Immune Response

to Intracellular Pathogens

Hera Nirwati
hnirwati@yahoo.com
Dept. of Microbiology
Fac. of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada

Outline
Two types of immune response to intracellular
pathogens:
Innate Response:
Phagocytic cells
IFN
NK cells

Adaptive Response:
T cells
B cells

Pathogens can be found in various compartments of the body, where

they must be combated by different host defense mechanism

Immune
Response to
Pathogens

Innate Response to
Intracellular
pathogens

Infections and the responses to them can be divided into a

series of stages

Mechanism of phagocytosis

Important cytokines and chemokines secreted by dendritic

cells and macrophages in response to bacterial products
include IL-1, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12 and TNF

Interferons are antiviral proteins produced by cells in

response to viral infection

10

Killing by NK cells depends on the balance between activating

and inhibitory signals

Adaptive Response
to Intracellular
pathogens

MHC class I molecules present antigen derived from

proteins in the cytosol

13

CD8 cytotoxic T cells are

specialized to kill cells
infected with intracellular
pathogens

Cytotoxic T cells kill target

cells bearing specific antigen
while sparing neighboring
uninfected cells

The humoral immune response is initiated when B cells that

bind antigen are signaled by helper T cells

16

The immune response to intracellular bacteria is

coordinated by activated Th1 cells

17

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

PIM: phosphatidyinositol mannosides

The inner layer is composted of peptidoglycan which is covalently linked to

arabinogalactan layer. The outer membrane contains mycolic acids, glycolipids
like (mannose-capped) lipomannan, and mannoglyco- proteins.

Figure 11-15

Granulomas from when an

intracellular pathogen or its
constituents cannot be
eliminated completely

Immune response to M.tuberculosis

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Figure 11-23

Figure 11-25

Immune response to HIV

Figure 11-20

Figure 11-29

Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses

Against Viruses

Immunity against viruses functions to prevent infection and to eradicate

established infection. Innate immunity is mediated by type I IFNs, which
prevent infection, and NK cells, which eliminate infected cells. Adaptive
immunity is mediated by anti bodies and CTLs, which also block infection
and kill infected cells, respectively.
28

Innate and adaptive immunity to intracellular bacteria.

The innate immune response to intracellular bacteria consists of

phagocytes and NK cells,interactions among which are mediated by
cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ). The typical adaptive immune
response to these microbes is cell-mediated immunity, in which T
cells activate phagocytes to eliminate the microbes.

Thank You