Swiss Bee Research Centre

Federal Dairy Research Station
Liebefeld, CH 3003 Bern

Galleria melonella L.

Protection of honey combs from moth

damage
Jean-Daniel Charrire and Anton lmdorf
1997 (revised in 2004)

Communication Nr. 24

Protection of honey combs from moth

damage
THE FOLLOWING MOTHS ARE REGARDED AS PESTS OF BEE
PRODUCTS:

Class:

Insects

Insecta

Order:

Butterflies

Lepidoptera

Family:

Pyralids

Pyralidae

Species:

Greater Wax Moth

Galleria mellonella L.

Lesser Wax Moth

Achroia grisella

Fruit (pollen) Moth

Vitula edmansae

Mediterranean Flour Moth

Esphestia kuehniella

Of all moths, the Greater Wax Moth causes the greatest damage in apiaries which lead to
material and financial losses every year. For this reason, we propose to study only the
biology of the Greater Wax Moth more closely.
The methods employed in combating Galleria mellonella are generally effective against
other moths identified as pests of bee products.

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BIOLOGY OF THE GREATER WAX MOTH

Geographical distribution
The geographical distribution corresponds reasonably with that of the bee. Distribution is limited by
the inability of the pest to withstand prolonged periods of cold. This explains why Wax Moth
problems are less acute in higher locations or do not occur at all [1].

Pathology
Adult Wax Moths cause no damage because their mouthparts are atrophied. They do not feed
during their adult life. Only larvae feed and destroy combs. However, adult Wax Moths and larvae
can transfer pathogens of serious bee diseases (e.g. foulbrood). In colonies infested with
foulbrood, the faeces of Wax Moths contain large amounts of Paenibacillus larvae spores [2].

Development stages
Galleria development goes through 3 consecutive stages: egg, larva and pupa. This sequence is
only interrupted if the temperature is too low or when there is no food. Therefore, the cycle can last
between 6 weeks and 6 months depending on temperature and food. According to the literature,
over-wintering can take place as egg larva or pupa.

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The egg.
Normally, females lay their eggs by means of their ovipositor into crevasses and gaps. This puts
them out of reach of the bees and prevents their destruction.

The larva.
After hatching, the young larva immediately searches for a comb in order to feed and to build the
silk-lined feeding tunnels. Speed of growth is directly dependent on temperature and food supply.
Under ideal conditions the larval weight can double daily during the first 10 days [4].
The metabolic warmth, which is created by this rapid growth, can increase the temperature in the
spun silk nests far beyond the environmental temperature. The larva feed in particular on
impurities occurring in wax, such as faeces and the cocoon of bee larvae as well as pollen. The
larva eats also wax. Larvae, which have been reared exclusively on pure wax (foundation, fresh
comb), do not complete their development [4; 13]. Dark, old combs that contained many broods
are most at risk.
At the end of the larval stage, the larva spins a very resistant silk cocoon on a firm support, such
as wooden frames, hive walls or in the comb storage chest. Frequently the larva spins its cocoon
in a hollow it had bored into the wood.

The pupa.
In the cocoon, the larva changes into a pupa and then into the adult moth. These metamorphoses
last from one to 9 weeks.

The adult Insect (imago).

Size and colour of the imago vary considerably depending on food composition at the larval stage
and on the duration of the various developmental stages. Females are larger than males [5].
The females start laying eggs between day 4 and 10 after emergence from the cocoon [5]. At dusk,
the females attempt to enter the beehive to lay their eggs. If the colony is strong enough to repel
the Wax Moth, they lay their eggs outside in cracks in the wood.

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The development of the greater wax moth

- night active moth

- duration of cycle under ideal conditions;

- wing-span 14-38mm

About 6 weeks

- does not feed

- survival 1-3 weeks [5]
- female lays 300-1000 eggs

- 4-6 generations per year [3]

[3;4]

Duration: 1 - 9 weeks [5]

in cocoon

clutch of 50 150 eggs [4]

immobile phase

olive shaped. mm

does not feed

white reddish

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Temp. C

Duration (days) [5]

24-27

58

10-16

>35

>9

Development stopped

very active stage Damage

grows from 1 to >23mm

8 10 stages (skin shedding)

last stage spins cocoon

duration: 28 days 6 months depending on temperature and food [5]

ideal temperature: 29 35C [5]

development stops at <15C [6]

5

POSSIBILITIES FOR CONTROLLING WAX MOTH

In beehives.
-

Allow only strong colonies in an apiary. (The bee itself is the most dangerous enemy of the
Wax Moth).

Never leave comb or wax in an unoccupied hive.

Periodically clean the Varroa inserts.

Replace combs regularly.

After mass invasion of Wax Moths, destroy their eggs on combs, frames and hives (e.g.
sulphur vapour).

In comb storage chests: (see tables pages 6 and 7)

Main rule: For all control strategies, it is necessary to inspect stored material
regularly during the warm season.

Technical methods

Physical methods

Biological methods
-

Bacillus thuringiensis spores

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was discovered in 1911 and has been successfully used for
plant protection for several years. The bacterial strain of the product B-401 was selected in
particular for its activity against the Wax Moth. The bacterium produces spores containing a toxin.
When the larvae ingest the spores, the toxin is freed and damages the intestinal walls. This results
in the death of the larvae. Adult Wax Moths do not feed and are therefore not endangered by this
product.
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was is harmless for vertebrates (man, livestock) and bees and
leaves no residues in wax or honey.

Swiss Bee Research Centre

Chemical methods.
-

Sulphur (sulphur dioxide, SO2)

Burning of sulphur strips or spraying of SO2 from a pressurized vessel are the two main control
methods using sulphur. This is still one of the most effective means against Wax Moths. It is highly
volatile, not fat-soluble and therefore poses only a slight danger to bees, wax, and honey.
After removing comb from the colonies, it is advisable to wait one or two weeks before treatment
(SO2 is ineffective against eggs). For more safety, the treatment can be repeated after 2 weeks.

Acetic acid

Acetic acid vapour instantly kills eggs and moths. The larva, especially in the cocoon, is more
resistant and must be exposed to the vapours for longer [3]. For this reason, the combs must be
treated immediately after removal from the colonies, before eggs can develop into larvae.

Formic acid

Professional beekeepers successfully use formic acid against Wax Moths. The effects are
comparable to that of acetic acid.

Substance witch has no more to be used

-

Paradichlorbenzole (PDCB)

(e.g.: Anti-Teigne, Waxviva, Antimotta, lmker-Globol, Styx)

There is an important risk for building of residues in honey and wax. The limit of tolerance in
Switzerland, fixed at 0.01 mg/kg, might be exceeded, thus making honey unsuitable for sale.
In high concentrations, PDCB can be toxic to bees. If several combs are put directly into the colony
from a storage chest without airing heavy damage may occur and can result in the death of the
colony.
Due to the above findings, the application of PDCB is not Good Apicultural Practice and the
substance should be banned.

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Control possibilities against Wax Moths in stored combs

Method
Technical

Advantages (+) / Disadvantages (-)

Procedure / Remarks

+ no residues
-

Sorting comb

- supplementary measure
separate dangerous old comb from foundation
and new comb

immediately melt old wax

- supplementary measure

storage in a cool, light and

airy place

Physical

+ simple

- Moths fear light and draughts; e.g. shed, porch

- Protect against weather, rodents and insects

+ no residue
- cool storage (<15C)

+ effective
- infrastructure, long term method

- cellar, cool place

- good air circulation in comb stack

- frost treatment

+ effective
+ kills all stages
- expensive infrastructure

- 2 hours at 15C or
3 hours at 12C or
4.5 hours at 7C [5]
- strict period of frost

- heat treatment

Biological

spores of Bacillus
thuringiensis (B-401)

+ effective
+ kills all stages
infrastructure (warm air blower)
- risk of wax melting

- 80 minutes at 46C or
40 minutes at 49C

+ no residues

- observe instructions

+ long-term effect (2-3 months)

- average effect against the Lesser wax moth
- labour intensive

- ensure good distribution on the combs

- good air circulation

- accurate temperature control

- observe sell-by-date and storage conditions

(living organisms)
- if combs already infested, 1 x sulphur then B-401
- ideal for the beekeeper with a few colonies

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Chemical

Method

Advantages (+) / Disadvantages (-)

- Sulphur

+ effective
+ good pollen conservation against moulds
- regular repeats
- ineffective against eggs
- fire danger

Procedure / Remarks
- treatment from above (SO2 heavier than air)
- do not breathe in vapours (respiratory and eye irritant)
- burn in a small sulphur stove
- treat every four weeks (in summer)
- 1 strip per 100 litres (about 3 DB supers)
- SO2 in spray can
- 1 second (=2.5g SO2) per honey super or
- 3-4 seconds per 100 litres hive volume
- no fire danger

- Acetic acid

+ effective
+ no problem residues
+ kills all stages
+ kills Nosema spores [10]
- attacks metal parts
- regular repeats
- caution when handling

- Formic acid

Swiss Bee Research Centre

+ effective
+ no problem residues
+ kills all stages
- attacks metal parts
- regular repeats
- caution when handling

- treatment from above (vapours heavier than air)

- do not breathe in vapours, avoid contact with skin
- 200ml acetic acid (60-80%) per 100 litres per hive
volume [6;7; 10; 11]
- in summer, treatment repeated 1-2 times with an interval
of 2 weeks [3]
- treatment from above
- do not breathe in vapours, avoid contact with skin
- 80ml formic acid (85%) per 100 litres hive volume [12]
- in summer, treatment repeated 1-2 times with an interval
of 2 weeks

CONTAMINATION OF WAX AND HONEY BY

PARADICHLORBENZOLE (PDCB)
PDCB is a highly volatile and lipophilic (easily soluble in fat and wax) substance. Beeswax can
take up this material and a part of it may later migrate into honey. Honey analyses from Germany
and Austria show that PDCB residues in honey are not rare. This applies to native as well as
imported honeys.
Even when measured values pose no problems as far as human toxicology is concerned (an
experiment on carcinogenic effects is ongoing), the reputation of honey as one of the last natural
products may be damaged in the eyes of the public. PDCB should not be used in beekeeping
because there is an important risk of building of residues higher than the Swiss tolerance limit of
0.01 mg/kg. A honey with such high residues can not be sold in Switzerland. Every beekeepers,
caring for the quality of his bee products should not use PDCB. Such an application is not Good
Apicultural Practice.

PDCB residues in Swiss honeys

1997

1998

2000

2001

2002

2003

Number of samples

28

13

23

16

93

315

Number of positive samples

32

129

% positive samples

14

46

26

31

34

41

% above TL (> 10 g/kg)

11

15

12

18

24

Maximum value g/kg

35

112

56

37

112

300

limit of detection at 3 microgrammes per kilogram honey

1 g/kg corresponds with 1 millionth of a gram in 1 kilogram honey or 1 ppb.
TL Swiss Tolerance Limit

-Para-dichlorbenzene accumulation in wax

The amount of PDCB stored in wax depends on the duration of exposure and the wax surface
area. Foundation takes up PDCB more quickly than wax as a block (table 1).

Table 1: Uptake capacity of a 1kg wax block (Wallner, [8])

After 1 Month

27.3g

paradichlorbenzole

2.5 Months

38.5g

83.5g

9 Months

Wax takes up PDCB like a sponge. The more PDCB crystals are added
to combs and the longer PDCB acts on the combs, the higher the
substance stored in the wax.

Swiss Bee Research Centre (1997)

10

Fig.1: 2 sheets of foundation were placed in an airtight glass

vessel with 50g PDCB crystals for 30 days. Weight increase
corresponds with the stored amounts of PDCB

Swiss Bee Research Centre (1997)

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- Evaporation of PDCB from beeswax.

Airing
Airing of combs over 1-2 days before insertion into the colony avoids visible damage to bees.
Despite this, considerable amounts of PDCB may be present in wax. Airing over several weeks is
not enough to remove PDCB from wax completely (fig.2). [seite 13 in Brochure]
The amount and speed of removal are above all temperature-dependent. Thus, the considerably
higher temperature in the colony causes PDCB evaporation from combs not previously aired
enough. If these cells are now filled with honey, PDCB migrates slowly into the honey.

Melting old wax.

When old comb is melted, the residues persist in the new wax. Examinations of wax carried out
here have shown that the majority of commercial wax in Switzerland contains PDCB residues of 510 mg/kg

- Stability of PDCB in honey.

-PDCB evaporates reluctantly from honey and only from the topmost layer.
-Honey cannot be aired as long as needed, since it attracts water and odours.
There is no possibility of significantly reducing paradichlorbenzole content of

honey later.
Residues of PDCB in honey higher then 0.01 mg/kg are not permitted in

Switzerland. Honeys with such residues are rejected by the Cantonal chemists.

Swiss Bee Research Centre (1997)

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Figure 2: Evaporation of PDCB from honey, Wax, and PDCB crystals.

PDCB crystals: freely distributed crystals at room temperature

Wax: foundation gassed with PDCB for 12 days, Aerated at room temperature.
Honey: glass bowls with 10g contaminated blossom honey (28 g PDCB per kg
honey) Aerated at room temperature.

Swiss Bee Research Centre (1997)

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Translation and editing: Ro. Rayner and Ron Crocker

Bibliography:
[1] Janne F., 1982, Principaux papillons parasites de la cire et moyens de lutte. Bul. tech.
apic.,9(2), 85 - 92 [Principal moth parasites in wax and means of control.]
[2] Borchert A., 1966, Die Krankheiten und Schdlinge der Honigbiene. Hirzel Verlag Leipzig
[Diseases and pests of the honey bee]
[3] Moosbeckhofer R., 1993, Wachsmotten - eine Gefahr fr den Wabenvorrat. Bienenvater, 6, 261
- 270 [Wax moths a danger for stored wax comb.]
[4] Morse R.A., 1978, Honey bee pests, predators and diseases. Cornell University Press
[5] Shimanuki H., 1981, Controlling the greater wax moth. USDA publication
[6] Ritter W., Perschil F., Vogel R., 1992, Vergleich der Wirkung verschiedener Methoden zur
Bekmpfung von Wachsmotten. ADIZ (1), 11 - 13 [Comparison of the effect of various
methods for combatting wax moths.]
[7] Mautz D., 1990, >>Giftiger Honig<<, lmkerfreund (11), 12 - 14 [Poisonous honey]
[8] Wallner K., 1991, Das Verhalten von Paradichlorbenzol in Wachs und Honig ADIZ (9), 29 - 31
[ [9] Sprgin A., 1991, Wachsmottenbekmpfung. ADIZ (9), 25 - 26 [Controlling wax
moth.]
[10] Jordan R., 1957, Essigsure zur Bekmpfung der Wachsmotte und vor allem aber zum
Entkeimen nosemainfizierter Waben. Bienenvater, 78 (6), 163 - 169 [Acetic acid for
controlling wax moth and in particular for disinfecting nosema-infected combs.]
[11] Gerig L., 1985, Der Schweizerische Bienenvater, Veriag Sauerlnder, 16. Aufl.
[12] Krasnik M., personal communication
[13] Altermatt F., 1996, Die grosse Wachsmotte, eine berlebensspezialistin?, Selbstndige
Arbeit, Gymnasium Laufental [The greater wax moth, a survival specialist? Independent
work, Laufental Teacher School.]

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Table of content
Moths regarded as pests of bee products:.......................................................................................2
Biology of the Greater Wax Moth..................................................................................................... 3
Geographical distribution............................................................................................................ 3
Pathology ................................................................................................................................... 3
Development stages................................................................................................................... 3
The egg................................................................................................................................. 4
The larva. .............................................................................................................................. 4
The pupa............................................................................................................................... 4
The adult Insect (imago). ......................................................................................................4
Possibilities for controlling Wax Moth .............................................................................................. 6
In beehives. ................................................................................................................................ 6
In comb storage chests: (see tables pages 6 and 7).................................................................. 6
Technical methods................................................................................................................ 6
Physical methods.................................................................................................................. 6
Biological methods................................................................................................................ 6
Bacillus thuringiensis spores ........................................................................................... 6
Chemical methods. ............................................................................................................... 7
Sulphur (sulphur dioxide, SO2)........................................................................................ 7
Acetic acid ....................................................................................................................... 7
Formic acid...................................................................................................................... 7
Substance witch has no more to be used ............................................................................. 7
Paradichlorbenzole (PDCB) ............................................................................................ 7
Contamination of wax and honey by paradichlorbenzole (PDCB) ................................................. 10
PDCB residues in Swiss honeys .............................................................................................. 10
Para-dichlorbenzene accumulation in wax............................................................................... 10
Evaporation of PDCB from beeswax. ....................................................................................... 12
Airing................................................................................................................................... 12
Melting old wax. .................................................................................................................. 12
Stability of PDCB in honey. ...................................................................................................... 12
Bibliography: .................................................................................................................................. 14

Swiss Bee Research Centre (1997)

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