UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
(CPE 453)
NAME

:SAIFUL BAHRI BIN LIMAN

2012804736

NUR SHARMIMI BT. ABDUL RAZAK

2012440374
NURSUHAINI BT. ZAKARIA 2012654358
SUKRIADI B. OSMAN
GROUP

No.

2012823072

: EH221(3A)

Title

Allocated Marks
(%)

Abstract/Summary

Introduction

Aims

Theory

Apparatus

Methodology/Procedure

10

Results

10

Calculations

10

Marks

Discussion

20

10

Conclusion

10

11

Recommendations

12

Reference

13

Appendix

TOTAL MARKS

100

Remarks:

Checked by :

Rechecked by:

---------------------------

---------------------------

Date :

Date :

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY...................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................3
AIMS............................................................................................................4
THEORY.......................................................................................................5
APPARATUS..................................................................................................8
METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE.......................................................................9
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS..................................................................10
Sample of calculation................................................................................11

DISCUSSION..............................................................................................18
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................21
REFERENCE...............................................................................................22
APPENDIX..................................................................................................23

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
This report is written out to determine the pressure drop pattern for
different type of material and diameter and also to determine the pipe
friction coefficient for different pipe material. For this experiment, we use
Gunt Humburg M100 as fluid friction apparatus. Different material is used
for the pipes, different pipes diameter , have flow junction in the pipe
which is 90 elbow and also have venture meter at the pipeline. The
material of the pipes are copper and galvanised iron. The friction factor for
copper is 0.0121 and the head loss due to friction is 0.33 m. For the
galvanised iron, the friction factor is 0.015 and the head loss is 0.409 m.
For this experiment we also assume the diameter of the pipe are 0.01 m
and 0.02 m. For the 0.010 m diameter pipe, the head loss due to 90
elbow fitting is 0.0224 m. For the valve, we have two valve which are fully
open globe valve where the head loss is 0.149 m and the closed gate
valve where the head loss is

3.8757 X 10 m . The total head loss for this

pipe is 0.2528 m. For 0.02m diameter pipe the head loss due to sudden
contraction is

3.9953 X 10

m. There also have two valve for this 0.02m

diameter pipe which are fully open globe valve where the head loss is
0.0266m and the closed gate valve where the head loss is
6.9251 X 103 m . For the 0.02m diameter pipe the total head loss is
0.4391m.

INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow in circular pipes has wide in engineering applications.
Water distribution systems and industrial hydraulic system liquid are
generally transported from one point to another by forcing them through
pipes or tubes. The flow of a real fluid does cause frictional and other
losses. In flow through circular pipes the flow pattern constitutes a series
of thin shell that are sliding over one another. This condition is known as
laminar flow. When the velocity is relatively high, eddies are formed and
there is mixing of fluid particle. This situation is known as turbulent flow.
Reynolds conducted a series of experiment with different of pipes
diameter and variety of fluids. He concluded that the type of flow is
dependent on the average velocity of the fluid (v), the pipe diameter (d),
the fluid viscosity ( and the fluid density (p). He combined these and
forms a dimensionless parameter known as Reynolds Number (Re).
=

pvd

In pipe flow, laminar flow exist when Re is 2000 or less, turbulent

flow exist if Re is 4000 or more. If Re is between 2000 and 4000 the flow
type cannot be determined and is called transition flow.
The most of the flow in the pipe is turbulent flow due to the piping
system. The fluid in a typical piping system passed through various fitting,
valves, bend, elbow in addition to the straight section of piping .These
component interrupt the smooth flow of the fluid and cause additional
losses because of the flow separation mixing they induced. In a typical
system with long pipes, this losses are minor compared to the head loss in
the straight section and are called minor losses. Friction Loss occurs when
water is pumped through a hose or pipe. Distance, diameter, and the
material all affect friction loss. As water passes through the pipe, friction
develops between the moving water and the inside surface of the pipe.
This turbulence flow reduces the pressure at the other end of the pipe and
the pipe will experience pressure loss due to friction.

AIMS

To find the pressure drop pattern for different type of pipe material
and diameter
To determine the pipe friction coefficient for different pipe material

THEORY
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface temperature, and
type of fluid, among other things. To decide that the flow is laminar,
transition or turbulent, a formula called Reynolds number is used. The
Reynolds number expresses the ratio of inertial (resistant to change or
motion) forces to viscous forces.
=

DV

Where,
D is the diameter of the pipe
is the density of the fluid
V is the velocity of the fluid
is the viscosity of the fluid

The range of flow of fluid is determine as below :

Laminar Re < 2100

Transition 2100 < Re < 4000
Turbulent Re > 4000

The properties relevant to fluid flow are summarized below.

i.

Density: This is the mass per unit volume of the fluid and is
generally measured in kg/m3.

ii.

Viscosity: This describes the ease with which a fluid flows. A

substance like treacle has a high viscosity, while water has a much
lower value. Gases, such as air, have a still lower viscosity. The
viscosity of a fluid can be described in two ways.
a) Absolute (or dynamic) viscosity, : This is a measure of a fluid's
resistance to internal deformation. It is expressed in Pascal seconds

(Pa s) or Newton seconds per square metre (Ns/m2). [1Pas = 1

Ns/m2]
b) Kinematic viscosity,

v : This is the ratio of the absolute viscosity

to the density and is measured in metre squared per second (m2/s).

In fluid flow, it is a sure to have pressure loss in pipe. Whenever fluid
flows in a pipe there will be some loss of pressure due to several factors:
a) Friction: This is affected by the roughness of the inside surface of
the pipe, the pipe diameter, and the physical properties of the
fluid.
b) Changes in size (diameter) and shape or direction of flow
c) Obstructions: For normal, cylindrical straight pipes the major
cause of pressure loss will be friction. Pressure loss in a fitting or
valve is greater than in a straight pipe. When fluid flows in a straight
pipe the flow pattern will be the same throughout the pipe. In a
valve or fitting changes in the flow pattern due to factors (b) and (c)
will cause extra pressure drops. Pressure drops can be measured in
a number of ways. The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal.

Relationship Between Frictional Head Loss and Frictional Pressure

Drop
The energy loss in pipe flow due to friction can be expressed as a pressure
drop instead of as a head loss. The relationship between frictional head
loss and frictional pressure drop is simply :
(-P)f = ghfs
where:
(-P) = frictional pressure drop ,
f
h = frictional head loss due to skin friction,
fs
= fluid density,
g = acceleration due to gravity

Head loss formulae :

2

hf = f

L V
D 2g

where f is the friction factor

APPARATUS

Hydraulic bench
Fluid friction apparatus

1.
for

annular
chamber
pressure

measurement,
rotameter,
level indicator at measuring tank,
tank with submerged pump,
pipe section with bends,
pipe section with interchangeable valves and fittings,
pipe section with sudden contraction and enlargement,
interchangeable valves and fittings,
panel with Bourdon tube manometer, differential pressure sensor
and tube manometers,
10.
Long pipe section
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

The fluid friction apparatus equipment in the pilot plant is studied

The different type of pipe in the fluid friction apparatus is examined
The different diameter of the two pipe is considered
Type of valve located in the fluid friction apparatus is determined
The degree of the angle of the pipe is measured
Using different diameter of pipe, the Reynolds number is calculated
When the Reynolds number has been calculated, the type of flow of
the fluid is determined according to the range given
8. The pressure head of the fluid is calculated
9. The pressure head then been compared between the two different
diameter
10.
Then, the experiment can be conclude with the result

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Assume incompressible flow and no frictional losses, from Bernoullis
Equation
P1 v 2
P v2
+ +Z 1= 2 + +Z 2
2g
2g
Use of the continuity Equation Q=A1V1 = A2V2 equation above becomes

[ ( )]

P1 P 2
V
A
+ Z1 Z 2= 2 1 1

2g
A2

Ideal,

Q = A2V2 = A2

2 1 /2

[ ( )] [
A
1 1
A2

P 1P
2g
+ Z 1Z2

2 1/ 2

)]

Actual,

Q= Cd x A2 x

2 1 /2

[ ( )] [
A
1 1
A2

1 /2

( )]

P 1P
2g

Hence,

Q = Cd x At x

2 1 /2

[ ( )]
A1
1
A2

[2g(P1 P2)/

Where,
Cd = Coeffient of discharge (0.98)
D2 = Throat diameter 16 mm
D1 = Inlet diameter = 26 mm
v2
2g

( )( )

L
h f =4 f
D

1/ 2

Sample of calculation
First pipe, diameter = 10 mm , velocity = 1ms-1

i.

vD

Re =

1000 ( 1 ) (0.010)
5
2.344 x 1 0

= 4.266x105 (Turbulent flow)

The flow of water through venturi meter,

A1v1 = A2v2
2

D
D
(v 2 )
( v 1) =
4
4
2

2
( 0.010)
0.035
( 1) =
( v 2)
4
4

v2

= 0.0816 ms-1

Based on Bernoullis equation,

v 2 v
2

12

2g
P1 P 2
=
g
P = -496.671 kPa
Based on Colebrook Equation,
The information in the Moody diagram (See appendices) also exists
as a number of formulae. The formula used is Colebrook formulae,


1
D 2.51
=2.0 log
+
3.7 f
f

[(

f =0.0055 1+ 20000 +

10 6

1/ 3

1.5 x 1 0
1
0.016 D
2.51
=2.0 log
+
5
3.7
f
6.8260 x 1 0 f

f = 6.2889x10-3

In a typical system with long pipes, these losses are minor

compared to the head loss in the straight sections (major losses) and are
called minor losses.

Head loss due to fitting

Since the type of elbow is Threaded Regular 90o Elbows, KL = 1.5
h L=K L

v2
= 1.5
2g

0.54082
2 x 9.81

= 0.0224 m
Valve in this system is Fully Open Globe Valve, KL=10
2

h L=K L

v
0.5408
= 10
2g
2 x 9.81

=0.149m

Valve 1/4 Closed Gate Valve, KL= 0.26

2

h L=K L

v
0.5408
=0.26
2g
2 x 9.81

= 3.8757x10-3 m

For major head loss,

We assumed, the total length of the copper pipe is 18.3 m.
Copper pipes are drawn tubing so = 0.0015 mm = 1.5 x 10-6
Therefore /D = 9.375 105 . Friction factor from the Colebrook
equation (or Moody Chart)
is 6.2889x10-3 (It is practically smooth).
Therefore, the total head loss, hL is,

hL,total = ( f

2
L
+ K L ) v
D
2g

hL,total = (6.2889x10-3

0.540 8 2
18.3
+ 11.76) 2(9.81)
0.016

= 0.2825 m

For pipe that have diameter = 0.02 mm, velocity = 1.0 ms-1
Re =

vD

1000 ( 0.7 ) (0.02)

2.344 x 1 05

= 5.9727x105 (Turbulent flow)

The flow of water through venturi meter,

A1v1 = A2v2
D2
D2
(v 2 )
( v 1) =
4
4
( 0.02)2
0.0352
( 1.0 ) =
(v 2)
4
4
v2

= 0.3265 ms-1

v 2 v
2

12

2g
P1 P 2
=
g
P = -446.6989 kPa

[(

f =0.0055 1+ 20000 +

10 6

1/ 3

f = 0.0121

In a typical system with long pipes, these losses are minor

compared to the head loss in the straight sections(major losses) and are
called minor losses.
i.

Head loss due to sudden contraction

Since the type of elbow is Threaded Regular 90o Elbows, KL = 1.5

h L=K L

v2
= 1.5
2g

0.66332
2 x 9.81

= 0.0336 m
ii.

Head loss due to valve

Valve in this system is Fully Open Globe Valve , KL=10
h L=K L

v2
0.66332
= 10
2g
2 x 9.81

=0.2242m

Valve 1/4 Closed Gate Valve, KL= 0.26

2

h L=K L

v
0.6633
-3
=0.26
2g
2 x 9.81 = 5.8303x10 m

For major head loss,

We assumed, the total length of the copper pipe is 18.3 m.
Copper pipes are drawn tubing so = 0.0015 mm = 1.5 x 10-6

Therefore /D = 9.375 105 . Friction factor from Moody Chart is

0.028 (It is practically smooth). So the total head loss, hL is

hL,total = ( f

2
L
+ K L ) v
D
2g

2
0.66 33
18.3

+ 11.76) 2(9.81)
0.02

hL,total = (0.0121 x
= 0.512 m

Different material for the pipeline but in same diameter of pipeline

For diameter = 10 mm
Copper

[(

f =0.0055 1+ 20000 +

10 6

[(

1/ 3

106
f =0.0055 1+ 20000(1.5 x 1 0 )+
5
5.9727 x 1 0
6

1 /3

1/3

= 0.0121
hL,total = ( f

L
v2
D ) 2g

hL,total = (0.0121

18.3 0.54082

0.010 2(9.81)

= 0.3301

Galvanised Iron

[(

f =0.0055 1+ 20000(1.5 x 1 0 )+

10
5
5.9727 x 10

= 0.015

hL,total = ( f

L
v2
D ) 2g

hL,total = ( 0.015
= 0.4092

18.3 0.5408 2

0.010 2(9.81)

For copper

0.3301 =
P

P
1000 (9.81)

(1) (0.0816)
2(9.81)

= 2741.61 kPa

For galvanized iron

0.4092 =

P
1000 (9.81)

(1)2 (0.0816)2
2(9.81)

= 3517.58 kPa

DISCUSSION
This report was written to achieve several objectives. One of
the objectives
are to find the pressure drop pattern for different type of pipe material
and diameter. Another aim of the experiment is to determine the pipe
friction coefficient for different pipe material.
If there is experiment conducted, it was undergoing by using the
GUNT HAMBURG HM 122 Pressure loss in pipe model. The part of model
included annular chamber for pressure measurement , rotameter, level
indicator at measuring tank, tank with submerged pump, pipe section with
bends, pipe section with interchangeable valves and fittings, pipe section
with sudden contraction and enlargement, interchangeable valves and
fittings, panel with Bourdon tube manometer, differential pressure sensor
and tube manometers, and long pipe section .
Calculation for this report was just assumption since our group did
not run the experiment due to damaged equipment, thus we had been
given task to make this report as an assignment. Thus, in order to
investigate the pressure drop pattern, calculation that involved were just
assumptions. For the first objective, we used the the venturi meter to
investigate the pressure difference where at each end of the venturi meter
were attached with different diameter pipe. We assumed the inlet
diameter of 0.010 m with velocity of 1 m/s and the outlet of 0.035 m.
Then we applied the value into the continuity equation, Q=A1V1 = A2V2, the
second velocity of outlet was calculated of 0.0816 m/s. Then proceed with
the Bernoullis equation,

P1 v 2
P v2
+ +Z 1= 2 + +Z 2
2g
2g
The pressure difference can be obtained between these two
velocities with the result of -496.671 kPa. However, when the diameter is
0.020 m with velocity 1.0 ms-1 and the outlet of 0.035 m, the velocity
outlet is 0.3265 ms-1. As the Bernoullis equation was again used with all
the value, the pressure difference will be -446.6989 kPa.
For this
situation, we compared the result where the inlet was different while the
inlet velocity and the outlet diameter being constant. Thus, based on the
result, a relationship can assumed that as the diameter increase in the
inlet , the pressure difference will be decreases.

However different concept of study was needed when to investigate

the pressure drop for different type of material. Contradicted to the
calculation before, when we consider different pipe of of material, other
factors must be constant in order for the result at the end to be more
satisfy. Thus in this investigation we considered the total head loss, h, in
order to get the pressure drop value. The reason why we need to consider
head loss was because different type of material have different coefficient
friction, f, which is the fundamental in formula calculating the head loss.
Due to that, head loss was crucial in indicating the pressure drop pattern
between copper and galvanized iron. In order to study the pressure
differences for both material ,formula of

The result for the pressure differences for copper will be 2741.61
kPa while for galvanized iron will be 3517.58 kPa. Significantly form the
result we can see that different type of material will have different
pressure drop.
We had chosen copper and galvanised pipe as our material. The
diameter of both pipeline was constant of 0.016 m . Friction coefficient,f
,for both pipe were needed to be calculated first before calculating the
pressure drop of both pipeline. Based on the calculation above, the copper
pipe had the f = 0.0121 and produced the result for total head loss ,
h=0.3301 m , while galvanized pipe have the f = 0.015 and thus the h=
0.4092. Throughout the result we can see that different type of material
will have different value of friction coefficient which led to different
calculation of pressure drop pattern.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, this experiment is conducted to measure the head
loss and friction loss in circular pipe. For the material of the pipe, when we
use material that has small value of relative roughness, the friction factor
will be lower and he head loss will be smaller than the material that have
larger value of relative roughness. So, it is better to used materials that
have small value of relative roughness such as plastic or stainless steel to
make the flow of the fluid become smooth. For the diameter of the pipe,
when we used large diameter of the pipe, the total head loss will be
bigger than the pipe that have small diameter so its better to use small
diameter of the pipe to avoid the large head loss in the pipe.
Recent study shown that no less than one third of a car's fuel
consumption is spent in overcoming friction, and this friction loss has a
direct impact on both fuel consumption and emissions. Therefore in order
to overcome the problem, new technologies such as new surface coatings,
surface textures, lubricant additives, low-viscosity lubricants, ionic liquids
and low-friction tyres inflated to pressures higher than normal are being
suggested (VTT Techical Researcg Centre of Finland, 2012).
Mainly the article showed how the friction loss happen in daily life
and how the problem being overcome. Comparing the friction loss that we
studied in this report was just only based on observation in the laboratory.
Few or less, there might be differences but however both situation can be
overcome if a serious precaution being taken.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In this report, we are not conducting experiment, therefore the
recommendations are on the the calculation itself. In this report, we are
recommend that

Use appropriate formula to find the outlet velocity, head loss and
pressure drop

In a calculation, there are must have fixed variable, as long as

manipulated and responding variable.

In presenting a calculation, there are must have only one fixed and
manipulated variable

Ensure that the wire of the pressure reading is connected to the

pipe that we are going to measure

Ensure that machine is in its best condition to conduct experiment

REFERENCES
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (2012, January 12). One-third of
car fuel consumption is due to friction loss. ScienceDaily. Retrieved
October
19,
2013,
from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112095853.htm

Fluid
flow
through
Real
pipes.
(2001).
from http://www.library.ucsb.edu/internal/libwaves/apr04/sea

Retrieved

M. Venkatesan, S. K. (2010). Effect of diameter on two-phase pressure

drop in narrow tube. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science .

P.L. Spedding, E. B. (2000). Fluid flow through a vertical to horizontal

elbow bend III three phase flow. United Kingdom.

Yunus A. Cengel, J. M. (2006). Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and

Application. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Tech-ED. (n.d.). Retrieved from Fluid Mechanics & Machinery:
http://www.tech-edequipment.com/fluid-mechanics-machinerys.html
Gunt Hamburg. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gunt.de/static/s1_1.php

APPENDICES

Figure 1 Close Gate Valve

Figure 2 Fully Open Globe Valve

Figure 3 Thread 90 Angle

Figure 4 Moody Chart