Example 1

Far field distance is the distance after the near field boundary. It is given as
R=
(a)
Given

2D 2

f
D

= 900 MHz
=1m

Wavelength,
c
3 108
= =
f 900 106
= 0.333 m
Far-field distance
2
2 (1)
R=
0.333
=6m
(b)
For

f = 10 GHz

and

Wavelength,
c
3 108
= =
f 10 109
= 0.03 m
Far-field distance
2 (1)
R=
0.03
= 66.67 m
2

D=1m

Example 2
Given
P = 1W
r = 1 km
Electric field strength,
30 P G
E=
r
Since G = 1 for isotropic radiator
30 1
E=
1000
= 5.48 mV/m
Note: As the unit of the electrical field strength is V/m. always remember to convert
distance into meters before substituting in the equation.
Power density,
PG
Pd =
4 r 2
Since G = 1 for isotropic radiator
P
1
Pd =
=
2
2
4 r
4 (1000 )
= 7.96 108
= 79.6 nW/m 2

Or

5.48 103 )
(
E2
Pd =
=
120
120
8
= 7.966 10
= 79.6 nW/m 2

Example 3
Given
E
P

=
=

20 mV/m
1W

The distance between the radiator and the probe is

30 P
E=
r
30 P
30 1
=
r =
E
20 103
= 273.86 m

Example 4
Given
E
G

=
=

15 mV/m
1.5

If an isotropic radiator is used

30 P
E=
r
If the isotropic radiator is replaced with an antenna with G = 1.5,
30 P 1.5
E2 =
r
30 P
=
1.5
r
30 P
3
1.5
15 10=
r
30 P 15 103
=
r
1.5
= 0.01225
Thus,
E
=

30 P
= 0.01225 V/m
r

Example 5
Given
P
r

= 5W
= 10 km = 10000 m

Power density,
PG
Pd =
4 r 2
For isotropic radiator, G = 1, thus
5(1)
Pd =
4 (10000) 2
= 3.98 nW/m 2

Electric field strength,

E2
Pd =
120
2
E= Pd 120

= 9.5424 dBi

3.98 109 120

= 1.2247 mV/m

It is found that the electric field strength

is increase 3 times when an antenna is
used. Thus
Eant = 3 Eiso
= 3.674 mV/m

Power density

( 3.67 10
E2
=
Pd =
120
120
8
= 3.58 10
= 35.8 nW/m 2

35.8 109 4 (10000 )

5
=9
=

Gain of the antenna in dBi

GdBi = 10 log ( 9 )

Pd 120

E
=

Therefore, the gain of the antenna is

PG
Pd =
4 r 2
P 4 r 2
G= d
P

3 2

Example 6
Given
P=5W
d = 3 km = 3000 m
D = 1.64 (from slide 40)
Assumptions
1. The probe is located at the direction of maximum radiation, thus
D = G d = G = 1.64.
2. The antenna has efficiency of 100%, P = P rad , and G p = G = 1.64.
Electrical field strength,
30 P G
E=
d
30 5 1.64
=
3000
15.68
=
3000
= 5.2281103
= 5.2281 mV/m
Power density,
PG
Pd =
4 d 2
5 1.64
=
2
4 ( 3000 )
= 7.2504 108
= 0.725 nW/m 2

Example 7
Given
We know

r = 0.95
D = G d = 1.64 (at the direction of maximum radiation)

Power Gain,
G p = r Gd
= 0.95 1.64
= 1.558

In dB,
G p ,[dB] = 10 log10 1.558
= 1.926 dBi

Example 8
Given
E
d
Gd

= 2 V/m
= 200 km = 200,000 m
= 1000
= 0.85

(a) Power gain,

G p = r Gd

Input power,

= 0.85 (1000 )
= 850

= 6.2745 W

(b) EIRP
Find power density
E2
Pd =
120

( 2 10 )
=

6 2

120
= 1.0610 1014 W/m 2
We know
EIRP
Pd =
4 d 2
thus
EIRP= Pd 4 d 2
= 1.0610 1014 4 200, 0002
= 5.333 mW
(c) Radiated power, P rad
EIRP = Prad Gd
Prad =

EIRP
Gd

5.333 103
1000
= 5.333 106 W
=

Prad 5.333 106

=
Pin =
r
0.85

(d) distance for the same electric field

strength using isotropic radiator
30 Prad Gd
E=
d
30 5.333 106 1
2 106
= 6324.35 m

d=

Example 9
Given

G p = 10
P in = 100W

(a) EIRP
EIRP = PinG p
= 100 10
= 1000 W

In dBm
EIRP[dBm] = 10 log ( PinG p )

= 10 log (100 103 10 )

= 60 dBm

In dBW
EIRP[dBW ] = 10 log ( PinG p )
= 10 log (100 10 )
= 30 dBm
To convert from dBm to dBW 30dB
To convert from dBW to dBm + 30dB
(b) Power density 10 km away
PinG p EIRP
=
Pd =
4 d 2 4 d 2
1000
=
2
4 (10 103 )
= 7.96 107
= 0.796 W/m 2

(c) If isotropic antenna is used

P
Pd = in 2
4 d
100
=
2
4 (10 103 )
= 7.96 108
= 79.6 nW/m 2

Example 10
For a transmit antenna with a radiation resistance Rrad = 72 and an effective antenna
resistance Re = 8 , a directive gain Gd = 20 and an input power Pin = 100W, determine
(a) Radiation efficiency,
Rrad
r =
Rrad + Re

(d) EIRP
EIRP = PinG p
= 100 18
= 1800 W
or
EIRP = Prad Gd

72
=
72 + 8
= 0.9
= 90%

= 90 20
= 1800 W

(b)Antenna power gain,

=
G p =
r Gd
rD
= 0.9 20
G p[dB]

in dBm and dBW

= 18
= 10 log10 18

EIRP[dBm] = 10 log10 EIRP[mW ]

= 10 log10 (1800 103 )

= 12.56 dB

= 62.55 dBm

EIRP[dBW ] = 10 log10 EIRP[ W ]

(c) Radiated power

Prad= Pin r

= 10 log10 (1800 )

= 100 0.9
= 90 W

= 32.55 dBW

Prad ,[dBm] = 10 log10 Prad ,[mW ]

= 10 log10 ( 90 103 )
= 49.5 dBm

Prad ,[dBW ] = 10 log10 Prad ,[ W ]

= 10 log10 ( 90 )
= 19.5 dBW
Or
=
Prad ,[dBW ] 49.5 dBm 30 dB
= 19.5 dBW

Example 11
An unspecified antenna has a maximum forward gain of 23dB at its 300MHz center
frequency. Its reverse gain is -5dB. Its beamwidth is 20o and its half power bandwidth
extends from 280MHz to 320MHz. Sketch the radiation pattern for this antenna and
determine the following

a) Gain at +10o from the line of shoot

b) The bandwidth of this antenna

c) Front-to-back ratio
d) Maximum gain at 320MHz

Example 12
An electric field strength of 10 V/m is measured at an observation point =/2, 500km
from a half-wave (resonant) dipole antenna operating at 50MHz.
a. What is the length of the dipole?
c
3 108
= 6m
= =
f 50 106
Thus, length of the dipole is
6
l= = = 3 m
2 2

And, since the impedance of the dipole

is 73 (assume the shortening of the
actual length eliminates the reactance
impedance)
I2
2 Prad = 0
Rrad

Actual length (assume thin wire is used)

=
=
=
0.48
lact 0.48
( 6 ) 2.88 m

=
I0

2 Prad Rrad

=2 0.5081 73
= 8.613 A

b. Calculate the current that must be fed

to the antenna
c. If a transmission line with Z 0 =75 is
connected to the antenna, determine
the standing wave ratio
Assume Z L = 73
Z 0 Z L 75 73
=

=
Z 0 + Z L 75 + 73

First, we need to know the power

density, P d

(10 10 )
E2
=
Pd =
120
120
10
110
=
= 2.6525 1013 W/m 2
120
6 2

= 0.0135

We know
P D
Pd = rad 2
4 r
and directive gain for half-wave dipole is
D = 1.64
Thus, P rad
Prad =

Pd 4 r 2
D

2.6525 1013 4 ( 500000 )

=
1.64
= 0.5081 W

Thus the standing wave ratio,

1+
SWR =
1
1 + 0.0135
1 0.0135
= 1.0274
=

Example 13
A microwave link is to be set up between two cities which are 100 km away. The link
will be operated at 3 GHz using two parabolic horn feed antenna at both the transmitter
and receiver. The parabolas are 1 m in diameter and are 80% efficient in radiating the
input signal. If the input signal is 20 W, find the
a)

Gain of the antennas

wavelength
c 3 108
= =
= 0.1 m
f 3 109
D
Gain
= G=
r
p

G p[dB]
b)

1
= 0.8
0.1
= 789.568
= 29 dB

EIRP
= 20 789.568
= 15, 791.36 W
EIRP[dBW ] = 42 dBW

power density at the receiver

EIRP
Pd =
4 d 2
15, 791.36
=
2
4 (100000 )
= 1.257 1013 W/m 2

free space loss

4 d
FSL = 20 log

4 (100000 )
= 20 log

0.1

EIRP = PinG p

c)

d)

= 141.98 dB

e)

Output power from the receive

antenna

Pout = PinGT GR

4 r

Pout [dBW ] = Pin[dB] + GT [dB] + GR[dB] 20 log

4 r
= Pin[dBW ] + GT [dB] + GR[dB] FSL[dB]
=13 + 29 + 29 142
= 71 dBW

State your assumption(s) if any.

1. No other losses in the transmission
of the microwaves in free space.
2. Antennas are aligned to each other
3. Both antennas have the same
polarization.