base'
Earth Wire - Earth wire is connected to the larger sized
top center connector of the 'Plug Base'
Workshop electrical supply

Every shop in which aircraft maintenance is performed depends
upon electrical power for its operation, and it is the responsibility
of every one that uses electrical power
7.1 - 4
The following table is a guide to different wire insulation

color combinations available for the above wires.

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Insulator Color
220V/240V
110V/120V
Live
Red
Brown
Black
Neutral
Black
Blue
White
Earth
Green
Green/Yellow
Green
Safety issued regarding 3 phase supply is the same as for the

single phase supply, the only difference being that a failure in
one phase will result in isolation of power for all phases
provided that proper protective equipment (such as 3 phase
circuit breakers) are installed.
110v Single-phase Plug Top
Three phase supply

Three phase power supply may be available in certain
workshop to operate machinery that requires more power than
could be afforded by a single-phase supply or to repair and test
aircraft equipment. 3-phase outlet is different in design to the
single-phase outlet and will accept only compatible connectors.
7.1 - 5

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Path of an electrical circuit
SAFETY WITH GASES
Aircraft maintenance personnel are required to work with some

form of gas at one time or another. Therefore a knowledge of
the hazards involved and the safety precautions to be taken
when working with such gases is mandatory.
Here the discussion will be on:
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Compressed Air Compressed air is primarily used as a power

source for maintenance equipment and tools In addition
compressed air is also used for painting, as a pressure source
for carrying out leak checks, for purging of blocked plumbing,
etc.
Oxygen Oxygen is available in the compressed form as
Industrial Oxygen and Breathing oxygen. Industrial Oxygen
is primarily used for oxy-acetylene welding Breathing Oxygen is
used in the crew emergency oxygen system. On some aircraft,
breathing Oxygen is also used in the passenger emergency
oxygen system.
Nitrogen Used to inflate aircraft wheel assemblies, pre-charge
accumulators, as a pressure source for testing of
certain equipment and systems and as a propellant.
Other gases Gases such as Argon, Acetylene,
Carbon Dioxide, etc. have limited application in the aviation
industry. Argon and Acetylene is used in welding, CO2
as a fire extinguishing agent and as a propellant.
Compressed gas safety

Compressed gases are frequently used in the maintenance and
servicing of aircraft. Most shop compressed air is held in the
tanks and lines under a pressure of about 100psi. The use of
compressed gases requires a special set of safety measures.
The following rules apply for the use of compressed gases:
Handle cylinders of compressed gases as you would

7.1 - 7
high- energy sources and therefore potential explosives.
Always use safety eye-shields when handling and using

compressed gases.
If a concentrated stream of compressed air is blown

across a cut in the skin, it is possible for air to enter the
bloodstream and cause severe injury. For this reason,
air-dusting guns are usually equipped with a restrictor
that reduces the pressure at their discharge to 30psi or
less.
Be very careful when using compressed air that you do

not blow dirt or chips into the face of anyone standing
near by
Do not use compressed air to clean hands or clothing as

pressure can force debris into the flesh leading to
infection.
Never use a cylinder that cannot be positively identified

of its contents.
When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap

securely in place to protect the valve stem.
When large cylinders are moved, strap them to a

properly designed wheeled cart to ensure stability.
Use the appropriate regulator on each gas cylinder.

Adapters or homemade modifications can be dangerous.
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Do not use compressed gas or compressed air to blow

away dust or dirt, since the resultant flying particles are
dangerous.
Release compressed gas slowly; the rapid release of a

compressed gas will cause an unsecured gas hose to
whip dangerously and also may build up a static charge,
which could ignite a combustible gas.
Inspect air hoses regularly for breaks and worn spots

and replace unsafe hoses immediately.
All connections should be kept in a no leak condition
Inline oilers, if installed, should be maintained in

operating conditions.
The system should have water sumps/traps installed

and these should be drained regularly.
Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly

stowed when not in use.
Securing the gas cylinders valve, disconnecting and

removing associated distribution equipment.
Shutting the cylinders valve, disconnecting

removing associated distribution equipment.
A requirement that only properly trained personnel are

permitted to move cylinders.
Use properly designed lifting equipment

movement of larger gas cylinders.
for
and
the
Moving cylinders
The majority of accidents involving gas cylinders occur while
moving them from one location to another. The following control
measures should be used to reduce the potential for an
accident:
The use of purpose-built trolleys or other suitable

devices for gas cylinder transportation.

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intensity in Oxygen-rich atmosphere. In addition, oxygen

combines with oil, grease, or bituminous material to form a
highly explosive mixture, which is sensitive to impact.
Physical damage to, or failure of, Oxygen containers, valves, or
plumbing can result in explosive rupture, with danger to life and
property. It is imperative that the highest standard of
housekeeping is observed in handling oxygen and that only
authorized persons are permitted to service aircraft.
In addition to aggravating the fire hazard, liquid oxygen
will cause severe "burns" (frostbite) if it comes in contact
with the skin because of its low temperature. (Oxygen boils at 297 F.)
Fig. A Compressed Gas Bottle with safety Cap fitted
SAFETY WITH OXYGEN

Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas. Gaseous
oxygen is chemically stable and is non-flammable; however,
combustible materials ignite more rapidly and burn with greater
7.1 - 9
Oxygen is often found in aviation maintenance shops stored in

steel cylinders under a pressure of around 2,000psi. These
cylinders have brass valves screwed into them, and if a cylinder
should be knocked over and the valve knocked off, the escaping
high-pressure gas will propel the tank like a rocket. Be sure that
all gas cylinders are properly supported, and that the cap
is screwed securely on any tank that is not connected into
a system to protect the valve from damage.
Oxygen must never be allowed to come in contact with

petroleum products such as oil or grease as oxygen will cause
the oil to ignite spontaneously and burn. Never use an oily rag
or tools that are oily or greasy to install a fitting or a regulator on
an oxygen cylinder.
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Only oxygen marked "Aviators Breathing Oxygen" which meets

Federal Specification BB-O-925a.Grade A or equivalent may be
used in aircraft breathing oxygen systems.
Before servicing any aircraft, consult the specific aircraft
maintenance manual to determine the proper type of servicing
equipment to be used.
Two persons are required to service an aircraft with gaseous
oxygen. One man should be stationed at the control valves
of the servicing equipment and one man stationed where
he can observe the pressure in the aircraft system.
Communication between the two men is required in case of an
emergency.
Aircraft should not be serviced with oxygen during refueling, defueling, or other maintenance work, which could provide a
source of ignition. Oxygen servicing of aircraft should be
accomplished outside hangars.

pre-charge the potable water tank in aircraft equipped with

potable water system in case of normal pressure supply
failure.
Nitrogen is usually supplied in compressed gaseous form in
steel cylinders pressurized up to 2500psi. Nitrogen is also
supplied as liquid Nitrogen in cryogenic cylinders that is to be
installed in special Nitrogen carts that convert liquid Nitrogen to
gaseous form for supply.
Nitrogen is used in place of compressed air mainly due to
two reasons.
a. Nitrogen is much cleaner than compressed air drawn
from pneumatic system or a cart as it does not contain
moisture or lubricants such as oil.
b. Nitrogen is benign to most materials and reduces the fire
hazard especially at elevated temperatures. This is the
main reason why Nitrogen is used for charging aircraft
tires.
An important hazards associated with Nitrogen is that it tends to
displace Oxygen (in an enclosed area) resulting in asphyxiation.
It also causes frostbites if it comes in contact with the skin.
Nitrogen and other gases

Nitrogen is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is
widely used in the aviation industry as a compressed gas
for pre- charging all types of accumulators, pneumatic
reservoirs of standby systems and most importantly for inflating
aircraft tires. Nitrogen is also used to
7.1 - 10
Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Acetylene are some of the other gases

that have various application in the aviation industry.
Carbon Dioxide is supplied in compressed form stored in steel
or aluminum cylinders and is used for inflating passenger life
jackets and Slide/Rafts.
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Argon is used as the blanket medium in Tungsten Inert

Gas (TIG) Welding. Argon is used for this purpose as it is an
inert gas and does not react with any substance even at
such high temperatures.
The format of these sheets must be consistent with

the requirements of the Hazard Communications Standard.
MSDSs should be provided by the manufacturer for each
hazardous material supplied by them.
Nitrogen and Argon are not toxic to humans but may displace
air if released in large quantities in to a poorly ventilated
enclosure.
The Material Safety Data Sheet is the primary source of

information about hazardous chemicals used in your work site.
Your employer is required to have an MSDS for every
hazardous chemical used or stored at your work site, and to
make it available for review on request.
Acetylene gas is a flammable, colorless gas that has

a distinctive, disagreeable odor, readily detectable even when
heavily diluted with air. Acetylene is used as the fuel that is
combined with Oxygen in oxyacetylene welding. Acetylene is
stable under low pressures and normal temperatures but
becomes dangerously unstable when compressed to a pressure
greater than 15psi. Acetylene is therefore supplied in cylinders
containing asbestos and charcoal that is saturated with acetone.
Since acetone is capable of absorbing approximately 25 times
its own volume of Acetylene gas, this mixture can be
pressurized up to 250psi.
Material Safety Data Sheets repeat the hazard information

required on a product's label, however, MSDSs are also
required to specify other information such as emergency and
clean-up procedures, chemical names, and a phone number for
the manufacturer or importer.
The arrangement of information on the MSDSs may vary from
manufacturer to manufacturer, but all MSDS' must contain the
eight basic elements described on the following screens.
When working with acetylene gas, take necessary precaution as

with a highly combustible gas and also ensure proper ventilation
to prevent displacement of air in an enclosure.
Material safety data sheets
Material safety data sheet data
A material safety data sheet (MSDS) is a document provided by

the material manufacturer or subsequent material processor
that contains information related to the material hazard and
includes safe handling and disposal procedures.
A Material Safety Data Sheet is divided into nine (9) sections.

7.1 - 11
Section I Product Identification: Section I lists information

used by the manufacturer to identify the following:
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Manufacturers name, address, contact number and

Emergency contact number
Chemical name, Trade name, Chemical family, formula
Section II Hazardous Ingredients: Section II describes

the various hazardous ingredients contained in the product that
are more than 1 percent (1%) of the total, their
percentages, and exposure limits.
Section III Physical Data: Section III includes such
important physical properties as follows; Boiling point,
Specific gravity, Vapor pressure, Percent volatile, Vapor
density, Evaporation rate, Solubility in water, Appearance and
odor.

Section VII Spill Leak and Disposal Procedures: Section VII

lists the procedures, in a general sense, that are to be followed
in case of an accidental spill or release. The procedure normally
includes information regarding containment, evacuation
procedures, and disposal.
Section VIII Special Protection: The required special
safety equipment when using the material is included in
Section VIII. The need for such equipment is dependent upon
the exposure incurred when using the material and the duration
of use.
Section IX Special Precautions: Special handling and storage
information are listed in the section IX.
Section IV Fire and Explosive Data: Section IV describes the

nature of the fire and explosion hazard data. Based upon the
flash point and other fire and explosive data, the appropriate
extinguishing agent for fires involving each material is listed.
Section V Reactivity Data: Section V describes the ability of
the material to react and release energy or heat under specific
conditions.
Section VI - Health Hazard Information: Known health hazards
for the material are described in this section. Information is also
available to assist the user and the medical personnel to identify
overexposure and if so, the material involved, active ingredient
and known antidote. Emergency and First Aid procedures for
ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact.
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SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS

7.1 - 13

The aviation maintenance technician frequently must work in

potentially dangerous environments. In many cases, particularly
when dealing with hazardous materials, the technician may not
easily recognize those hazards. Some of these dangerous
environments may be caused directly by the materials with
which the aviation maintenance technician must work. In
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addition, exposures may be caused by other activities occurring

in the area that are not directly related to the technician's
activities.
Hazardous materials are typically grouped into three categories:
Chemical agents
Physical hazards
Biological hazards
Chemical agents
A wide variety of oils and chemicals are used in the
aviation industry. Oils are mainly used as lubricants and
hydraulic fluids. Chemicals refer to myriad of categories from
detergents to sealants. Almost every process in aviation
maintenance has some involvement with at least one
chemical. Therefore, it is impossible to give detailed safety
practices associated with their use. Always refer the appropriate
manuals (especially chemical manufacturers manuals) for
correct method of use and necessary precautions to take.

4. Reactive
Flammable and reactive chemicals become hazardous primarily
after some outside event, condition, or substance interacts with
them. For example, the necessary components for a fire to
occur are fuel, oxygen, and heat. In that relationship,
flammables are the fuel, and heat and oxygen are the outside
agents. Reactive material when combined with certain other
materials, are capable of generating heat and/or gases, causing
an explosion.
Corrosives and toxins on the other hand, act directly on
the human body when exposure occurs. Exposing the skin,
eyes, and other mucous membranes (such as the nose) to
these elements can cause varying degrees of harm. Toxic
agents cause poisoning. Aviation maintenance technicians
should be particularly concerned when using toxic agents,
because the ultimate effects of toxic poisoning are frequently
delayed. It may take weeks, months, or even years for the
poisoning to become apparent; because the toxic materials are
capable of using the bloodstream to move through the body, the
cause-and-effect relationship may not be easily recognized.
Flammables (and combustibles)
Chemicals are categorized into four classes based on their

properties.
2. Corrosive
Flammables are materials that may easily ignite in the presence

of a catalyst such as heat, sparks, or flame. They may be in any
of the three physical forms: solid, liquid, or gas. Combustible
liquids are very similar to flammable liquids, but they are not as
easy to ignite.
3. Toxic
Frequently found flammable or combustible materials in the
1. Flammable

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aviation industry include fuels, paint-related products, alcohols,

acetone, toluene, and some metal filings.
Attempt to close shutoff valve(s).
Generally recommended personal safety equipment
Remove container(s) from the area.
For large spills, leave the area immediately and notify

your supervisor.
In case of direct contact with skin or eyes, rinse

immediately with water.
Fire-retardant clothing
Fire extinguisher
Handling and Storage
Limit access to open flames, sparks, hot surfaces, etc.
If toxic substances are inhaled, go to a fresh-air area.
Note: Static electricity may produce sparks. To avoid

sparks, containers should be grounded.
If contact is made through clothing, remove wet clothing

and store it in a proper container.
Limit quantities to the minimum needed to accomplish

the desired task.
Do not attempt
compressed air.
Store the materials in approved containers only and in

designated areas only
to
remove
the
substance
with
Corrosives
Store flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials

separately. The corrosive gases could attack the
flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials.
Typical emergency procedures
Turn off electrical equipment or any other potential

source of sparks.

7.1 - 15
Corrosive materials are materials that can react with metallic

surfaces and/or cause bumming of the skin.
Frequently found corrosives in the aviation industry include
acids and bases, such as battery acids and metal cleaning
solutions. Strong acids are most normally found in a liquid form,
whereas bases tend to come in powdered form.
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Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,

sometimes, protective footwear.
Containers must be corrosive resistant.
Eye (goggles and/or faces shields) and skin protection

(such as gloves) should always be worn.
Never add water to acid.
Acids and bases should be stored separately.
Eye washes and showers should be easily accessible to

the work area.
Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should

be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
Remove any corrosives that have come in contact with

your skin or eyes by rinsing with fresh water
(approximately 15 minutes).
Check safety equipment before attempting to stop the

flow of spillage by creating a darn.
If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCES VOMITING. Drink large

amounts of water. Seek medical attention immediately.
Toxins
Toxins are generally defined as any substance that can
cause an illness or injury .The effects of toxins may appear all at
once, (called acute effects) or may build up over time with
additional exposure (chronic effects). Some toxins may
dissipate over time when further exposure is eliminated, while
others remain in a human's system, even after death.
Frequently found toxins in the aviation industry may be grouped

into eight categories.
1
Solvents and thinners, paints, ketones, and adhesives.
Remove any contaminated clothing-
Solids such as metal dust or asbestos.
Go to an area with fresh air.
Machine lubricants, cutting fluids, and oils.
Ventilate the area.
Gases such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen

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5
6
7
Polymers, epoxies, and plastics. Although not normally

toxic
in their final form, these materials posses toxic
properties during the fabrication process.
Sensitizers, such as epoxy systems. Such materials
react with and may destroy portions of the body's
immune system. The effects of sensitizers may be
cumulative, so minimal levels of exposure are
recommended.
Carcinogens. Carcinogens may cause changes in the

genetic makeup of a human cell, resulting in cancer.
Reproductive hazards, such as carcinogens. These

hazards are rare in the aviation industry. Such materials
may either interfere with the reproductive process or
affect the developing process of the fetus.
Minimize the release of toxic agents into the

environment by capping all containers and storing them
in properly ventilated areas. When toxins are used in
open containers, such as dip tanks and trays, their
surface areas should be kept to a minimum in order to
reduce the rate of evaporation into the surrounding
environment.
Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should

be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of

Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,

sometimes, protective footwear are recommended.
Be sure to use the environmental control systems that

may already be in place, such as ventilation fans and
filters.

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If there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree

of toxicity of the substance spilled, LEAVE THE AREA
IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR.
Generally speaking, if the spillage is less than 1 gal, it

may be cleaned up by wiping it up with absorbent
materials.
Reactive agents
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Reactive agents are those materials that react violently with

other materials (not necessarily solids). The reactions that may
take place range from violent explosions to the emission of heat
and/or gases.
Be sure to use the environmental-control systems.

Store reactive materials in a location separate from other

materials. Always review the MSDS (material safety data
sheet) for incompatible materials.
Many reactive agents are both toxic and corrosive.
The following reactive agents are frequently found in the

aviation industry:
Oxidizers, which add oxygen to situations where high
levels of heat and burning are present
a) Peroxides
b) Perchloric acid and chromic acid

c) Halogens, such as bromine and iodine
LEAVE THE AREA IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR

SUPERVISOR.
Water-reactive materials, such as lithium, react with water and

form hydrogen gases, which are very explosive.
Examples of incompatible reactive materials include
Cyanides (frequently used in plating) and acids;
Chloride bleach and ammonia (this combination forms

high toxic chlorine gas).
Safety practices chemical agents

Safety practices that are of general nature associated with the
use of oils and chemicals are given below.
Identify the correct oil/chemical to be used. Improper

and Incorrect use may result in injury or damage as
certain chemicals when mixed together form highly
combustible explosive mixtures.
Follow manufacturers instructions printed on

container or leaflets accompanying the material.
Gloves, aprons, respirator, and face shield or goggles

are suggested.

7.1 - 18
Shut down electrical equipment whenever possible. If

there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree of
reactivity and toxicity of the substances involved,
the

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Check for conditions for use as some chemicals may be

forbidden from use unless certain conditions are met
(E.g. proper ventilation, temperature etc.).
Use protective equipment such as gloves, goggles,

masks, etc. Avoid contact at all costs with material such
as sealants and lubrication compounds that are used in
the aviation industry as most of them are identified
carcinogens, which means exposure to such material
(inhalation, skin contact) can significantly increase the
chance of developing malignant cancers.
After use make sure by-products and any leftover

material is disposed according to guidelines set by
manufacturer or local authority.
Most of the oils and chemicals used in aviation are

considered to be combustible especially in the presence
of Oxygen. Therefore special consideration should be
paid to working practices associated with such
chemicals.
Always try to keep working area free from spills and

clean up as soon as possible if spills do occur. Also try
to keep the lids and caps closed of containers that hold
such chemicals at all times except when in use.

7.1 - 19
If any combustible material is to be used then avoid

taking large quantities to the work area, this can reduce
the risk involved by trying to maintain a manageable
situation even if something does go wrong.
In an emergency oil and chemicals

In case of a fire with oil or chemicals involved the type of
chemical involved will be a factor of how intense or how fast the
fire may spread and how much danger it may pose to the
personnel and property.
Most chemicals are likely to give off toxic fumes at
elevated temperatures, therefore it is most advisable to vacate
and isolate the area and let emergency services handle the
situation. Only try to extinguish such fires if personally not at risk
to do so and the fire is contained in a small area.
If material that can react violently (explode) are present: vacate
the area immediately and move to a location remote enough to
be considered safe, or to pre-designated assembly areas to be
used in case of such an emergency. Once assembled, a person
in charge or designated person should perform a roll-call
to ensure all personnel have evacuated the area and that no
one is missing. If possible cut off supply of all other types
of fluids and de- energize the electrical system in the area of
emergency.
Physical hazards
Physical hazards are those that are usually caused by the use
of some type of equipment not directly controllable by
the
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technician. Typically, this type of hazard is generated by

the operation of equipment that can be detected by the
human senses.
results in the potential for hazards to exist in areas where

exposure is not usually a concern. X ray of aircraft structural
parts is an example of such a situation.
However, many physical hazards that fall into this classification

are not detectable by the human senses. These hazards include
X rays, microwaves, beta or gamma rays, invisible laser beams,
and high-frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves.
The aviation maintenance technician should remain conscious

that potentially hazardous equipment is portable and remain
vigilant for possible exposure in the work area.
Compressed liquids and gases, such as welding oxygen and

acetylene, aviator's breathing oxygen, nitrogen, and hydraulic
accumulators, present another physical hazard to the aviation
maintenance technician. Although some of these substances by
themselves present hazards as chemical agents, placing them
under pressure may create another unique hazard.
According to labor rules it is required that areas where such

exposure exists be clearly marked and that individuals exposed
to these hazards be provided with the proper safety equipment.
In many cases this is easily accomplished, but in the aerospace
industry particular concern should be paid to portable
equipment that generates these hazards. Such equipment
SAFETY WITH FIRE
Fire is one of humanitys greatest discoveries. For all its many
advantages, however, fire is capable of producing disaster in a
matter of seconds. Fires continue to take their toll even though
know how exists to prevent and retard fires.
The fire triangle
7.1 - 20
Fire results from the chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen
combines rapidly with fuel to produce heat, (and light). Three
essentials of this process form the Fire Triangle.

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There are a number of types of portable fire extinguishers. Each

type of extinguisher may be rated for one or more classes of
fire. In some cases, particular extinguishers are not only
considered ineffective against certain classes of fire, they can
be dangerous if used in those circumstances. The classes of
fire are:
Class A Ordinary Combustibles
Class B Flammable and combustible liquids
Class C Flammable gases
Class D Combustible metals
Class E electrically energized equipment
Class F Cooking oils and fats
As can be seen, a fire requires three components to burn, and

the removal of any one of these components will extinguish the
fire. The requirements of the three components, forming the
Fire Triangle, are:
Fuel: a combustible material, which may be a solid, liquid or

gas
Oxygen: in sufficient volume to support the process of
combustion
Heat: of sufficient intensity to raise the temperature of the
fuel to its ignition (or kindling) point.
Classes of fire
Selection of Fire Extinguishers
7.1 - 21

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Portable fire extinguishers are distinguishable by their labels

and their coloring. In 1999 the standard colors of some portable
fire extinguishers were changed. It is therefore likely that you
may encounter two of the same type of extinguisher with
different colorings.
Spontaneous ignition
Aviation technicians need to be particularly aware of
spontaneous ignition caused by the lubricants and solvents that
are used in maintaining aircraft. Certain materials, such as rags
soaked with oil or solvents, are capable of generating sufficient
heat to cause combustion. These rags should be disposed of in
airtight cans.
1. Ordinary combustibles
"Ordinary combustible" fires are the most common type of fire,
and are designated Class A under both systems. These occur
when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or
some plastics [1] become heated to their flash point and ignite.
At this point the material undergoes combustion and will
continue burning as long as the four components of the fire
tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, and the sustaining chemical
reaction) are available.

7.1 - 22

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This class of fire is commonly used in controlled circumstances,

such as a campfire, match or wood-burning stove. To use the
campfire as an example, it has a fire tetrahedron - the heat is
provided by another fire (such as a match or lighter), the fuel is
the wood, the oxygen is naturally available in the open-air
environment of a forest, and the chemical reaction links the
three other facets. This fire is not dangerous, because the fire is
contained to the wood alone and is usually isolated from other
flammable materials, for example by bare ground and rocks.
However, when a class-A fire burns in a less-restricted
environment the fire can quickly grow out of control and become
a wildfire. This is the case when firefighting and fire control
techniques are required.
This class of fire is fairly simple to fight and contain - by simply
removing the heat, oxygen, or fuel, or by suppressing the
underlying chemical reaction, the fire tetrahedron collapses and
the fire dies out. The most common way to do this is by
removing heat by spraying the burning material with water;
oxygen can be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a
fire extinguisher; forest fires are often
fought by removing fuel by back burning; and an ammonium
phosphate dry chemical powder fire extinguisher (but not
sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate both of which are
rated for B-class (fires) breaks the fire's underlying chemical
reaction.

7.1 - 23

As these fires are the most commonly encountered, most fire

departments have equipment to handle them specifically. While
this is acceptable for most ordinary conditions, most firefighters
find themselves having to call for special equipment such as
foam in the case of other fires.
2. Flammable liquid and gas
A CO2 fire extinguisher rated for flammable liquids and gasses
Flammable or combustible liquid or gaseous fuels. The US
system designates all such fires "Class B". In the
European/Australian system, flammable liquids are designated
"Class B", while burning gases are separately designated
"Class C". These fires follow the same basic fire tetrahedron
(heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible
fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such
as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas. A solid stream of water
should never be used to extinguish this type because it can
cause the fuel to scatter, spreading the flames. The most
effective way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is by
inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done
by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents, although
smothering with CO2 or, for liquids, foam is also effective. Some
newer clean agents designed to replace halon work by cooling
the liquid below its flash point, but these have limited class B
effectiveness.

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3. Electrical
Electrical fires are fires involving potentially energized electrical
equipment. The US system designates these "Class C"; the
European/Australian system designates them "Class E". This
sort of fire may be caused by, for example, short-circuiting
machinery or overloaded electrical cables. These fires can be a
severe hazard to firefighters using water or other conductive
agents: Electricity may be conducted from the fire, through
water, the firefighter's body, and then earth. Electrical shocks
have caused many firefighter deaths.
Electrical fire may be fought in the same way as an ordinary
combustible fire, but water, foam, and other conductive agents
are not to be used. While the fire is, or could possibly be
electrically energized, it can be fought with any extinguishing
agent rated for electrical fire. Carbon dioxide CO2, Halo and dry
chemical powder extinguishers such as PKP and even baking
soda are especially suited to extinguishing this sort of fire. Once
electricity is shut off to the equipment involved, it will generally
become an ordinary combustible fire.
Certain metals are flammable or combustible. Fires involving

such are designated "Class D" in both systems. Examples of
such metals include sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium,
steel, uranium, lithium, plutonium, and calcium. Magnesium and
titanium fires are common, and 2006-7 saw the recall of laptop
computer models containing lithium batteries susceptible to
spontaneous ignition. When one of these combustible metals
ignites, it can easily and rapidly spread to surrounding ordinary
combustible materials.
With the exception of the metals that burn in contact with air or
water (for example, sodium), masses of combustible metals do
not represent unusual fire risks because they have the ability to
conduct heat away from hot spots so efficiently that the heat of
combustion cannot be maintained - this means that it will
require a lot of heat to ignite a mass of combustible metal.
Generally, metal fire risks exist when sawdust, machine
shavings and other metal 'fines' are present. Generally, these
fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that
would start other common fires.
Water and other common firefighting materials can excite metal
fires and make them worse. The NFPA recommends that metal
fires be fought with 'dry powder' extinguishing agents. Dry
Powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption. The
most common of these agents are sodium chloride granules
and graphite powder. In recent years powdered copper has also
come into use.
4. Metal
7.1 - 24

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Some extinguishers are labeled as containing dry chemical

extinguishing agents. This may be confused with dry powder.
The two are not the same. Using one of these extinguishers in
error, in place of dry powder, can be ineffective or actually
increase the intensity of a metal fire.
Metal fires represent a unique hazard because people are often
not aware of the characteristics of these fires and are not
properly prepared to fight them. Therefore, even a small metal
fire can spread and become a larger fire in the surrounding
ordinary combustible materials.
5. Cooking oil
7.1 - 25
Laboratory simulation of a chip pan fire: a beaker containing

wax is heated until it catches fire. A small amount of water is
then poured into the beaker. The water sinks to the bottom and
vaporizes instantly, ejecting a plume of burning liquid wax into
the air.
Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K"
under the US system, and "Class F" under the
European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are
technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the
special characteristics of these types of fires are considered
important enough to recognize separately. Saponification can
be used to extinguish such fires. Appropriate fire extinguishers
may also have hoods over them that help extinguish the fire.

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Fire Extinguisher

7.1 - 26
PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES

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Depending on the nature of a class of fire the best method for

suppression may be one of the following:
responds best to carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 displaces the

oxygen in the atmosphere, making combustion impossible.
a. Cooling the fuel below its kindling point
The CO2 extinguisher must be equipped with a nonmetallic horn

to be approved for use on electrical fires. Two reasons for this
requirement must be considered:
b. Excluding the Oxygen supply

c. Separating the fuel from the Oxygen
The discharge of CO2 through a metal horn can

generate static electricity. The static discharge could reignite the fire.
The metal horn, if in contact with the electric current,

would transmit that current to the extinguisher's
operator.
These methods have led to the development of different types

of extinguishers for different types of fires.
Fire extinguishing agents
Class A Agents Class A fire extinguishers are water
or water-type extinguishers as they are the most suited
for suppressing class A fires. These extinguishers cool the
fuel below combustion temperatures, which is the most
effective method in containing class A fires. Class B and C
extinguishers are
effective
but
not
equal
to
the
wetting/cooling action of the Class A extinguisher.
Class B Agents Class B fires respond to carbon
dioxide (CO2), Halogenated hydrocarbons (halons), and dry
chemicals, all of which displace the oxygen in the air,
thereby making combustion impossible. Foam is effective,
especially when used in large quantities. Water is ineffective on
Class B fires and in fact will cause the fire to spread.
Class C Agents Class C fires are fires involving

electrical wiring
and
equipment,
7.1 - 27
Halogenated hydrocarbons are very effective on Class C fires.

The vapor reacts chemically with the flame to extinguish the fire.
Dry chemicals are effective but have the disadvantage
of contaminating the local area with powder. Also, if used on
wet and energized electrical equipment, they may aggravate
current leakage. Water or foam are not acceptable agents
for use on electrical equipment, as they also may
aggravate current leakage.
Class D Agents Class D fires respond to the application of
dry powder, which prevents oxidation and the resulting flame.
The application may be from an extinguisher, a scoop, or
a shovel.
Special techniques are needed in combating fires involving

metal. Manufacturers' recommendations should be followed at
all times. Areas, which could be subjected to metal fires, should
have
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the proper protective equipment installed. Under no conditions

should a person use water on a metal fire. It will cause the fire
to burn more violently and can cause explosions.
The most common types of extinguishers are:
Water - solid red
Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four

parts of the fire tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reaction
between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire
sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
Ammonium phosphate, also known as "tri-class",

"multipurpose" or "ABC" dry chemical, used on class A,
B, and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the
agent's ability to melt and flow at 177 C (350 F) to
smother the fire. More corrosive than other dry chemical
agents. Pale yellow in color.
Sodium bicarbonate, "regular" or "ordinary" used on

class B and C fires, was the first of the dry chemical
agents developed. It interrupts the fire's chemical
reaction, and was very common in commercial kitchens
before the advent of wet chemical agents. White or blue
in color.
Potassium bicarbonate , used on class B and C fires.

About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium
bicarbonate, it is the preferred dry chemical agent of the
oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent
certified for use in ARFF by the NFPA. Violet in color.
Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex used on Class

B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due
to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up
into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger
Suitable for Class A fires. Not considered effective for Class

Band Class C fires, and dangerous if used for electrically
energized equipment or cooking oils or fats.
Foam - red with blue band or label (previously solid blue)
Suitable for Class A and Class B fires, with limited effectiveness
for Class F fires. Not considered effective for Class C fires, and
dangerous if used for electrically energized equipment.
Powder - red with a white band or label
These extinguishers are rated as either ABE or BE. ABE rated
extinguishers are considered suitable for Class A, Class B, and
Class C and Class E fires. They are not considered effective for
Class F fires. BE rated extinguishers are considered suitable for
Class B, Class C and Class E fires, and may be used with
limited effectiveness on Class F fires. They are considered
effective for Class A fires., or replacement, should be carried
out annually.
Types of extinguishing agents

Dry chemical
7.1 - 28

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surface area for free radical inhibition.
Potassium Chloride, or Super-K dry chemical was

developed in an effort to create a high efficiency,
protein-foam compatible dry chemical. For B and C fires,
white in color.
Foam-Compatible, which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC)
based dry chemical, was developed for use with protein
foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals
contain metal stearates to waterproof them, but these
will tend to destroy the foam blanket created by protein
(animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses
silicone as a waterproofing agent, which does not harm
foam. Effectiveness is identical to regular dry chemical,
and it is light green in color. This agent is generally no
longer used since most modern dry chemicals are
considered compatible with synthetic foams such as
AFFF.
Foams
Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed & expanded
with air in a branch pipe) or non-aspirated form to form a frothy
blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing
7.1 - 29
oxygen reaching it. Unlike powder, foam can be used to

progressively extinguish fires without flashback.
AFFF (aqueous film forming foam), used on A and B

fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type
in portable foam extinguishers. It contains fluoro
tensides which can be accumulated in human body. The
long-term effects of this on the human body and
environment are unclear at this time.
AR-AFFF (Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming

foams), used on fuel fires containing alcohol. Forms a
membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the
alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket.
FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein) contains naturally

occurring proteins from animal by-products and synthetic
film-forming agents to create a foam blanket that is more
heat resistant than the strictly synthetic AFFF foams.
FFFP works well on alcohol-based liquids and is used
widely in motor sports.
CAFS (compressed air foam system) Any extinguisher

that is charged with a foam solution and pressurized with
compressed air. Generally used to extend a water
supply in wild land operations. Used on class A fires and
with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression.
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in Europe.
Arctic Fire is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that

emulsifies and cools heated materials more quickly than
water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel
industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D.
FireAde, a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids
and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool
heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on
A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards,
although not recommended due to the fact that fireade
still contains amounts of water which will react with
some metal fires).
Wet chemical and water additives
Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate)

extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket
over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its
ignition temperature. Generally class A and F only,
although newer models are outfitted with misting nozzles
as those used on water mist units to give these
extinguishers class B and C firefighting capability.
Wetting Agents Detergent based additives used to break

the surface tension of water and improve penetration of
Class A fires.
Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its

freezing point to about -40 degrees Fahrenheit. Has no
appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
Water
Cools burning material.
APW (Air pressurized water) cools burning material by

absorbing heat from burning material. Effective on Class
A fires, it has the advantage of being inexpensive,
harmless, and relatively easy to clean up. In the United
States, APW units contain 2.5 gallons (9 litres) of water
in a tall, stainless steel cylinder. In Europe, they are
typically mild steel lined with polyethylene, painted red,
containing 6-9 litres (1.75-2.5 gallons) of water.
Clean agents and carbon dioxide

Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a
stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting
electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. It is
used widely in hospitals for the reason that, unlike other
clean-agent suppressants, it is harmless and noncontaminant. These extinguishers come in 1.75 and 2.5
gallon units, painted white in the United States and red
7.1 - 30
Agent displaces oxygen (CO2 or inert gases), removes heat

from the combustion zone (Halotron, FE-36) or inhibits chemical
chain reaction (Halons). They are labeled clean agents because
they do not leave any residue after discharge, which is ideal for
sensitive electronics and documents.
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Halo (including Halo 1211 and Halo 1301), a gaseous

agent that inhibits the chemical reaction of the fire.
Classes B: C for lower weight fire extinguishers (2.3 kg ;
under 9 lbs) and A:B:C for heavier weights (4.1-7.7 kg ;
9-17 lbs). Banned from new production, except for
military use, as its properties contribute to ozone
depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400
years. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with
new halocarbon agents which have no ozone depletion
properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less
effective. Currently Halotron I, Halotron II, FE-36 Clean
guard and FM-200 are meant to be replacements with
significantly reduced ozone depletion potential.
including sodium and potassium, and other metals

including magnesium, titanium, aluminum, and
zirconium.
Copper based powder developed by the U.S. Navy in

the 70s for hard-to-control lithium and lithium-alloy fires.
Powder smothers and acts as a heat sink to dissipate
heat, but also forms a copper-lithium alloy on the surface
which is non-combustible and cuts off the oxygen
supply. Will cling to a vertical surface-lithium only.
Graphite based extinguisher contains dry graphite that

smothers burning metals. First type developed, designed
for magnesium, works on other metals as well. Unlike
sodium chloride powder extinguishers, the graphite
powder fire extinguishers can be used on very hot
burning metal fires such as lithium, but unlike copper
powder extinguishers will not stick to and extinguish
flowing or vertical lithium fires. Like copper
extinguishers, the graphite powder acts as a heat sink
as well as smothering the metal fire.
Sodium carbonate based extinguisher used where

stainless steel piping and equipment could be damaged
by sodium chloride based agents to control sodium,
potassium, and sodium-potassium alloy fires. Limited
use on other metals. Smothers and forms a crust.
Some water based suppressants may be used on

certain class D fires, such as burning titanium and
CO2, a clean gaseous agent that displaces oxygen.

Highest rating for 7.7 kg (20 pound) portable CO2
extinguishers is 10B:C. Not intended for Class A fires, as
the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning
materials. CO2 is not suitable for use on fires containing
their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media.
Although it can be rather successful on a person on fire,
its use should be avoided where possible as it can
cause frostbite and is dangerous to use as it may
displace the oxygen needed for breathing, causing
suffocation.
Class D
There are several Class D fire extinguisher agents available,
some will handle multiple types of metals, others will not.
Sodium Chloride contains sodium chloride salt and
thermoplastic additive. Plastic melts to form an oxygenexcluding crust over the metal, and the salt dissipates
heat. Useful on most alkali metals
7.1 - 31

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magnesium. Examples include the Fire Blockade and

FireAde brands of suppressant. Some metals, such as
elemental Lithium, will react explosively with water,
therefore water-based chemicals should never be used
on such fires due to the possibility of a violent reaction.
Most Class D extinguishers will have a special low velocity
nozzle or discharge wand to gently apply the agent in large
volumes to avoid disrupting any finely divided burning materials.
Agents are also available in bulk and can be applied with a
scoop or shovel.
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE

Action that an individual take in case of an emergency can
make the difference between life and death. Therefore, a
proper training program can avert a disaster as personnel can
take the right decisions and make the right actions to minimize
damages and save lives.

7.1 - 32
In case of an emergency that requires the involvement

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of emergency services (e.g. fire): always sound the

alarm first. This can either be by activating a fire alarm
lever/pushbutton or calling the emergency desk number
by phone. Give following details, Name, Location of
emergency, Type of emergency and number of people if
any involved.
If danger exists of any physical harm to the people in the

area take necessary action to vacate the area.
Isolate electrical, compressed air gas supply if continued

supply can aggravate the situation or endanger rescue
personnel.
Identify the type of fire and the extent before taking any
action to extinguish the fire.
Put on any protection clothing available in the area

provided for such purposes.
When searching for fire source or survivors, stay low if

not wearing portable breathing equipment
Select the appropriate type of fire extinguisher, check for

contents and activate to check for proper operation.
If compartments or enclosed spaces need to be checked

always use the back of the hand against the door to

7.1 - 33
sense the temperature of the door, this is to ensure that

a raging fire is not present within the compartment.
Fire in an enclosed area can be in a state of hibernation

because of lack of oxygen within the compartment and
could instantly intensify if oxygen is reintroduced; this is
called Flash back. Therefore it is advisable to open any
door slowly and just wide enough to get the extinguisher
nozzle in to extinguish any fire.
When using an extinguisher aim at the base of the

flames, at the near edge and bottom of the fire first, and
then progress forward and upward. The discharge
nozzle should be moved rapidly with a side-to-side
sweeping motion. (Fig. B & D)
In case of a fire on a person, smother flamed with a coat

or blanket, do not fan the flames and never use a fire
extinguisher on a person. Give medical attention
immediately.
If you had been successful in extinguishing the fire,

maintain a vigil in case the fire re-ignites.

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7.1 - 34


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Everyone has left or is leaving the building.
The fire is small and confined to the immediate area

where it started.
You can fight fire with your back to a safe escape route.
Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire you are

fighting, and is in good working order.
You have had training in use of the extinguisher and are

confident that you can operate it effectively.
If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to

fight the fire- DON'T! Instead, get out, and close the door
behind you.
Do not fight a fire if:
Firefighter
Fight a fire only if:
The Fire Department has been called.

7.1 - 35
The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area where

it started, or is already a large fire.
The fire could block your escape route.
You are unsure of the proper operation of the

extinguisher.
You are in doubt whether the extinguisher you are

holding is appropriate for the type of fire.
If any of these conditions are true, leave

immediately, close off the area, and leave the fire to
the Fire Department.
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Inspection and maintenance

f.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets the
standard for fire extinguishers in the regulation NFPA 10.
This section will briefly explain the inspection and maintenance
requirements for fire extinguishers.
Inspection
An inspection is a "quick check" that an extinguisher is available
and will operate. It is intended to give reasonable assurance
that the fire extinguisher is fully charged and operable. This is
done by verifying that it is in its designated place, that it has not
been actuated or tampered with, and that there is no obvious or
physical damage or condition to prevent its operation. Fire
extinguishers should be inspected when they are initially placed
in service and thereafter at 30-day intervals. They may require
more frequent inspections if circumstances dictate.
Inspection procedures:
Examination for obvious physical damage, corrosion,

leakage, or clogged nozzle.
g. Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operable

range or position. Note: Internal pressure is affected by
temperature.
h. Condition of tires, wheels, carriage, hose, and nozzle
checked (for wheeled units).
Personnel making inspections should keep a record of
inspections, including those found to require corrective action.
The record should include the date the inspection was
performed, and the identity of the person conducting the
inspection.
Maintenance
Maintenance intervals begin on the date of manufacture, which
can usually be found on the extinguisher nameplate.
a. Located in designated place

b. No obstruction to access or visibility
c. Operating instructions on nameplate legible and facing
outward
d. Safety seals and tampers indicators not broken or
missing.
e. Fullness determined by weighing or "hefting".
7.1 - 36

Rev. 00
Mar 2014

Category A/B1

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher- simply

follow the steps- "P-A-S-S"

7.1 - 37
Pull the Pin: Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that
keeps
Rev. 00
Mar 2014

Category A/B1

the handle from being pressed. Break the plastic seal as the pin
is pulled.
Aim: Aim the nozzle or outlet toward the fire. Some hose
assemblies are clipped to the extinguisher body. Release the
hose and point.
Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing
agent. The handle can be released to stop the discharge at any
time. Before approaching the fire, try a very short test burst to
ensure proper operation.
Sweep: Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it is
out. After the fire is out, watch for remaining smoldering hot
spots or possible reflash of flammable liquids. Make sure the
fire is out.

7.1 - 38

Rev. 00
Mar 2014

Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.1 (Safety Precautions-Aircraft and Workshop) PDF

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