Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................4
1.1 What is referencing?.......................................4
Why reference?.....................................................4
What is plagiarism?...............................................5
(eg interviews)....................................................13
Videos 14
is unknown. 15
3 IN-TEXT REFERENCING.............................................23
3.1 Published Printed Works...............................23
3.1.1 Books by a single author...........................................................................................................24
3.1.2 Books by multiple authors........................................................................................................24
3.1.3.1 Translated works ....................................................................................................................25
3.1.3.2 Compiled works......................................................................................................................25
3.1.4 Periodicals.................................................................................................................................26
3.1.5.1 Author known......................................................26
PRACTISE!!.....................................................................38
BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................39
1. Introduction
This guide shows you how to reference the many types of sources that
you will use when you do research as part of your studies at Kempsey
Campus.
There are many ways to research and gather the information you will
need for your academic writing. This guide will use examples from a
wide variety of sources to help explain correct referencing.
If you are in doubt about correct referencing for any task, ask your
subject teacher, that is, the person who has set the assignment.
Why reference?
Academic writing is broadly based on the concept of
developing an argument. This is usually done by reading
widely on the particular topic, critically evaluating what you
This referencing
• demonstrates that you have researched and
considered the ideas of others in presenting your
argument
• prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to
an automatic ‘Fail’ result (see 1.2 below).
For example:
‘The human immune system fights infections’.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the action or practice of taking and using someone
else’s thoughts, ideas or writings as if they were your own. It is,
really, a form of stealing – it’s just that what is being ‘taken’ is
intellectual (ideas), not material or physical.
A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited
in the text of your essay/report.
Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not
show any evidence that you have understood or critically evaluated
what you have read. (Your subject teacher will show you how to
critically evaluate).
For example:
poet Gibran (1923 p.37) who said ‘Love one another but make not a
bond of love’.
For example:
Do the following 2 things and you will never find yourself in this situation:
1 As soon as you find a source, list the details that you’ll need for
the bibliography. Check the relevant part of Section 2 to see what
you’ll need to include.
So, if you had read a book by Robert Cook published in 1997 that stated on
page 67 that 95% of teenagers aged between 13-18 years used marijuana at
least once per week, your notes might look like this:
The two essential types of referencing that you will use are:
• In-Text
• The Bibliography (presented at the end of your essay or
report on a separate page).
The remainder of this booklet takes a more detailed look at both in-text and
bibliographical referencing.
Note that the item numbers are cross-matched between Sections 2 and 3.
2 Compiling the
Bibliography
At the end of your assignment you will need to start a separate page and put
the heading: Bibliography
This is where you provide complete details about the sources that you have
used in your assignment. The bibliography should provide enough specific
details to allow your reader to physically access the same source that you
have used. It should also follow the conventions of a recognised system. The
system described here is the Harvard system.
SIMPLE SAMPLE:
Here is an example of a simple bibliography where all the items are books, so
they are set out as explained in Section 2.1. You will find a
longer example at the back – it’s the bibliography showing the
research that was done to compile this Reference Guide.
Notice how the second line of any long entry is indented – this helps the
reader scan the list.
Bibliography
eg Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996, Television Violence,
Bridge, Sydney.
eg Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Random House, Sydney.
Note: the title of the shorter item (poem, chapter, article) is in inverted
commas, but the title of the book is in italics (equivalent to underlining if you
are handwriting the bibliography)
2.1.4 Periodicals
A ‘periodical’ is a printed publication that is issued ‘periodically’
ie daily, weekly, monthly etc. It includes magazines,
professional journals and so on.
eg’s Hill, S.R. 1999, ‘Working more and enjoying life less’, Journal of
Social Psychology, vol.12, pp.23-28.
2.1.7.1 Novels
2.1.7.2 Plays
2.1.7.3 Poems
However, you can make reference, in-text, to ideas and opinions gathered this
way.
• For a recording of a TV show, use the date the program was aired:
• For a video recording, use the date it was produced. Sometimes, you
will not be able to find the individual producer or director’s name –
make sure you at least indicate the company or organisation that
produced it.
• Even if you view a video copy of a film, indicate that it was produced as
a motion picture, and name the producer:
The Dead Poet’s Society (motion picture) 1992, Fox Studios, Los Angeles, Producer,
Peter Weir.
Where necessary, use the conventions for the particular text type as
shown elsewhere in this Reference Guide (eg Periodicals – section
2.1.4, Sponsored works – section 2.1.6) then add the additional
internet/web information as shown below.
Try to provide the following details in your bibliography to help your reader do
this locating:
the author/s of the document you are referring to (where possible – this
won’t always be clear)
the date you retrieved it (if you print out the information, this date is
usually shown on the bottom of each page) and the date the site itself
was last updated, if that is shown
Examples are shown in 2.5.1 below.
It is important to provide the long address that takes your reader right
to the document you used (not to the home page of the organization
that posted the information), because home pages consist mainly of
links, and it’s not your reader’s job to search these links looking for the
document you are citing.
The easiest way to write out the URL correctly is to copy it directly from
the address window in your browser and paste it into your bibliography
– one of the benefits of learning to use a computer to help do your
essays and reports!
Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines;
instead, break the URL at a ‘neat‘ place eg after a slash or before a
full stop.
Note: Test the URLs in your references before submitting your final draft. If
the document you are citing has moved, update the URL so that it points to
the correct location. If the document is no longer available, you may want to
substitute another source (e.g. if you originally cited a draft and a final
published version now exists) or drop it from the bibliography altogether.
Author known
Then, adapt the entry as shown below to make it clear that the
material was found on a CD. Include the publishing or selling
organisation, their city, and the date of publication or production.
CDs, unlike the web and online databases, don’t have their
information updated without you knowing about it, so there is no
need to mention the date you actually retrieved the information.
The key dates are the date the particular document stored on
the CD was written, and the year the CD itself was published
(shown last).
2.6.4.1 Quotations
The next Section – Section 3 – shows you how to cite any of these sources in
the text of your essay or report.
3 In-Text Referencing
This is the referencing you include in the text of your essay or report. There
are three critical pieces of information that your reader should be able to
find in the text of your essay/report:
The following points show how this information should be conveyed to your
reader.
• Author’s surname
• Year of publication
• Page number(s)
Note: use the latter 2 approaches more than the first. These 2 approaches
show that you understand that this is the author’s argument, not
necessarily outright ‘fact’.
For example:
Note: The forward slashes represent the end of a line of a poem. When
drama is written in verse form, the same convention applies.
3.1.4 Periodicals
Refer in-text to the author/s of the article that you found in the
journal or magazine, and give date and page details for that
article.
eg’s It has been reported that the number of hours spent in the workplace
by Australian employees has increased by 8% since 1985 (Hill,
1999, pp.23-28).
Section 2.1.4 shows you the full entry for the bibliography.
pursue.
3.1.7.1 Novels
You may wish to take a direct quote from a novel
that you are analysing.
Notice: the three points of ellipsis (…) are used to mark the omission of
words in quoted material.
Note also that the longer quote is indented, and written in a smaller font
without quotation marks. (See 1.4 for details)
3.1.7.2 Plays
You may be required to discuss acts, scenes, lines
or verses from a play. Acknowledge both the
playwright and the lines using the following
conventions:
3.1.7.3 Poems
When referring to extracts from a poem use the
terms ‘verse’ or ‘stanza’, and ‘lines’.
Note: The forward slashes represent the end of a line of a poem. When
drama is written in verse form, the same convention applies.
Examples:
1) Name
3) Date
By including the position, occupation or role of the person with whom you
have had the personal communication, the reader can then judge the degree
of expertise of that person for the particular topic.
information obtained from your local mechanic who may not be a Dunghutti
Elder.
Academic research demands that you gather information from a wide variety
of sources beyond that which is presented to you in class. However, you may,
at times, wish to use handouts and study material that your teacher/lecturer
has provided as a small part of the research that you use for your
essays/reports. In this case there are set procedures for in-text referencing of
that material.
eg You are in the same class and you are given a handout
that has been made by the teacher. In this case the
teacher assumes the role of the author for referencing
purposes.
For example:
However, the guidelines have also changed away from the need
to show this retrieval date in-text: it is enough that you have
shown this in your bibliography. Nevertheless, It is very
important that you include the date of publication of the
document itself, as your reader will want an indication of the
currency of the information.
eg The villagers of the Mazaruni River region have used the power of
their ancient local knowledge combined with modern mapping
technology to substantiate their land rights claim (Carroll, 2000,
pp.1-2).
A CD-ROM database
You will notice that the bibliography entry for CD-ROMs requires
two dates - the date the particular document stored on the CD
was written, and the year the CD itself was published (shown
last). In-text, the first of these dates - the date the document was
written - is the relevant one.
or
Both Freud (1933) and Jung (1928) argued that dreams may provide
an insight into what is happening in the dreamer’s unconscious mind.
eg A report from S.W. Brown (1991, p.34) suggested that death from
lung cancer was decreasing. D.J. Brown (1993, p.16), however,
argued that all cancer-related deaths were increasing.
3.6.4.1 Quotations
When one author quotes another author, and you
want to use the same direct quote, the procedure
is:
or
North Coast Institute of TAFE - Kempsey Campus 36
Section 3 – In-text Referencing - Referencing Guide 2004
eg The people of Nepal have, for many years, suffered various forms of
persecution (Nepal and its People, 1990, p.27).
Don’t use the term ‘anon’, unless that is shown as the author
(this sometimes happens with literary works).
Exercise:
Select one example from each section (ie one each from 2.1,
2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 & 2.6) and sort them into correct alphabetical
order to create a sample bibliography under the heading
below.
Bibliography
Bibliography
Abilock, D. 2002 Noodle Tools - Quick Cite!
http://www.noodletools.com/quickcite/citcdrom.html [retrieved 15 February
2004]
American Psychological Association, 2003, APA Style.org -Electronic References,
http://www.apastyle.org/elecmedia.html [retrieved 15 February 2004]
Champion, L., 1997, Style Guide, North Coast Institute of TAFE, Port Macquarie
Charles Sturt University, A Guide to Writing Better Essays, 1989, Mitchell Printery,
Bathurst.
Harnack, A. & Kleppinger, E., 2003, Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet
Sources, Chs 5-8, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/shrttoc.html,
[retrieved 28 January 2004].
University of Texas at San Antonio Library, n.d., Internet 101/102 Untangling the
Web, http://www.lib.utsa.edu/Research/Internet101/web5.html, [retrieved 28
January 2004].