22/04/2015

CrackedsectionanalysisSAFECSI

GeneralTopicsSAP2000 CSiBridge ETABSSAFEPERFORM3D CSiCOL

TutorialsTestProblemsDocumentation Licensing

SAFE / Home / Cracking

Crackedsectionanalysis
AddedbyOndrejKalny,lasteditedbyMohamadAliAhmadonFeb19,2015

HowarecrackedsectionsanalyzedinSAFE?
Answer:Twotypesofcrackedsectionanalysisareavailable,including:
Immediatecrackeddeflection
Longtermcrackeddeflectionaccountingforcreepandshrinkage

CrackedsectionanalysisisruninSAFEusingeitherofthefollowingtwomethods:
1. Allloadpatternsareappliedinasingleloadcasewhichuseseitherimmediateorlongtermcrackeddeflection,
discussedasfollows:
Immediatecrackeddeflection,inwhichallloads(DEAD+SDEAD+LIVE)areappliedinasingleloadpattern,then
analysisisrunwiththeCrackAnalysisoption.
Longtermcrackeddeflection,inwhichanalysisisdividedintothefollowingtwocategories:
Nonsustainedportion,inwhichcrackedsectionanalysisconsidersonlythenonsustainedportionofLIVEload,
solvingforincrementaldeflection.
Sustainedportion,inwhichlongtermcrackedanalysisconsidersthesustainedloadingfromDEAD,SDEAD,
andaportionoftheLIVEload.Creepandshrinkageareincludedonlyinthissustainedportionofanalysis
becausetheseeffectsareonlyapplicableundersustainedloading.

NOTE:Shorttermconcretemodulus=ElasticconcretemodulusEc(to)

NOTE:Longtermconcretemodulus=AgeadjustedconcretemodulusEc(t,to),givenas:

Forexample,assumethat25%oftheLIVEloadissustained.Analysisproceedsasfollows:
Case1:CrackedanalysisforshorttermloadwithshorttermconcretemodulusisgivenasDEAD+SDEAD
+sLIVE,inwhichs=1.0
Case2:CrackedanalysisforpermanentloadwithshorttermconcretemodulusisgivenasDEAD+SDEAD
+LLIVE,inwhichL=0.25(L=0if100%oftheLIVEloadisnonsustained)
Case3:Longtermcrackedanalysis(withcreepandshrinkage)forpermanentloadwithlongtermconcrete
modulusisgivenasDEAD+SDEAD+LLIVE,inwhichL=0.25
ThevalueoftotallongtermdeflectionisthenthecombinationofCase3+(Case1Case2).The
differencebetweenCase1andCase2representstheincrementaldeflection(withoutcreepandshrinkage)
duetononsustainedloadingonacrackedstructure.
Theprocedureindicatedaboveresultsontotallongtermdeflectionovertime.Mostengineerssimplycheck
https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/safe/Crackedsection+analysis

1/3

22/04/2015

CrackedsectionanalysisSAFECSI

thisvaluesagainstACI318Table9.5(b),sincethiswillalwaysresultinsafeandconservativedesign.In
ordertoremoveportionofdeadloaddeflectionoccurringbeforeattachmentofnonstructuralelements,the
followingprocedurecanalsobeused:
Case4=CrackedanalysisforpermanentloadwithshorttermconcretemodulusisgivenasDEAD+
DSDEAD,inwhichD=percentageofsuperimposeddeadloadpresentbeforeattachmentofnon
structuralelements
OrCase4=Crackedanalysisforpermanentloadwithlongtermconcretemoduluscreepandshrinkageis
givenasDEAD+DSDEAD,inwhichD=percentageofsuperimposeddeadloadpresentbefore
attachmentofnonstructuralelements,andsayusingacreepfactorfor3months.
Thevalueoftotallongtermdeflectiontooccurafterattachmentofnonstructuralelementsisthenthe
combinationofCase3+(Case1Case2)Case4.
Werecommendthismethod,thoughanalternativeisavailable,describedasfollows:
2. Asingleloadpatternisappliedinaloadcase,thenanothercaseissettocontinueFromStateatEndofNonlinear
Case.
Forexample:
AddaDEADloadcaseusingtheNonlinear(Cracked)option,startingwithaZeroInitialCondition.
AddaSDEADloadcaseusingtheNonlinear(Cracked)option,startingFromStateatEndofNonlinearCase
DEAD.
AddaLIVEloadcaseusingtheNonlinear(Cracked)option,startingFromStateatEndofNonlinearCase
SDEAD.
TheDEADloadcasepredictscrackingfromazeroinitialcondition,inwhichnoloadispresent,thencomputes
crackingduetoDEADloadpatternapplication.AddingSDEADthenusesthestiffnessattheendofDEADload
case,andcontributesadditionaldeflection.DeflectionreportsthetotaldeflectionfrombothDEADandSDEAD
cases,however,theincreaseinDEADloaddeflectionduetoadditionalcrackingfromSDEADloadapplicationis
notrecognized,thereforewedonotrecommendthismethod.

Crackedslabdeflection
SAFEcanuseuserdefinedreinforcementtocomputecrackedslabdeflection.Forthisoption,selectRun>ReinforcingOption
forCrackingAnalysis,thenselectUserSpecifiedRebarsinReinforcementSource.SelectDrawSlabRebarfromthevertical
menuontheleft.Notethatrebarmustbeaddedinboththetensionandcompressionregionsfortheentireslabsincethe
softwarewillonlyusetheuserdefinedreinforcement,andnotusethereinforcementdesign.

References
Duringnonlinearcrackedsectionanalysis,SAFEestimatesdeflectionusingamomentrotationcurveasdescribedinthe
referencewhichfollows:
Ghali,A.,Favre,R.,Elbadry,M.(2002).ConcreteStructures:StressesandDeformations:AnalysisandDesignfor
Serviceability (3rded.).London,England:SponPress.
SAFEverificationexample16bygoingtoHelp>Documentation>verification>Analysis>Example16CrackedSlab
Analysis.

SeeAlso
Crackingarticle
Soilstructureinteractionsection
https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/safe/Crackedsection+analysis

2/3

22/04/2015

CrackedsectionanalysisSAFECSI

Modelingcrackedsectionpropertiesarticle
CrackingFAQarticle

https://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/safe/Crackedsection+analysis

3/3