EENG223 Ch06 Capacitors&Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I
DC Circuits:
Capacitors and Inductors

Hasan Demirel
Capacitors and Inductors: Introduction

Introduction
Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors

Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
Capacitors and Inductors: Introduction

Resistors are passive elements which dissipate
energy only.
Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1. Capacitor
2. Inductor
Capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but
store energy, which can be retrieved at a later
time.
Capacitors and inductors are called storage
elements.

MICHAEL FARADAY (17911867)
English chemist and physicist, discovered

electromagnetic induction in 1831 which
was a breakthrough in engineering
because it provided a way of generating
electricity. The unit of capacitance, the
farad, was named in his honor.

A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
Plates may be aluminum foil while the

dielectric may be air, ceramic, paper, or
mica.
A capacitor with applied voltage v.

Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
A
C
d
1. Area(A): the larger the area, the
greater the capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates (d) : the
smaller the spacing, the greater the
capacitance.
3. Material permittivity (e) : the higher
the permittivity, the greater the
capacitance.

The relation between the charge in plates and
the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q
Linear
Nonlinear
q Cv
v
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to

the voltage difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
1F 1 C/V
(1 farad = 1 coulomb/volt)
Circuit symbols for capacitors: (a) fixed capacitors, (b) variable capacitors.
(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic

capacitor
(a-b)variable capacitors

Voltage Limit on a Capacitor:
According to:
q Cv
The plate charge increases as the voltage increases. Also,

the electric field intensity between two plates increases.
If the voltage across the capacitor is so large that the

field intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out of work.
Hence, every practical capacitor has a maximum limit on
its operating voltage.

Current(i)-voltage(v) relationship of a Capacitor:
Taking the derivative of both sides
where
i
+
v
-

Physical Meaning:
+
v
when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant voltage

across a capacitor creates no current through the capacitor,
the capacitor in this case is the same as an open circuit.
If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an infinite
value that is practically impossible. Hence, a capacitor is
impossible to have an abrupt change in its voltage except an
infinite current is applied.

Important Properties of capacitors:
1) A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
2) The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
Voltage across a capacitor:
(a) allowed,
(b) not allowable; an abrupt change is not
possible.
3) Ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the circuit when
storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering
power to the circuit.
4) A real, nonideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage
resistance. The leakage resistance may be as high as 100 MW
and can be neglected for most practical applications. We will
assume ideal capacitors.

A capacitor has memory.
+
v
Capacitor voltage depends on the past history (- to) of the capacitor

current. Hence, the capacitor has memory.

Energy Storing in Capacitor
instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is
+
energy stored in the capacitor:
v
-
note that
recall that

Ex. 6.1:(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20 V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
Solution
(a) since:
q Cv,
q 3 1012 20 60pC
(a) The energy stored:
1 2 1
w Cv 3 10 12 400 600 pJ
2
2

Ex. 6.2: The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is: v(t ) 10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution
(a) By definition current is:
i C
iC
dv
dt
dv
d
5 106 (10 cos 6000t )
dt
dt
5 106 6000 10 sin 6000t 0.3 sin 6000t A

Ex. 6.3: Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the current through it
is :
i(t ) 6e 3000t mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution
Since:
1 t
v 0 idt v(0) and v(0) 0,
C
1
v
2 10 6
6e
3000 t
(1 e 3000t )V
dt 10
3 103 3000t t
e
0
3000

Ex. 6.4: Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor whose voltage is
shown in Fig 6.9.
Solution
The voltage waveform can be
described mathematically as:
50t V
0 t 1
100 50t V
1 t 3
v(t )
200 50t V
3t 4
0 otherwise

Ex. 6.4: Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor whose voltage is
shown in Fig 6.9.
Solution
The Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we
take the derivative of v(t) to obtain:
Thus the current waveform is :
0 t 1 10mA
0 t 1
50
50
1 t 3 10mA
1 t 3
i (t ) 200 10 6
50 3 t 4
10mA
3t 4
0 otherwise
0 otherwise

Ex. 6.5: Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in circuit below under dc
condition.
Solution
Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with
an open circuit. By current division,
v1 2000 i 4 V,
v 2 4000i 8 V
3
(6mA ) 2mA
3 2 4
1
1
2
w1 C1v1 (2 10 3 )(4) 2 16 mJ
2
2
1
1
2
w2 C2 v2 (4 10 3 )(8) 2 128 mJ
2
2

Parallel-connected N capacitors
equivalent circuit for the parallel capacitors.
i i1 i2 i3 ... iN

i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
dv
dv
dv
dv
i C1 C2 C3 ... C N
dt
dt
dt
dt
N
dv
dv
CK Ceq
dt
k 1 dt
Ceq C1 C2 C3 .... CN
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the sum
of the individual capacitances.

Series-connected N capacitors
equivalent circuit for the series capacitors.
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... vN (t )

The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.
For N=2:

Summary:
These results enable us to look the capacitor in this way:
1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance.
The equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in parallel or series
can be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y-D connection and its
transformation.

Ex. 6.6: Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b of the
circuit in the figure below.

Ex. 6.6: Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b of the
circuit in the figure below.
Solution
20 F and 5F capacitors are in series :
20 5
4F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F and 20 F capacitors
4 6 20 30F
30 F capacitor is in series with the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20F
30 60

Ex. 6.7: For the circuit given below, find the voltage across each capacitor.
Solution
Ceq
1
1
1 1

( 40 20 ) 30 20
mF 10 mF

Total charge
q Ceq v 10 103 30 0.3 C

This is the charge on the 20 mF and 30 mF capacitors,
because they are in series with the 30 V source. ( A crude
way to see this is to imagine that charge acts like current,
since i = dq/dt)
Therefore,
q
0.3
15 V,
3
C1
20 10
q
0.3
v2
10 V
3
C2 30 10
v1

Having determined v1 and v2,

we can use KVL to determine v3 by
v3 30 v1 v2 5V
Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors

are in parallel, they have the same voltage v3 and
their combined capacitance is 40+20=60mF.
v3
q
0.3
5V
3
60mF 60 10

JOSEPH HENRY (1797-1878)
American physicist, discovered inductance

and constructed an electric motor.

An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire.
N A
L
l
2
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current
flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

N 2 A
L
l
r 0
0 4 10 7 (H/m)
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeability of the core
(a) Solenoidal inductor, (b) toroidal inductor, (c) chip inductor.

Circuit symbols for inductors:
(a) air-core, (b) iron-core, (c) variable iron-core.

Voltage(v) -current(i) relationship of an Inductor:
integrating both sides gives:
i
+
v
L
-
voltage-current relationship of an inductor.

Physical Meaning:
i
+
v
L
-
When the current through an inductor is a constant, then

the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a short circuit.
No abrupt change of the current through an inductor is
possible except an infinite voltage across the inductor is
applied.
The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage, for
example, used as an igniting element.

Important Properties of inductors:
1) An inductor is a shaort to dc.
2) The current through an inductor cannot change abruptly.
Current through an inductor:
(a) allowed,
(b) not allowable; an abrupt change is not
possible.
3) Ideal inductor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the circuit when
storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering
power to the circuit.
4) A practical, nonideal inductor has a significant resistive
component. This resistance is called the winding resistance. The
nonideal inductor also has a winding capacitance due to the
capacitive coupling between the conducting coils. We will assume
ideal inductors.

An inductor has memory.
i
+
v
L
-
Inductor current depends on the past history (- to) of the inductor

current. Hence, the inductor has memory.

Energy Storing in Inductor
i
power delivered to the inductor is
+
v
energy stored in the inductor:

-
note that

Ex. 6.8: The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t A. Find the voltage
across the inductor and the energy stored in it.
Solution
di
Since v L and L 0.1H,
dt
d
5t
5t
5t
5t
v 0.1 (10te ) e t (5)e e (1 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1
1
w Li 2 (0.1)100t 2 e 10t 5t 2 e 10t J
2
2

Ex. 6.9: Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is
30t 2 , t 0
v(t )
t0
0,
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assume i(0)=0.
Solution
1 t
Since i t v(t )dt i (t0 ) and L 5H.
L
0
t3
1 t 2
i 0 30t dt 0 6 2t 3 A
3
5

Ex. 6.9: Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it is
30t 2 , t 0
v(t )
t0
0,
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assume i(0)=0.
Solution The power p vi 60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
6
t
5
w pdt 0 60t 5 dt 60
156.25 kJ
60
5
Alternatively
1 2
1
w(5) w(0) Li (5) Li (0)
2
2
1
(5)(2 53 ) 2 0 156.25 kJ
2

Ex. 6.10: Consider the circuit below in (a). Under dc conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.
Solution

Ex. 6.10: Consider the circuit below in (a). Under dc conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.
Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor open circuit
inductor short circuit
i iL
12
2 A,
1 5
1
1
wc Cvc (1)(10 2 ) 50J,
2
2
1 2 1
wL Li (2)(2 2 ) 4J
2
2
2
(b)
vc 5i 10 V

Series-connected N inductors
equivalent circuit for the sieries inductors.
Leq L1 L2 L3 ... LN

Applying KVL to the loop,
v v1 v2 v3 ... vN
Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di
di
di
di
v L1 L2 L3 ... LN
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
( L1 L2 L3 ... LN )
dt
N
di
di
LK Leq
dt
K 1 dt
Leq L1 L2 L3 ... LN

Paralel-connected N inductors
equivalent circuit for the parallel inductors.
1
1 1
1

Leq L1 L2
LN

Using KCL,
i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
But
1
i
Lk
ik
t
1
Lk
t vdt ik (t0 )
o
1 t
1
vdt i1 (t0 ) t vdt is (t0 ) ...
LN
L2
0
t0
vdt iN (t0 )
1 1
1 t
... t vdt i1 (t0 ) i2 (t0 ) ... iN (t0 )
LN
L1 L2
0
N
N 1t
1 t
t vdt ik (t0 )
vdt i (t0 )
t
Leq
k 1
k 1 Lk
0
1
1 1
1

Leq L1 L2
LN

The inductor in various connection has the same effect as
the resistor. Hence, the Y- transformation of inductors
can be similarly derived.

Ex. 6.11: Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit given below.

Ex. 6.11: Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit given below.
Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H 42H

7 42
6H
Parallel :
7 42
Leq 4 6 8 18H

Ex: Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive ladder network given
in the circuit below.

10t
i
(
t
)
4
(
2
e
)mA.
Ex 6.12: For the circuit given below,
If, i2 (0) 1 mA ,
Find: (a) i (0)
1
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t );

(c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

10t
i
(
t
)
4
(
2
e
)mA.
If, i2 (0) 1 mA ,
Find: (a) i (0)
1
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t );

(c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
Solution:
(a ) i(t ) 4(2 e 10t )mA i(0) 4(2 1) 4mA.

i1 (0) i(0) i2 (0) 4 (1) 5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq 2 4 || 12 2 3 5H
di
5(4)(1)(10)e 10t mV 200e 10t mV
dt
di
v1 (t ) 2 2(4)(10)e 10t mV 80e 10t mV
dt
v(t ) Leq
v2 (t ) v(t ) v1(t ) 120e 10t mV

10t
i
(
t
)
4
(
2
e
)mA.
If, i2 (0) 1 mA ,
Find: (a) i (0)
1
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t );

(c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
Solution:
1 t
120 t 10t
v
dt
i
(
0
)
e dt 5 mA
1
0 2
0
4
4
t
3e 10t 5 mA 3e 10t 3 5 8 3e 10t mA
0
i1 (t )
i2 (t )
1 t
120 t 10t
v
dt
i
(
0
)
e dt 1mA
2
0 2
0
12
12
t
e 10t 1mA e 10t 1 1 e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i(t )

EENG223 Ch06 Capacitors&amp;Inductors

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EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors: Introduction

Series and Parallel Capacitors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors: Introduction

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

English chemist and physicist, discovered

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

Plates may be aluminum foil while the

A capacitor with applied voltage v.

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

The plate charge increases as the voltage increases. Also,

If the voltage across the capacitor is so large that the

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant voltage

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitor voltage depends on the past history (- to) of the capacitor

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

(a) The energy stored:

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

5 106 6000 10 sin 6000t 0.3 sin 6000t A

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

Thus the current waveform is :

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

equivalent circuit for the parallel capacitors.

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

equivalent circuit for the series capacitors.

EENG223: CIRCUIT THEORY I

Capacitors and Inductors

The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the

EENG223 Ch06 Capacitors&Inductors

EENG223 Ch06 Capacitors&Inductors