Chapter 1:

Definition of ICT:
ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of
computers, communication devices and software application to convert, store,
protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere at any time.

Evolution of computers:
First generation ( 1940-1956 )
a) Use vacuum tubes.
b) Generates a lot of heat.
c) Ex: ENIAC

Second generation ( 1956-1963 )

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Use transistors.
1 transistor = 40 vacuum tubes
Do not produces a lot of heats
Use less power
Faster, cheaper and smaller than vacuum tubes

Third generation ( 1964-1971)

a) Use integrated circuit (IC)
b) More reliable, compact and cheaper than computer made with transistors.
Fourth generation ( 1971-Present)
a) Use microprocessor.
b) Made of thousands of Integrated Circuits.
c) Ex: Intel 4004 chip.
Fifth generation ( Present and Beyond )
a) Based on artificial intelligence.

Usage of ICT in Daily Life:

Education
a) Teacher - Search teaching materials, participate in online forum and online
conference.
b) Students - As reference tools.
c) Researchers -To collect and process data.
d) School administrators- Make sure that entire operations run smoothly.
Banking
a) Bank administrators- Control the entire banking system and banking activities.
b) Customers- Make any transactions at 24 hours service centers.
- Provide electronic banking services.
c) Businessman- Use online services offered by bank
- Access company accounts for loan applications, business transactions
and update their cash flow.

 Industry
a) To facilitate production planning and control systems
b) To assist manufacturing process by using CAM.
c) To help in product design by using CAD.
d) Workers- Help operate machine.
- Robots are used to take dangerous jobs.
e) Researchers- Analyze and collect research data for future references.
f) Administrators- To oversee and control entire operations in factory.
E-Commerce
a) To make buying and selling activities faster and more efficient through Internet.
b) To connect online the customers with suppliers to purchase products.
c) To help suppliers to keep track of their transactions.
d) To help employees to communicate with their customers for any requires and get the
latest updates inventory to be informed to the customers.

Differences between Computerized and Non-Computerized systems

Banking
Computerized
Done by using computer system.
Transaction can be done anywhere and
anytime.
Takes shorter time.
More productive.

Non-Computerized
Done manually.
Transaction can only be made during
working hours.
Takes longer time.
Less productive.

Industry
Computerized
Production fast: continue done through allday operation.

Non-Computerized
Production slow: done manually and
depended on human labour.

Education
Computerized
Teachers use computers to search for
teaching materials, participate in online
forum and online conferences.

Non-Computerized
Teachers use chalk and talk for teaching,
forums and conferences.

Impact of ICT on Society

Positive impact
a) Faster communication speed.
b) Lower communication cost.
c) Can share opinions and information through discussion groups and forums through
Internet.
d) Paperless environment.
e) Borderless information and communication.

 Negative impact
a) Information could be negative.
b) Can harm users health if use for long time frequently.
Computer Ethics and Legal Issues
Definition of:
Computer Ethics
- A system of moral standards or moral values used as a guideline for computer users.

Code of Ethics
- Guidelines in ICT that help determine whether a specific action is ethical or unethical.
Intellectual Property
- Works created by inventors, authors and artists.
Privacy
- The right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of
information about them.

Computer Crime
- Illegal acts involving computers.
Cyber Law
- Law related to protect the Internet and other online communication technologies.
Difference between Ethics and Law
Ethics
As a guideline.
Free to follow.
Universal, can be applied anywhere.
To produce ethical computer users
Not following = Immoral

Law
As a rule.
Must follow.
Depend on country and state where the crime
is committed.
To prevent misuse of computers.
Not obeying = Crime

Intellectual Property Laws

Cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique names, business models, industrial
processes, computer program codes and many more.
4 types of Intellectual Property are:
a) Patents for inventions
b) Trademarks for brand identity.
c) Design for product appearance.
d) Copyright for materials.

Privacy
-

Ways of making personal data more private

a) Purchase goods with cash, rather than credit card.

b) Install personal firewall.

c) Clean your history file when finished browsing.
d) Fill in only necessary information on warranty and registration form.

Authentication
A process where user verifies their identity. Authentication deals with the problem of
determining whether a user should be allowed access to a particular system.

4 commonly authentication methods:

a) User identification
- A unique combination of characters that identify specific user.
- Ex: Pin number, password.
b) Possessed object
- Any item that you must carry to gain access to computer or computer facility.
- Ex: ATM card, credit card, key, security token, smart card.
c) Biometric devices
- A device that translates personal characteristic into digital code that is compared with
-

the digital code stored in the database.

Ex: Fingerprint reader, hand geometry reader, iris scanner, signature verification
system.

d) Callback system
- A checking system that authenticates the user.
- Commonly used in the bank operation and business transaction.