AP U.S.

History Vocabulary List #4

Teacher
Noelle
Name: _______________________________________ Date:
_______________________________________
Period 4: 1800-1848 The Meaning of Democracy in an Era of
Economic and Territorial Expansion

1. 3/5th Compromise slaves count three fifths of a person for

population representation and taxation
many black abolitionists remained less
2. abolitionism and
race
successful and less renowned than their white
constituents, which incited jealousy and
resentment between the two.
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US,
3. Adams-Onis
Treaty
boundary of Mexico defined
period marked by the belief that ordinary
4. Age of Jackson
people should vote in elections, hold office,
and do anything they had the ability to do
French liberal politician who observed the
5. Alexis De
Tocqueville
evolution of American political thought,
customs and social interaction in the 1830's.
His book Democracy in America is still
considered one the most accurate primary
sources on American culture.
Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison
6. American AntiSlavery Society
and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the
Constitution as a proslavery document.
Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until
they repented for their sins by freeing their
slaves.
A Society that thought slavery was bad. They
7. American
Colonization
would buy land in Africa and get free blacks
Society
to move there. One of these such colonies was
made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors
just wanted to get blacks out of their country.
novel written by Noah Webster (arch rival of
8. American
Dictionary
Jackson) that stated Democracy was an
American right. "Freedom is synonymous
with the right to vote."

9. American System

10 American system
of manufactures
.
11 "Am I Not A Man
and a Brother?"
.
12 Baltimore & Ohio
.
13 Bank War
.
14 Biddle's Bank
.

15 Cajun
.

16 camp meetings
.
17 Charles River
Bridge case
.

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay

that included support for a national bank,
high tariffs, and internal improvements;
emphasized strong role for federal
government in the economy.
-Large scale manufacture of standardized
products with interchangeable parts in order
to reduce manufacturing cost
An image of a slave on his knees, raising up
chained hands as if begging or pleading; the
most common abolitionist depiction of a
slave.
First major railroad of the US
Political battle between Jackson, Clay and
Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S.
Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds
in pet banks.
Nickname of the Bank of the United States
after Nicholas Biddle who was the head of the
2nd Bank of the United States. During Andrew
Jacksons first term as President, Biddle
wanted a 20 year extension of the banks
charter. Jackson felt that he was being
blackmailed because if he didn't approve the
extension, Biddle would use his resources to
see that Jackson was not re-elected. Pres.
Jackson vetoed the extension and killed the
2nd Bank of the US.
culture of the Southeast in Louisiana
developed as a result of French/Spanish
influence from trade and colonization,
Caribbean influence from slave trade, and
American values.
a tool of the Second Great Awakening where
people would gather to hear hellfire speeches
Court case in 1837 that stated the interest of
the community are above corporate rights.

18 Cherokee Nation
v. Georgia
.

19
.
20
.
21
.

22
.
23
.

24
.
25
.

1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit

filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia
law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said
Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had
broad powers over tribes but a responsibility
for their welfare.
common school
a social reform effort, started by Horace Mann
in the mid-1800s, that promoted the idea of
having all children educated in a common
place regardless of social class or background
Commonwealth v. 1842 Landmark ruling of the Massachusetts
Hunt
supreme court establishing the legality of
labor unions.
Cotton Kingdom
Nickname given to the American South after
Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin
allowed it to produce massive amounts of
cotton (and become wholly reliant on slave
labor)
Critics of Reform An example of these would be Catholics, who
were heavy critics of the reform movement
because they saw it as a way to enforce
Protestant morality upon the masses.
Cult of
the ideal woman was seen as a tender, selfDomesticity
sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for
her children and a peaceful refuge for her
husband, social customs that restricted
women to caring for the house. Creates field
for domestic servants as middle class women
have more leisure time due to creation of
time-saving technologies that lessened their
workloads.
cyrus mccormick A horse-drawn machine that greatly increased
reaper
the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest. It
lead to more large-scale farming.
Dartmouth
1819 New Hampshire had attempted to take
College v.
over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial
Woodward
charter. The Court ruled that the charter was
protected under the contract clause of the U. S.
Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

26 Dorothea Dix
.

Activist who helped improve conditions of

mental patients

27 Dorr War
.

Rhode Island was the only state the had not

gotten rid of property requirements to vote;
Thomas Dorr elected as RI governor led to him
being imprisoned for treason; war
demonstrated passions aroused by the
continuing exclusion of any group of white
men from voting.
The Election year that began the "Age of
Jackson" where it was encouraged for men of
all standings to participate in political affairs.
Jackson ran his campaign around the idea of a
"common man" party.
Displayed two major shifts in American
politics: triumph of populist democratic style
and the formation of the two-party system.
Race between Martin Van Buren, second term,
and William Henry Harrison. Harrison won
due to how Van Buren handled the Panic of
1837.
Act put into law by Thomas Jefferson in 1807
that was the lowpoint of his presidency.
Outlawed the sailing of American ships to
foreign ports. This law was intended to protect
American ships from the impressment of
foreign forces, but ended up simply decimating
the economies of port cities and reminded
many Americans of the British Navigation
Acts.
A 363 mile canal that connected the Great
Lakes region to New York City; creating a
dominant port of the city. Brought about the
creation of new towns along the waterway
(Buffalo, Rochester) Inspired the building of
many other canals across the US and sparked
an interest in major waterway transportation.

28 Election of 1828
.

29 Election of 1840
.

30 Embargo Act
.

31 Erie Canal
.

32 exposition and
protest
.

33 factory system
.

34 Force Bill
.

35 gag rule
.
36 "gentlemen of
property and
.
standing"
37 German
immigration
.

Anonymous essay published by John C.

Calhoun in 1828 which advocated two
doctrines--that of Interposition (or the right of
a state to nullify a federal law) and that of the
Concurrent Majority as a means by which the
people in the minority (as slave-holding
southerners) could protect themselves from
harmful federal action. These ideas would
contribute to the coming of the secession crisis
of 1832-1833 and ultimately to the Civil War in
1861.
Intensification of all of the processes of
production at a single site during the Industrial
Revolution; involved greater organization of
labor and increased discipline. Introduced the
idea of "wages" and "working around the clock"
1833 - The Force Bill authorized President
Jackson to use the army and navy to collect
duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South
Carolina's ordinance of nullification had
declared these tariffs null and void, and South
Carolina would not collect duties on them. The
Force Act was never invoked because it was
passed by Congress the same day as the
Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became
unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the
Force Act.
1835 law passed by Southern congress which
made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery
arguments in Congress
Northern men, often merchants, who led mobs
to disrupt abolitionist meetings in Northern
cities.
Germans came America and were seen as mostly
skilled craftsmen and settled in tightly knit
communities (German triangle of St. Louis,
Milwaukee, and Cincinnati) Vibrant German
culture emerges in America (Kleindeutschland
in NYC)

38 Gibbons v.
Ogden
.
39
.
40
.

41
.

42
.
43
.
44
.

45
.

Supreme Court case that stated how regulating

interstate commerce is a power reserved to the
federal government
Grimke sisters
were 19th-century American Quakers, educators
and writers who were early advocates of
abolitionism and women's rights.
Hartford
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War
Convention
of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints
against the ruling Republican Party. These
actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the
country and lost the Federalist much influence
Henry Thoreau
Heavily influential transcendentalist who
critiques American market society in his novel
Walden, where he declares that the economic
drive of America leads to moral tyranny and
inability to appreciate the true beauty of nature.
Indian Removal Passed by Congress under the Jackson
Act of 1830
administration, this act removed all Indians east
of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where
they would be "permanently" housed.
infant
In Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program,
industries
these newly developing businesses needed to be
protected from foreign competition in the form
of tariffs on imported goods
Irish
Caused largely by the potato famine in Ireland.
immigration
Irish immigrants came and received much
discrimination due to their Catholic faith as well
as exploitation in factories due to their limited
skills. Archbishop John Hughes urges them to
maintain their identity, which leads to the
development of Catholic schools.
John Calhoun
South Carolina Senator/ VP to Jackson advocate for state's rights, limited government,
and nullification

46 John Quincy
Adams
.

47 Johnson vs.
M'Intosh
.
48 The Liberator
.
49 Liberty Party
.
50 Marbury v.
Madison
.
51 Market
Revolution
.

52 Martin Van
Buren
.

Son of John Adams. Expansionist who authored

the Monroe Doctrine on the grounds that the
entire North America should be the US's to claim
(manifest destiny). Electoral opponent of
Jackson that was made fun of for his intellectual
ability compared to Jackson's "rough and tough"
posterior. He worked very hard on internal
improvements, such as a naval academy and
astronomical observatory through funds gained
by steep tariffs.
Supreme Court case of 1832 that stated Indians
were not owners of their land but they were just
the occupiers since they are nomads so they
didn't need to own land.
Most influential abolitionist literary work by
William Garrison
A former political party in the United States;
formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery;
merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848
establishes the right to Judicial Review by the
Supreme Court; right to declare laws
unconstitutional.
Connected small farmers and traders to larger
markets through the use of newly developed
infrastructure. For example, the development of
the Illinois Central Railroad shaped Chicago as a
train-city and helped open areas of Illinois to
commercial farming. Also shaped the way we
work and labor today; affecting how we work for
a wage and "around a clock"
"founder of the Democratic Party". Friend of
Andrew Jackson. Became president in 1836. In
the Panic of 1837, he put $37 million to the states
but it didn't help. He spent his 4 years with bank
failures, bankruptcies and massive
unemployment. ("Little Magician")

53 McCulloch v.
Maryland
.
54
.

55
.

56
.

57
.
58
.

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and

Supreme Court ruled that federal law was
stronger than the state law-"THE POWER TO
TAX IS THE POWER TO DESTROY".
Mill Girls
Unmarried women from New England cities
who went to work in mills where they lived in
boarding houses and were supervised very
closely. Families were reluctant to allow their
girls to leave for the first time into stranger's
supervision, so much leisure time spent at
these houses was centered around faith and
God, and there were strict behavioral rules.
Many of them left to get married and were soon
widely replaced by immigrants (mostly Irish).
Still, leaving to work in the mill gave women a
sense of independence and allowed them to
notice their responsibilities outside the home.
Missouri
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery
Compromise
in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as
a slave state and Maine entered as a free state
and all states North of the 36th parallel were
free states and all South were slave states.
Monroe Doctrine A declaration by the President in 1823 that
warned European powers to keep out of the
Western Hemisphere and pledged that the
United States would not intervene in the
internal affairs of Europe.
moral suasion
The effort to move others to a particular course
of action through appeals to moral values and
beliefs, without the use of enticements or force.
Mormons
Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with
headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious
group that emphasized moderation, saving,
hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to
UT. Believed that Americans were descendants
of Hebrew peoples who migrated here and
became ancestors of the Native Americans.

59 Nativism
.

60 Northern Cities
.
61 Oneida
.

62 Outlaw of the
Atlantic Slave
.
Trade
63 Owenites
.

Inspired in part by the rapid influx of

immigrants, Americans began to feel close ties
to their country, therefore displaying
xenophobic traits towards foreigners who
entered.
Created in resemblance to European cities;
small, crowded streets with apartment
buildings and narrow walkways.
A group of socio-religious perfectionists
founded by John Noyes who lived in New York.
Practiced polygamy, communal property, and
communal raising of children. Were very
exclusive; members were monitored closely for
mistakes. Had a committee to elect which
members could have children (eugenics)
influenced more domestic slave trade. Slaves
moved from Northern cities into Southern ones
to support the Cotton Kingdom. Resulted in the
disruption of families
Robert Owen, who was a British Factory owner
In 1824, purchased and created New Harmony
in Indiana, which was to be a new moral world.
Members of the community followed the same
laws and acted under the same social standards
as other Utopian communities, however, they
were able to purchase land; an idea refuted by
communities like them. Owen's community
didn't work because of disputes over the
community's constitution and the distribution
of property. But he had a profound impact on
labor movements, education reformers, and
women's rights. Owen's vision resonated with
the widely held American belief that a
community of equals could be created in the
New World.

64 panic of 1819
.

65 Panic of 1837
.

66 perfectionism
.
67 Pet banks
.

68 Printing Press
.
69 Railroads
.

70 Samuel Slater
.

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation

and a decline of European demand for
American goods along with mismanagement
within the Second Bank of the United States.
Often cited as the end of the Era of Good
Feelings.
An economic uproar when Jackson was
president. Many state banks received
government money that had been withdrawn
from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued
paper money and financed wild speculation,
especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the
Specie Circular to force the payment for federal
lands with gold or silver. Many state banks
collapsed as a result. Bank of the U.S. failed,
cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt,
and there was widespread unemployment and
distress.
social reform movement influenced by the idea
that Americans must "perfect" society and cure
us all of our social ills. Inspired the building of
orphanages, poor houses, jails, and asylums.
A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe
the state banks that the federal government
used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to
destroy the Second Bank of the United States;
the practice continued after the charter for the
Second Bank expired in 1836.
made the distribution and creation of literary
works much easier; also makes the spread of
political ideas easier and more practical.
Connected the Western frontier to the other
cities in the US; influenced trade, and
stimulated the mining of coal for fuel and
manufacturing of iron for materials to build
trains.
Opens first American factory in Pawtucket,
Rhode Island.

71 Second Great
Awakening
.

72 Second Seminole
War
.

73 The Shakers
.

74 Slave coffles
.
75 Southern Cities
.
76 spoils system
.

A series of religious revivals starting in

1801, based on Methodism and Baptism.
Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation
through good deeds and tolerance for all
Protestant sects. The revivals attracted
women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Seminoles in Florida resisted the pressures
to relocate. Cheif Osceola staged an
uprising in 1835 to defend their land.
Jackson kept sending troops into Florida
but the indians were masters of guerrilla
warfare. .Osceola was captured by white
troops. The government gave up on the war
by 1842. By then the Seminoles had either
been killed or forced westward
This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was
known for their "shaking" as they felt the
spirit of God pulse through them during
church services. They eventually died out
due to their forbidding sexual relations.
Become renowned for their furniture
production
groups of slaves chained together and
forced to march into the South to the
Cotton Kingdom
developed as plantation-style layouts that
are spread out instead of crunched together
due to late colonization once transportation
was made easier.
A system of public employment based on
rewarding party loyalists and friends.

77 squatters
.

settlers who claimed unoccupied lands and

created farms for themselves.

78 Steamboats
.

Boats that could easily paddle upstream,

became vital part of America's
transportation system. Robert Fulton sailed
his steamboat, the Clermont, up the
Hudson River.

79 Steel Plow
.
80 Tariff of
Abominations
.

81 telegraph
.

82 temperance
movement
.

83 toll roads
.

84 Trail of Tears
.

85 Transcendentalism
.

invented by John Deere during the

Industrial Revolution making it easier for
farmers to till the land
1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised
the tariff on imported manufactured goods.
The tariff protected the North but harmed
the South; South said that the tariff was
economically discriminatory and
unconstitutional because it violated state's
rights.
An apparatus that used electric signals to
transmit a message via a wire; use of Morse
Code (a series of dots and dashes
representing letters of the alphabet).
Allowed people to communicate ideas and
the price of goods across the country.
A social reform effort begun in the mid1800s to encourage people to drink less
alcohol. Angered many Catholics and
working men who enjoyed drinking after a
hard day of work.
created on highways built by private
companies to generate profit but were
heavily avoided by Americans. Before 1830
they were owned by corporations chartered
by state governments. Enforced state
power.
(1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made
by the Cherokee from their homeland in
Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the
deaths of almost one-fourth of the
Cherokee people
A philosophical and literary movement of
the 1800s which emphasized living a
simple life while celebrating the truth in
nature, emotion, and imagination. (Think
Thoreau and Emerson). Believed freedom
was not a set of defined rights or privileges,
but rather an open-ended process of self
realization

86 Utopian
communities
.
87 War of 1812
.

88 Whigs
.
89 Woman in the
Nineteenth Century
.
90 woman suffrage
.

Idealistic and impractical communities.

Who, Rather than seeking to create an
ideal government or reform the world,
withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world.
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain
caused by American outrage over the
impressment of American sailors by the
British, the British seizure of American
ships, and British aid to the Indians
attacking the Americans on the western
frontier. Enhanced nationalism of
Americans.
A party that emerged that largely
represented many of the interests of the
old Federalist party. Andrew Jackson
initiated its creation.
Book by Margaret Fuller, published in
1845, that defined freedom for women as a
quest for personal development.
movement to get people (regardless of sex)
the right to vote

91 Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee

Indians were entitled to federal protection
.
from the actions of state governments
which would infringe on the tribe's
sovereignty - Jackson ignored it