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e + A e + A+ + e
Photo ionization : called radiation
The process of radiation can be absorbed by atom or molecules.
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1,27/Ei 10-6 cm
Ei a is in electrion volts (eV): the higher the ionization energy, the shorter will be
the wavelength of the radiation capable of causing ionization
If a wavelength of radiation 1250 Amstrong is capable of causing photoionization of almost all gases.
Secondary ionization process
By wich secondary electrons are produced are the one hich sustain a discharge
after it is established due to ionization by collision and poto-ionization. They are
briefly described below:
a. Electron emission due to + ion impact. Positive ions are formed due to
ionzation by collisions or photo ionization and being positively charged, they
travel towards the cathode
b. Electron emission due to photos. To cause an electron to escape from a metal
Electron emission from a metal surface at critical condition:
hf tho, tho is the work function of the metallic electrode, f frequency.
f = tho/h, known as the threshold frequency
electron attachment process : the type of collisions in which electrons may
become attached to atoms or molecules to from negative ions. Depends on the
energy of the electron and the nature of the gas.
Atom + e + k negative atomic ion + (Ea + K)
Causing of townsends theory fail:
1. Current growth occurs as aresult of ionization process only. In practice,
breakdown voltage depend on pressure and geometry of gap
2. The mechanism predicts time lags of the order 10 -5 second. In practice,
breakdown was observed to occur at very short time of the order 10 -8 second.
Townsend theory fail to explain all these observed phenomena.
Pita theory predict the development of a spark discharge directly from a single
avalanche in which the space charge developed by the avalanche itself is said to
transform the avalance into a plasma streamer.
Example
In an experiment in a certain gas it was found that the steady state current is 5,5
x 10-8 A at 8 kV at distance 0,4 cm between the plan electrodes. Keeping the field
constat and reducing the distance to 0,1 cm results in a current of 5,5 x 10 -9 A.
Calculate townsend theory?
The properties of gaseous dielectric for high voltage app:
1. High dielectrich strength
2. Thermal stablitity and chemical innactivity towards materials of
construction
3. Non-flammability and physiological intertness
4. Low tempeature of condensation
Homework
1. Explain properties of the gas when in the gas media is applied low and
high voltage
2. Why does townsends theory fail to explain about as phenomena
3. What are advantages of the streamer theory in the gas insulation
Breakdown test use electrodes spheres of 0,5 to 1,0 cm in diameter with gap
spacing about 100-200 micro-metre. The test voltages required for the teset are
usually low, of the order of 50-100 kV. DC conductivities will be different from the
permittivity of the liquid.
TOPIC : THEORY ABOUT DIELECTRIC LIQUID
Explain the breakdown in the liquid, proposed any theory
Suspended partical theory :
In commercial liquids, the preserence of solid impurities cant be avoided, like
fibres or dispersed solid partikel. Permivities of there particles will be different
from the permittivity of the liquid
Radius (r), fields (E), and force (F)
Calvitation and bubble theory :
The breakdown field is given as
Thermal mechanism theory :
Explain breakdown under pulse conditions is thermal breakdown. This
mechanism based on extremely large current jut before breakdown
The high current believed projections on cahode surface with densities of order
of 1 A/cm3. These high density current pulse give rise to localised heating of the
oil which may lead to the formation of vapour bubble.
Stressed oil volume theory :
The impurity of liquid will determine breakdown strength. The breakdown voltage
is highly influenced by the gas content in the oil, the viscosity of the oil, and
presence of other impurities. The stressed oil volume is taken as the volume
which is contained between the maxium stress (Emax) contour and 0,9 Emax
contour. By this theory the breakdown strength is inversely proportional to the
stressed oil volume. Increase in the stressed oil volume consequently result in a
reduction in the breakdown voltage.
Questions :
1. Explain the phenomena of electical conduction in liquid. How does it differ
from that gas?
2. What are commercial liquid dielectrics? How are they different from pure
liquid dielectrics?
3. What are the factos that influence conduction in pure liquid dielectric and
Minggu ke 13
Breakdown in solid dielectrics
Intro :
Solid dielectric materials are used in all kinds of electric circuits ad divices to
insulate one current carrying part from another when they operate at diferent
voltage. Solid dielectrics have higher breakdown strength compared to liquids
and gases. Breakdown in solid dielectrics are of extreme importance in
insullation studies.
Classification of breakdown mechanism:
1)
2)
3)
4)