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Introduction
1.2 1.4
HEAT TRANSFER
Heat Transfer
Determines heat transfer rate for given temperature
gradients and given equipment, or determines equipment
needed to obtain required heat transfer rate.
Thermodynamics determines magnitude of Q&
Heat Transfer - how to design for Q&
Introduction
Heat Exchangers
Numerical Solutions for conduction
Convection
- similarity
- analytical
- natural convection
Radiation
- between bodies
- spectrum
- environmental
Unsteady-State conduction
Introduction
Examples of Heat Transfer
Power Stations -
Engines
- car radiator (convector)
- water jacket around head
- oil flow through bearings
- fins for air-cooled engines
- gas turbines - blade cooling
Introduction
Examples of Heat Transfer
Solar
- collectors - radiation absorption
Electrical/Electronic
- transformer fluid
- generators - H2 cooled
- computer chip heat sinks
Bio
- air-conditioner
- refrigerator
- evaporators
- condensers
Sun - Earth
plants - transpiration
animals - transpiration, convection
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
L1
Lecture 1
Conduction
- thermal circuits
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
T
Q& x = kA
x
[W] = [W/mK] [m2] [K/m]
A
Q& x
415
380
45
Wood
Polystyrene
Air
0.17
0.025
0.026
x
k is a property of the material
A is cross-sectional area
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
1.2.2
Tw
Q&
Q& = hA(Tw T )
Thermal
boundary
layer
[W] = [W/m2K][m2][K]
Fluid flow
1.2.2
[W/m2 K]
5
50
10 500
100 15000
2500 25000
5000 105
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
1.2.3
Radiation - no medium
STEFAN-BOLTZMAN LAW
Q& = A T 4
Q&
1.2.3
0.04
0.98
0.95
Q&1
Q& 2
3.1.1 - 3.1.3
Thermal Circuits
Composite Wall
Q& = hA A(T1 T2 )
= kA A
= kB A
T1
(T2 T3 )
T2
x A
T3
hA
(T3 T4 )
T4
fluid
x B
= hB A(T4 T5 )
kA
kB
xA
xB
fluid
T5
hB
3.1.1 - 3.1.3
Thermal Circuits
Rearrange and add;
intermediate Ts drop out,
Q& =
(T1 T5 )
1
1
x
x
+ A+ B +
AhA Ak A Ak B AhB
E
& and E T .
, where I Q
R
1
for Convection: R =
Ah
Q&
T1
x
Ak
T3
T2
R1
R2
T5
T4
R3
R4
THERMAL CIRCUIT
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
3.1.1 - 3.1.3
Thermal Circuits
R [K/W] is for actual cross-sectional area.
note: R decreases as A increases!
Per unit area: R" = RA [m2K/W]
(R" = 3 m2K/W means
T = 3C for 1W per square metre)
R2
R1b
R3
R4
R6a
R6b
R5
R6a
TA
R5
R1b
R6b
TB
TB
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
3.1.4
RC =
1
hC A
Q& = UAT
Since
T
Q& =
Rtotal
U=
1
Rtotal A
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney
Qc =
Q1
air T = 25C
h=100W/m2K
chip
epoxy
aluminium
Tc T
Tc T
+
Rc + L / k + 1 / h
1/ h
1/hA
Qc
Tc
Rc
L/kA
1/hA
Q2
Solve for Tc
104 = (Tc 25) [ 100 + 1/ (0.9104 + 0.008/238 + 1/100) ]
Tc = 25 + 50.3 = 75.3 C
is within limit.
J. H. Kent, University of Sydney