Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Seminar Report 2009 Organic Light Emitting Diodes
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Introduction
A
n organic light emitting diode (OLED), also light emitting polymer (LEP)
and organic electro luminescence (OEL), is a light-emitting diode (LED)
whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic
compounds. The layer usually contains a polymer substance that allows suitable organic
compounds to be deposited. They are deposited in rows and columns onto a flat carrier
by a simple "printing" process. The resulting matrix of pixels can emit light of different
colors.
Such systems can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable
system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, advertising, information and indication.
OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area
light-emitting elements. OLEDs typically emit less light per area than inorganic solid-
state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources.
A significant advantage of OLED displays over traditional liquid crystal displays
(LCDs) is that OLEDs do not require a backlight to function. Thus, they can display
deep black levels, draw far less power, and can be much thinner and lighter than an
LCD panel. OLED displays also naturally achieve much higher contrast ratio than LCD
monitors.
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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
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H istory
A.Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université, first produced

electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1950s by applying high-voltage
alternating current (AC) fields in air to acridine orange and quinacridine either
deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films. They proposed a
mechanism of either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons. In
1960, Martin Pope and his group made the seminal discovery of ohmic, dark injecting
electrode contacts to organic crystals, and described the necessary energetic
requirements (work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. Dark
injecting hole and electron injecting electrode contacts are the basis of all current OLED
devices, molecular and polymeric, as will be pointed out in the description of the
requirements for the construction of successful OLEDs.
In 1963, Martin Pope and his group made the first observation of direct current (DC)
electroluminescence, under vacuum, on a pure, single crystal of anthracene, and also on
anthracene crystal doped with tetracene. The injecting electrode was a small area silver
electrode, at 400 V DC, and the proposed mechanism was field accelerated electron
excitation of molecular fluorescence.
In 1965, Martin Pope and his group refined their experiment and showed that in the
absence of an external electric field, the electroluminescence in anthracene single
crystal was caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and hole. This paper
proved conclusively that the conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the
exciton energy level.
Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W.G. Schneider produced double injection
recombination electroluminescence for the first time, in an anthracene single crystal
using hole and electron injecting electrodes whose work functions satisfied the
requirements specified by Pope's group. Electroluminescent materials can be insulators
or doped insulators. The Helfrich and Schneider paper is the forerunner of all double
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injection induced OLED devices.

In 1965, researchers at Dow Chemical developed high voltage (500-1500 V) AC-driven

(100-3000 Hz), electrically insulated thin (1 mil) layers of a melted phosphor consisting
of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder. Their proposed
mechanism was electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and
the anthracene molecules.
Conductivity of such materials limited light output until more conductive organic
materials became available, especially the polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline
"Blacks". In a 1963 series of papers, Weiss et al. first reported high conductivity in
iodine-doped oxidized polypyrrole. They achieved a conductivity of 1 S/cm.
Unfortunately, this discovery was "lost", as was a 1974 report of a melanin-based
bistable switch with a high conductivity "ON" state. This material emitted a flash of
light when it switched.
In a subsequent 1977 paper, Hideki Shirakawa et al. reported high conductivity in
similarly oxidized and iodine-doped polyacetylene. Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid
& Hideki Shirakawa received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "The discovery
and development of conductive organic polymers". The Nobel citation made no
reference to the earlier discoveries.
The first attempt to create a polymer LED was by Roger Partridge at the UK's
National Physical Laboratory. The project succeeded, being patented in 1975 though
publication was delayed until 1983.
The first diode device was invented at Eastman Kodak by Dr. Ching W Tang and
Steven Van Slyke in the 1980s. This diode, giving rise to the term "OLED" used a
novel two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting
layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic
layer. This resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency,
and started the current era of OLED research and device production.
Later, this concept was adapted for use with polymers culminated in the Burroughes
et al. 1990 paper in the journal Nature reporting a very-high-efficiency green-light-
emitting polymer.
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CHAPTER 3
OLED COMPONENTS
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OLED Components
L ike an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500

nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.
OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter
design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer.
In this article, we'll be focusing on the two-layer design.
An OLED consists of the following parts:
• Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.
• Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a
current flows through the device.
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• Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport
"holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from
the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is
made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
• Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The
cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.
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CHAPTER 4
WORKING PRINCIPLE
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Working principle
A Typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a

substrate, and anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic
molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from
insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors.
The first, most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for example the first
light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs et al. involved a single layer of
poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to
improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to
aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or
block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.
Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of

radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)
A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to
the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow through the device from cathode
to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electron to the emissive layer and the anode
withdraws electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode gives electron
holes to the conductive layer.
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Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer
becomes rich in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the
holes towards each other and they recombine.
This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are
more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of
electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible
region. That is why this layer is called emissive.
The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to
the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so
they are moving away from each other and do not recombine.
Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible
light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer
layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they
have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.
Just like passive-matrix LCD versus active-matrix LCD, OLEDs can be categorized
into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED)
require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can
make higher resolution and larger size displays possible.
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The process is as follows:
1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a
voltage across the OLED.
2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic
layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons).
• The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules.
• The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules.
(This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons
find electron holes.
• When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into
an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
• When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of
light (see How Light Works).
4. The OLED emits light.
5. The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive
layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make
color displays.
6. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical
current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.
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CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF OLED
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Types of OLEDs:
T
here are several types of OLEDs:
1. Passive-matrix OLED
2. Active-matrix OLED
3. Transparent OLED
4. Top-emitting OLED
5. Foldable OLED
6. White OLED
Passive-matrix OLED(PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips
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are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and
anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to

selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which
pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of
applied current.
PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED,
mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient
for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as
those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry,
passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently power
these devices.
Active-matrix OLED(AMOLED)
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode
layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array
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itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less
power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also
have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer
monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.
Transparent OLED
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode)
and,
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When turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a

transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A
transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can
be used for heads-up displays.
Transparent organic light-emitting device (TOLED) uses a proprietary transparent
contact to create displays that can be made to be top-only emitting, bottom-only
emitting, or both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve
contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight. This technology is
used in Head-up displays.
Top-emitting OLED
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Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best

suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in

smart cards.
Foldable OLED
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Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics.
Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell
phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially,
foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create "smart" clothing, such as
outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver
and OLED display sewn into it.
White OLED
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White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient
than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities
of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace
fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could
potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.
In the next section, we'll discuss the pros and cons of OLED technology and how it
compares to regular LED and LCD technology.
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CHAPTER 6
MANUFACTURING
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Making OLEDs
The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is

applying the organic layers to the substrate. This
can be done in three ways: Photo courtesy Philips
Laboratory set up of a high-
 Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal
precision inkjet printer for
evaporation (VTE) - In a vacuum chamber, the
making polymer OLED
organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated)
displays
and allowed to condense as thin films onto
cooled substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient.
 Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) - In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor
chamber, a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates,
where they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and
reduces the cost of making OLEDs.
 Inkjet printing - With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just
like inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the
cost of OLED manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films for
large displays like 80-inch TV screens or electronic billboards.
Inkjet Printing
Although inkjet printing is well established in printing graphic images, only now
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are applications emerging in printing electronics materials. Approximately a dozen

companies have demonstrated the use of inkjet printing for PLED displays and this
technique is now at the forefront of developments in digital electronic materials
deposition. However, turning inkjet printing into a manufacturing process for PLED
displays has required significant developments of the inkjet print head, the inks and
the substrates (see Fig.7.1).Creating a full colour, inkjet printed display requires the
precise metering of volumes in the order of pico liters. Red, green and blue polymer
solutions are jetted into well defined areas with an angle of flight deviation of less
than 5º. To ensure the displays have uniform emission, the film thickness has to be
very uniform.
Fig. 7.1 Schematic of the ink jet printing for PLED materials
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For some materials and display applications the film thickness uniformity may
have to be better than ±2 per cent. A conventional inkjet head may have volume
variations of up to ±20 per cent from the hundred or so nozzles that comprise the
head and, in the worst case, a nozzle may be blocked. For graphic art this variation
can be averaged out by multi-passing with the quality to the print dependent on the
number of passes. Although multi-passing could be used for PLEDs the process
would be unacceptably slow. Recently, Spectra, the world’s largest supplier of
industrial inkjet heads, has started to manufacture heads where the drive conditions
for each nozzle can be adjusted individually – so called drive-per-nozzle (DPN).
Litrex in the USA, a subsidiary of CDT, has developed software to allow DPN to be
used in its printers. Volume variations across the head of ±2 per cent can be
achieved using DPN. In addition to very good volume control, the head has been
designed to give drops of ink with a very small angle-of-flight variation. A 200 dots
per inch (dpi) display has colour pixels only 40 microns wide; the latest print heads
have a deviation of less than ±5 microns when placed 0.5 mm from the substrate. In
addition to the precision of the print head, the formulation of the ink is key to
making effective and attractive display devices. The formulation of a dry polymer
material into an ink suitable for PLED displays requires that the inkjets reliably at
high frequency and that on reaching the surface of the substrate forms a wet film in
the correct location and dries to a uniformly flat film. The film then has to perform
as a useful electro-optical material. Recent progress in ink formulation and printer
technology has allowed 400 mm panels to be colour printed in under a minute.
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Acronyms for OLEDs
o OLED = Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display

o AM OLED = Active Matrix OLED device
o FOLED = Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
o NOID = Neon Organic Iodine Diode (CDT)
o PhOLED = Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
o PLED = Polymer Light Emitting Diode (CDT)
o PM OLED = Passive Matrix OLED device
o POLED = Patternable organic light-emitting device
o RCOLED = Resonant Colour Organic Light Emitting Diode
o SmOLED = Small Molecule Organic Light Emitting Diode (Kodak)
o SOLED = Stacked Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
o TOLED = Transparent Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
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7.1 Advantages
 High resolution.
 Do not require backlight.
 Thinner, lighter and flexible.
 Low voltage, low power and Consume significantly less energy.
 Require only 3.3 volts and have lifetime of more than 30,000 hours.
 Low power consumption.
 Self luminous.
 No viewing angle dependence.ie Larger viewing angles -170o
 Display fast moving images with optimum clarity.
 Cost much less to manufacture and to run than CRTs because the active
material is plastic.
 Can be scaled to any dimension.
 Fast switching speeds that are typical of LEDs.
 No environmental draw backs.(Mercury Free)
 No power in take when switched off.
 All colours of the visible spectrum are possible by appropriate choose of
polymers.
 Simple to use technology than conventional solid state LEDs and lasers.
 Plastic substrates rather then glass.
 Brighter- good daylight visibility.
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7.2 Disadvantages
× Susceptible to water.
× Potential not yet realized. Cost to manufacture is high.
× Overall luminance degradation.
× Constraints with lifespan.
× Limited market availability.
× Overcome multi-billion dollar LCD market.
7.3 Comparison Between OLED AND LCD

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The LCD is currently the display of choice in small devices and is also popular in
large-screen TVs. Regular LEDs often form the digits on digital clocks and other
electronic devices. OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:
• The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the
crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
• Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED
can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the glass
used for LEDs and LCDs.
• OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much
thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and
emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass
for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
• OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs (see How LCDs Work). LCDs work by
selectively blocking areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while
OLEDs generate light themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they
consume much less power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the
backlighting). This is especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell
phones.
• OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are
essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to
grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
• OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by
blocking light, they have an inherent viewing obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs
produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
7.4 Comparison Table

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OLED
Parameter LED OLED
Advantage
Average
3000 nits 3800 nits 25% Brighter
Brightness
0.8 mm(1st Gen)
Thickness 2 - 3 mm Thinner handset
0.2 mm(2nd Gen)
High color quality
Color Poor in red and
Rich in red and green picture on cell phone
Spectrum green
screen
Voltage 10.8 V 3 in series 3-7V Lower Voltage
Brightness
Uniformit 65 - 75% > 90% Better quality picture
y
Backlight Rigid glass or flexible Versatility in
Rigid plastic
Unit plastic application
Thermal Usable in harsh
Problems above 60 C Stable up to 100 C
Stability environments
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CHAPTER 8
` APPLICATIONS &
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
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A
pplications
 TVs.
 Lights
 Cell Phone screens.
 Computer Screens.
 Keyboards (Optimus Maximus).
 Portable Device displays.
 Cameras
 PDA’S
 Laptops
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FEW MORE DEVELOPMENTS
• Because the plastics can be made in the form of thin films or sheets, they offer a huge
range of applications. These include television or computer screens that can be rolled up
and tossed in a briefcase, and cheap videophones.
• Clothes made of the polymer and powered by a small battery pack could provide their
own cinema show.
• Camouflage, generating an image of its surroundings picked up by a camera would allow

its wearer to blend perfectly into the background
• A fully integrated analytical chip that contains an integrated light source and detector
could provide powerful point-of-care technology. This would greatly extend the tools
available to a doctor and would allow on-the-spot quantitative analysis, eliminating the
need for patients to make repeat visits. This would bring forward the start of treatment,
lower treatment costs and free up clinician time.
The future is bright for products incorporating PLED displays. Ultra-light, ultra-
thin displays, with low power consumption and excellent readability allow product
designers a much freer rein. The environmentally conscious will warm to the
absence of toxic substances and lower overall material requirements of PLEDs, and
it would not be an exaggeration to say that all current display applications could
benefit from the introduction of PLED technology. CDT sees PLED technology as
being first applied to mobile communications, small and low information content
instrumentation, and appliance displays. With the emergence of 3G
telecommunications, high quality displays will be critical for handheld devices.
PLEDs are ideal for the small display market as they offer vibrant, full-colour
displays in a compact, lightweight and flexible form.
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Within the next few years, PLEDs are expected to make significant inroads into
markets currently dominated by the cathode ray tube and LCD display technologies,
such as televisions and computer monitors. PLEDs are anticipated as the technology
of choice for new products including virtual reality headsets; a wide range of thin,
technologies, such as televisions and computer monitors. PLEDs are anticipated as
the technology of choice for new products including virtual reality headsets; a wide
range of thin, lightweight, full colour portable computing; communications and
information management products; and conformable or flexible displays.
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CONCLUSION
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Conclusion
O rganic materials are poised as never before to Trans form the world of
display technology. Major electronic firms such as Philips and pioneer and
smaller companies such as Cambridge Display Technology are betting that the
future holds tremendous opportunity for low cost and surprisingly high performance
offered by organic electronic and opto electronic devices. Using organic light
emitting diodes, organic full colour displays may eventually replace LCDs in laptop
and even desktop computers. Such displays can be deposited on flexible plastic
coils, eliminating fragile and heavy glass substrate used in LCDs and can emit light
without the directionality inherent in LCD viewing with efficiencies higher than that
can be obtained with incandescent light bulbs.
Organic electronics are already entering commercial world. Multicolor automobile
stereo displays are now available from Pioneer Corp., of Tokyo And Royal Philips
Electronics, Amserdam is gearing up to produce PLED backlights to be used in
LCDs and organic ICs.
The first products using organic displays are already in the market. And while it is
always difficult to predict when and what future products will be introduced, many
manufactures are working to introduce cell phoned and personal digital assistants
with organic displays within the next few years. The ultimate goal of using high
efficiency, phosphorescent
flexible organic displays in laptop computers and even for home video applications
may be no more than a few years in to the future. The portable and light weight
organic displays will soon cover our walls replacing the bulky and power hungry
cathode ray tubes.
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REFERENCE
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.oled-research.com
 www.voidspace.org.uk
 www.technologyreview.com
 www.oled.org
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Seminar Report 2009 Organic Light Emitting Diodes

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

A.Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université, first produced

injection induced OLED devices.

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

In 1965, researchers at Dow Chemical developed high voltage (500-1500 V) AC-driven

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

L ike an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500

An OLED consists of the following parts:

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

• Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

A Typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a

Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

The process is as follows:

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

When turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is

are applications emerging in printing electronics materials. Approximately a dozen

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Acronyms for OLEDs

o OLED = Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

7.3 Comparison Between OLED AND LCD

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

7.4 Comparison Table

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

 Cell Phone screens.

 Keyboards (Optimus Maximus).

 Portable Device displays.

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

FEW MORE DEVELOPMENTS

• Camouflage, generating an image of its surroundings picked up by a camera would allow

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MET’S School of Engineering Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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