Ocean Outfall Design

Appendix C
OCEAN OUTFALL DESIGN & PLUME MODELING
OCEANOUTFALLDESIGN&PLUMEMODELING
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
OceanOutfallDesign.
DesignofOceanOutfallDiffuser
DesignCriteria
1
MaximumPortdiameter
75mm
2
Diffuserportexitvelocity
4.0m/s
Pipe
3
material
HighDensityPolyethylene
Initial
4
Dilution
1:100
Bacterial
5
Reduction
<1000MPN/100ml(recreationaluse)
InitialDilution
TheInitialDilutioncanbecalculatedbYusingthefollowingequation:
IterationNo.1
S=ubz/Q
Where
S
InitialDilution
u
OceanCurrentSpeed
0.7
m/sec
b
EffectiveDiffuserLength
0.4
m
z
EffectiveMixingDepth
15
m
Q
WastewaterDischargeRate
DiffuserPortDimensions
DischargePipeDiameter
200
mm
Pumpingvelocity
1.6
m/s
Discharge
0.05024
m3/s
Assumethatopeningindischargepipeis40%ofthepipearea
Effectiveareaofdischargeport
(3.14*0.25*0.2*0.2*0.4)
0.01256
m2
HenceDiffuserExitVelocity
(0.05/0.0125)
4
m/s
InitialDilution
ForSeaOutfallSeaCurrentVelocity
0.7
m/s
ThereforeInitialDilution(S)=ubz/Q
(0.7*0.40*10/0.05)
83.59872611
Say
84
Result.
SincetheInitialDilutionislessthan100,changetheEffectiveDiffuserLengthto0.5m
ALHABSHICONSULTANTSOFFICE,KUWAIT.
Page1
APPENDIXC
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IterationNo.2
S=ubz/Q
Where
S
InitialDilution
u
OceanCurrentSpeed
0.7
m/sec
b
EffectiveDiffuserLength
0.5
m
z
EffectiveMixingDepth
15
m
Q
WastewaterDischargeRate
DiffuserPortDimensions
DischargePipeDiameter
200
mm
Pumpingvelocity
1.6
m/s
Discharge
0.05024
m3/s
Assumethatopeningindischargepipeis40%ofthepipearea
Effectiveareaofdischargeport
(3.14*0.25*0.2*0.2*0.4)
0.01256
m2
HenceDiffuserExitVelocity
(0.05/0.0125)
4
m/s
InitialDilution
ForSeaOutfallSeaCurrentVelocity
0.7
m/s
ThereforeInitialDilution(S)=ubz/Q
(0.7*0.50*10/0.05)
104.4984076
Say
105
Result.
SincetheInitialDilutionismorethan100,fixtheEffectiveDiffuserLengthto0.5m
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APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
DispersionandDilutionModeling
To evaluate dilution and plume behavior Dilution Models for Effluent Discharges, references
taken from VISUAL PLUME software 4 th Edition and Hydrodynamic Mixing Zone Model
CORMIXsoftware.
Visual Plumes (VP), is a Windowsbased computer application that supersedes the DOS
PLUMES (Baumgartner, Frick, and Roberts, 1994) mixing zone modeling system. VP simulates
single and merging submerged plumes in arbitrarily stratified ambient flow and buoyant
surfacedischarges.Amongitsnewfeaturesaregraphics,timeseriesinputfiles,userspecified
units, a conservative tidal backgroundpollutant buildup capability, a sensitivity analysis
capability, and a multistressor pathogen decay model that predicts coliform mortality based
ontemperature,salinity,solarinsulation,andwatercolumnlightabsorption.
After discharge, low density wastewater should mix with high density sea water at bottom.
The plume will rise under prevailing current until the density of the mixture is equal to that
ofseawaterbelowthesurface,
Case1.
Current measurements were undertaken using a drogue system and a GPS, leading to
currents in the order of 0.5to 0.7m/s in a coast parallel direction (southeast to northwest
alongthereefmargin).
Following parameter inputs are considered to evaluate design of outfall for the
followingaspects:
DiffuserDesign
TorunVisualPlumemodelfollowingvaluesarcneededtoenterintoDiffusersheet:
Portdiameter:
0.09m
Portelevation:
0.5m
Verticalangle;
90deg
Horizontalangle:
0deg
Numberofports:
1
Acutemixzone:
1m(adopted)*
Chronicmix.zone:
15m
Portdepth:15m
Effluentflow:
0,05024cum/s
Effluentsalinity:
2psu(Calculated)**
Effluenttemperature: 20C(adopted)*
Effluentconcentration: l00ppm(adopted)*
* Area specific data are not generated hence, adopted as per the
experience.
**"Salinity(mmh/cm)TDSofwastewater(2,000*)/640
Page3
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Figure1:Presentationofbasecase.
AmbientInputs.
Measurementdepthorheight
Currentspeed
Currentdirection
Ambientsalinity
Ambienttemperature
Backgroundconcentration
PollutantDecayrate
Farfielddiffusioncoefficient
15m
0.5m/sec
45degree*
30psu(Calculated)**
200C
0ppm(Adopted)***
0.05d1(Adopted)***
0.003m0.67/s2(Adopted)***
*Angle can be in degree measured counterclockwise from east (The x direction) or in Ndegree
measuredclockwisefromnorth.
**Salinity(mmho/cm)=TDSofseawater(30,000mg/l)/640
***Areaspecificdataarenotgeneratedhence,adoptedaspertheexperience.
Page4
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Figure2AmbientInputs.
SpecialSettings
Torunthemodeleffectivelysettingshavetobedoneinthesettingsheet:
Figure3:Specialsettingsinformation
Page5
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
TextOutput:
UM3isthetargetmodel;hencethesquareblueiconwiththeyellowplumeonthediffuseror
ambient tabs might be used to run that model. Alternatively, the hot key, <Ctrl U>, could be
used to run UM3. Result shows dilution at various depths. It shows at depth of 4.074plume
dilutionachievedis1386.2.
Figure4TextOutput.
Page6
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Page7
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
GraphNo.IPlumeElevation
It shows plume elevation. After discharging treated wastewater at 0.5 m elevation from the
seabedandat15mdepthfromthesurfaceoftheseatravellingpathoftheplumehasbeen
shownin Graph no,1.Itdepicts thatafter discharging effluent,pollutantstravel ahorizontal
distanceapproximatelyupto90mandverticaldistanceby14m
GraphNo,2AmbientProperties
Page8
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
The solid line in the Ambient Properties panel plots the stratification in sigma T units (for
example, 24 sigma T is equivalent to 1024kgnr). It can be seen how the plume element
changesitsbuoyancy(comparepointdensitytoambientdensityatthesamedepth)asitrises
throughthetrappinglevel,thepointatwhichtheaverageplumedensityandambientdensity
are equivalent. As the plume element possesses upward momentum at this point it passes
through this level and becomes negatively buoyant. The negative buoyancy above the
trapping level decelerates the plume element, reducing the vertical velocity of the element
until the vertical velocity reverses and the plume falls back towards the trapping level. The
simulation passes through maximum rise and is continued to the next trapping level.
Subsequent trapping levels vary slightly because entertainment continues to change the
averagedensityoftheelement.
Under ideal conditions a plume will oscillate about a varying trapping level at the socalled
BruntVaisalafrequencyasawaveform.
GraphNo.3PlanView
IfcurrentdirectionisinSouthWestdirectionthen,aftereffluentdischargefromtheoutfall,
plumedispersionplanviewhasbeenshowninthegraphno.3
GraphNo.4PlumeDilutionPrediction
Theeffectivedilutioninthismodelmeasuresnotonlythedilutionofthecarrierfluidbutthe
dilutionofthepollutantalso(Baumgartner,Frick,andRoberts,1994).Theeffectivedilutionis
the ratio of the effluent concentration to the concentration of the plume at the point of
concern, like the mixing zone boundary. The effective dilution implies a rigorous, total mass
balance of the pollutant, providing that the background pollution concentration in the
receivingwaterisaccuratelydescribed.
Case2
AssumedCurrentspeedmaximumof0.7m/sandcurrentdirectionisassumedinawestnorth
direction.
Following parameter inputs are considered to evaluate design of outfall for the
followingaspects:
DiffuserDesign
TorunVisualPlumemodelfollowingvaluesarcneededtoenterintoDiffusersheet:
Portdiameter:
Portelevation:
Verticalangle;
Horizontalangle:
Numberofports:
Acutemixzone:
Chronicmix.zone:
0.09m
0.5m
90deg
0deg
1
1m(adopted)*
15m
Page9
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Portdepth:15m
Effluentflow:
0,05024cum/s
Effluentsalinity:
2psu(Calculated)**
Effluenttemperature: 20C(adopted)*
Effluentconcentration: l00ppm(adopted)*
* Area specific data are not generated hence, adopted as per the
experience.
**"Salinity(mmh/cm)TDSofwastewater(2,000*)/640
Figure1:Presentationofbasecase.
AmbientInputs.
Page10
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Measurementdepthorheight
Currentspeed
Currentdirection
Ambientsalinity
Ambienttemperature
Backgroundconcentration
PollutantDecayrate
Farfielddiffusioncoefficient
15m
0.5m/sec
225degree*
30psu(Calculated)**
200C
0ppm(Adopted)***
0.05d1(Adopted)***
0.003m0.67/s2(Adopted)***
*Angle can be in degree measured counterclockwise from east (The x direction) or in Ndegree
measuredclockwisefromnorth.
**Salinity(mmho/cm)=TDSofseawater(30,000mg/l)/640
***Areaspecificdataarenotgeneratedhence,adoptedaspertheexperience.
Figure2AmbientInputs.
SpecialSettings
Page11
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Torunthemodeleffectivelysettingshavetobedoneinthesettingsheet:
Figure3:Specialsettingsinformation
TextOutput:
UM3isthetargetmodel;hencethesquareblueiconwiththeyellowplumeonthediffuseror
ambient tabs might be used to run that model. Alternatively, the hot key, <Ctrl U>, could be
used to run UM3. Result shows dilution at various depths. It shows at depth of 4.146plume
dilutionachievedis2001.5.
Figure4TextOutput.
Page12
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
Page13
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
GraphNo.IPlumeElevation
It shows plume elevation. After discharging treated wastewater at 0.5 m elevation from the
seabedandat15mdepthfromthesurfaceoftheseatravellingpathoftheplumehasbeen
shownin Graph no,1.Itdepicts thatafter discharging effluent,pollutantstravel ahorizontal
distanceapproximatelyupto100mandverticaldistanceby14m
GraphNo,2AmbientProperties
The solid line in the Ambient Properties panel plots the stratification in sigma T units (for
example, 24 sigma T is equivalent to 1024kgnr). It can be seen how the plume element
changesitsbuoyancy(comparepointdensitytoambientdensityatthesamedepth)asitrises
throughthetrappinglevel,thepointatwhichtheaverageplumedensityandambientdensity
are equivalent. As the plume element possesses upward momentum at this point it passes
through this level and becomes negatively buoyant. The negative buoyancy above the
Page14
APPENDIXC
_____________________________________________________________________________
trapping level decelerates the plume element, reducing the vertical velocity of the element
until the vertical velocity reverses and the plume falls back towards the trapping level. The
simulation passes through maximum rise and is continued to the next trapping level.
Subsequent trapping levels vary slightly because entertainment continues to change the
averagedensityoftheelement.
Under ideal conditions a plume will oscillate about a varying trapping level at the socalled
BruntVaisalafrequencyasawaveform.
GraphNo.3PlanView
IfcurrentdirectionisinSouthWestdirectionthen,aftereffluentdischargefromtheoutfall,
plumedispersionplanviewhasbeenshowninthegraphno.3
GraphNo.4PlumeDilutionPrediction
Theeffectivedilutioninthismodelmeasuresnotonlythedilutionofthecarrierfluidbutthe
dilutionofthepollutantalso(Baumgartner,Frick,andRoberts,1994).Theeffectivedilutionis
the ratio of the effluent concentration to the concentration of the plume at the point of
concern, like the mixing zone boundary. The effective dilution implies a rigorous, total mass
balance of the pollutant, providing that the background pollution concentration in the
receivingwaterisaccuratelydescribed.
Page15

Ocean Outfall Design

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Appendix C

OCEAN OUTFALL DESIGN & PLUME MODELING

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