SUBMITTED TO:

AR. KAJAL HANDA ARSHI

SUBMITTED BY:
BHANU KHANNA (21008)
PANKHURI MITTAL (21019)
RAHUL PURI (21021)
B.ARCH 10TH SEM

What is tsunami?
A tsunami is a large wave, or series of waves usually
Caused by:

An earthquake
Large earthquakes that cause uplift or
subsidence of sea floor
Volcanic eruptions
Volcano flank collapse
Underwater explosions or landslides
Underwater landslides
Meteorite impact

Physical characteristics of tsunami:

Wavelength
Normal ocean waves have
wavelengths =100 m
Tsunami waves have
wavelengths= up to 500
kms.

Wave height -distance between the trough

and the crest of the wave
Wave amplitude - refers to the height of the

wave above the still water line.

Wave velocity is the speed of the wave. Velocities of
normal ocean waves are about 90 km/hr while tsunami
have velocities up to 950 km/hr

How do tsunamis differ from normal water waves?

Wind-generated waves usually have a period of 5 to 20 sec.

And a wavelength of 100 to 200 meters.
Tsunami are characterized as shallow-water waves.
A tsunami can have a period in the range of 10 min. To 2hrs
and wavelengths > 500 km.

Wave Refraction is
caused by segments
of wave moving at
different speeds

Earthquake causes tsunami:

Major tectonic plates on the

earths surface

The most common causes of

tsunamis
are
underwater
earthquakes.
Tectonic
plates
are
constantly in motion, moving
along each other at a speed
of 1 to 2 inches/year.
The movement occurs along
fault lines.
These motions are capable of
producing earthquakes and
volcanism, which, when they
occur at the bottom of the
ocean,
are
two
possible
sources of tsunamis

Earthquake causes tsunami:

A geological theory proposes that earth's lithosphere is broken up
into seven major and many minor plates, called tectonic plates.
Tectonic plates or lithosphere plates are large, irregularly shaped
slabs of solid rock, consisting of oceanic and continental
lithosphere.

Earthquake
causes
tsunami:

Earthquake causes tsunami:

Volcanic eruptions causes tsunami:

Submarine volcanoes can be detected by the

presence of high rock content and steam above
water surface.

A submarine or
offshore
volcanic
eruption can
produce high
magnitude lifts
on seafloors,
which pushes
large water
columns
upwards to
generate
tsunami.

Landslides causes Tsunami

Landslides moving into oceans,

bays, or lakes can also generate
tsunami.
Most such landslides are generated
by earthquakes or volcanic
eruptions.
As previously mentioned, a large
landslide or debris avalanche fell
into lituya bay, alaska in 1958
causing a wave with a run-up of
about 60 m as measured by a zone
completely stripped of vegetation.

Where and how frequently are tsunamis generated?

The pacific ocean
occupies more
than one third of
the earth's
surface and is
bounded by areas
called the ring
of fire, which
includes
mountain chains,
underwater
trenches, and
islands.

Where and how frequently are tsunamis generated?

in the average, there are two
tsunamis per year in the pacific
ocean somewhere, which cause
damage near the source.
Approximately every 15 years
a destructive tsunami occurs
in pacific.
The destructive tsunami on
dec 26th, 2004 on the indian
coast interms of its impact
seems to have occurred for
the first time in the history.

Indian Ocean Tsunami of Dec.26th, 2004

Why aren't tsunamis seen at sea or from the air?

It is a well known fact that tsunami waves have very low
amplitudes and large wavelengths while offshore due to larger
volume of surrounding water.
A typical offshore tsunami wave can have an amplitude A of 1M
and a wavelength L of the order of 799.9 kMS. So the energy
associated with these offshore tsunami waves is also very low due
to such lower frequencies, or smaller amplitudes,
these waves are difficult to experience and its virtually impossible
to see them at sea or from air.

Coastal
areas
affected
from
tsunami

Chronology of 26.12.04 tsunami

happened in the Indian Ocean

effected
12
countries
around Bay of Bengal and
beyond
triggered by a quake of
magnitude
9.3
with
its
epicenter west of Sumatra
The quake lifted the seabed
by about 5 meters.
Minutes later the tsunami
split sending energy pulses
east towards the Sumatra
coast and west across the
open ocean.
As the leading tsunami raced towards Sumatra ,its
speed slowed, its wavelength shortened and its
height rose to around 30metres

In minutes 230,000 people lost their lives, and over 430,000 homes were
reduced to rubble

Chronology
of 26.12.04
tsunami

Over 100,000 fishing boats were destroyed. The livelihoods of over 5

million people were thrown into jeopardy

Chronology
of 26.12.04
tsunami

Chronology
of 26.12.04
tsunami
More than 2,174 miles
of roads destroyed.

What are the factors of destruction from tsunamis?

Tsunami causes destruction primarily due to the ultrahigh impacts

on structures and other assets.
The basic factors of destruction include, wave impact, erosion ,
and inundation.
The drag applied by tsunami waves on structures can move them or
overturn them.
The presence of high salt concentration in tsunami waves causes
corrosion of metallic bodies, which decreases their life ultimately
leading to failure.
Besides the primary destruction, secondary destruction may include
fire hazards, and water pollution. Fire hazards may be caused by
severed electricity transmission lines, while damaged oil tankers may
contribute a serious threat to water quality.

Why are locally generated tsunamis so dangerous?

Locally generated tsunami may reach a nearby shore in less than
ten minutes due to their high speeds. There is not sufficient time
for the pacific tsunami warning center or for local authorities to
issue a warning. For people living near the coast, the shaking of
the ground is the only warning that a tsunami may be imminent.

Elements at risk:
All structures located within 200 m of
the low lying coastal area are most
vulnerable to the direct impact of
The tsunami waves as well as the impact
of debris & boulders brought by it.
Structures constructed of wood, mud,
thatch, sheets and structures without
proper anchorage to foundations are
liable to be damaged by tsunami waves &
flooding.

Other elements at risk

are infrastructure
facilities like ports &
harbors, telephone and
electricity poles,
cables. Ships & fishing
boats/nets near the
coast also add to the
destruction caused by
tsunami waves.

Elements at risk:

Hazard Mitigation Strategies:

Site Planning and Land Management
The designation and zoning of tsunami hazard Areas for such
open-space uses as agriculture , parks and recreation, or natural
hazard areas is recommended as the first land use planning
Strategy.
This strategy is designed to keep development at a minimum in
hazard areas.
Native vegetation may provide defense (e.g., mangroves for Indian
Ocean coastline.
Cluster houses in a staggered pattern to allow proper
ventilation. Zigzag patterns avoid wind tunnel effects.

Seawalls and Bulkheads

These are structures placed parallel or nearly parallel to the

shoreline to separate the land area from water area.
The primary purpose of a bulkhead is to retain or prevent sliding
of the land.
Seawalls are
necessarily
massive and
expensive and
should be
constructed only
where the
adjoining shore is
highly developed
and storm attack
is severe.

Building orientationlearning from the tsunami.

The shortest length of building should face the water. allows
the water to move around the structure as efficiently as
possible. The building can also act as a water diverter.

coast line

water flow

raised platform

Structures that allow water to move through them:

All new buildings must be elevated on pilings, posts, piers, or
columns.

The Spa at the Lighthouse Hotel. The building sustained minor damage during the tsunami, because it had many
openings, water moved through it easily.

Pile foundations use long slender

wood, steel, or reinforced concrete
piles that are driven or jetted into the
ground.

Structures that allow water to move through them:

As most of the structures along the coast area comprises of

fisherman community, which are constructed of light weight
materials without any engineering inputs.
Therefore ,there is an urgent need to educate the community
about the good construction practices that they should adopt
such as:

Site selection avoid building or living in

buildings within several 100ft of the coastline
as these are more likely to experience damage
from tsunami.
Construct the structure on a higher ground
level with respect to mean sea level.
Elevate coastal homes: most tsunami waves are
less than 3 meters in height . elevating house
will help reduce damage to property from most
tsunamis. Structural columns resist the impact
while other walls are expendable.
note that adequate measures are also brought into the design to cater
earthquake forces .
Construction of water breakers to reduce the velocity of waves.
Use of water and corrosion resistant materials for construction.
Construction of community halls at higher locations , which
can act as shelters at the time of a disaster.

Tsunami proof house

Improving in technology has enabled man to build tsunami proof houses
which can reduce damage created to ones property one of the most
common houses are built as follows :Coastal homes are elevated
battery walls can be put .
There must be deep protection to the foundation of the buildings.

These are built in hydrodynamics

structure which ensures easy flow
of water and protect homes from
collapsing .


a)
b)

Detection & Warning

Monitor Earthquake Zones
Tsunami Warning Systems
Seismographs to detect earthquakes
Tidal gauges to determine sea level
changes
c) Byud sensors to detect tsunami in open
ocean
Structural Controls

water gate byuo

mones house

Land use
Native vegetation may provide defense
(e.g., mangroves for Indian Ocean
coastline); protection of coral reefs
Development of land must be
monitored
Run-up maps
Show the height to which water is
likely to rise
Tsunami-ready status
Establish emergency operation center
Promote community awareness
program

Detecting tsunami
only some machines have been introduced
to detect tsunami which mainly depend on
satellites and sonar to detect tsunami.
Many measures have been taken to
reduce damage created by tsunami.
Government has been giving education to
the coastal people about the dos and
don'ts during tsunami.
many boards have been put up to warn
the people before entering tsunami prone
area