SM CH

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131. Oxygen is decompressed from an absolute pressure

of 600 kPa to 100 kPa, with no change in temperature.
Determine the changes in the entropy and enthalpy.
Solution
Oxygen is considered to be compressible.
From Appendix A, R = 259.8 J>kg # K and k = 1.40. Since there is no change in
temperature, T = 0 and T1 = T2. The change in enthalpy is
h = cp T = 0
Ans.
The change in entropy is

s2 - s1 = cp ln
p2
T2
- R ln
T1
p1
s = cp ln 1 - ( 259.8 J>kg # K ) ln a
= 465 J>kg # K
100 kPa
b
600 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
h = 0
s = 465 J>(kg # K)
1355
2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
132. If a pipe contains helium at a gage pressure of

100kPa and a temperature of 20 C, determine the density
of helium. Also, determine the temperature if the helium
is compressed isentropically to a pressure of 250 kPa.
Theatmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa.
Solution
Helium is considered to be compressible.
From Appendix A, R = 2077 J>kg # K and k = 1.66 for helium. Using the universal
gas law,
P1 = r1R1T1
(100 + 101.3) ( 103 )
N
= r1 ( 2077 J>kg # K ) (273 + 20 C) K
m2
r1 = 0.3308 kg>m3 = 0.331 kg>m3
Ans.
Since the process is isentropic,

k
p2
T2 k - 1
= a b
p1
T1
(250 + 101.3) kPa

(100 + 101.3) kPa
1.66
= J
1.66 - 1
T2
R
(273 + 20 C) K
Ans.
T2 = 365.61 K = 366 K
Ans:
r1 = 0.331 kg>m3
T2 = 366 K
1356
133. Helium is contained in a closed vessel under an

absolute pressure of 400 kPa. If the temperature increases
from 20 C to 85 C, determine the changes in pressure
andentropy.
Solution
From Appendix A, R = 2077 J>kg # K and k = 1.66 for helium. Since the helium is
contained in a closed rigid vessel, the mass and volume remain constant throughout
the process. Therefore, the density r is a constant. Applying the universal gas law,
rRT1
p1
=
p2
rRT2
(273 + 20 C) K
400 kPa
=
p2
(273 + 85 C) K
p2 = 488.7 kPa
The change in pressure is
p = p2 - p1 = 488.74 kPa - 400 kPa = 88.74 kPa = 88.7 kPa
Also,
cp =
Ans.
1.66 ( 2077 J>kg # K )

kR
=
= 5223.97 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.66 - 1

s1 - s2 = cp ln
p2
T2
- R ln
T1
p1
s = ( 5223.97 J>kg # K ) ln
(273 + 85 C) K
(273 + 20 C) K
s = 630.53 J>kg # K = 631 J>kg # K
1 2077 J>kg # K 2 ln a
488.7 kPa
b
400 kPa
Ans.
The positive result indicates that the entropy increases.
Ans:
p = 88.7 kPa
s = 631 J>(kg # K)
1357
*134. The oxygen in section A of the pipe is at a

temperature of 60 C and an absolute pressure of 280 kPa,
whereas when it is at B, its temperature is 80 C and the
absolute pressure is 200 kPa. Determine the change per unit
mass in the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy between
the two sections.
Solution
Oxygen is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, R = 259.8 J>kg # K and k = 1.40.
cv =
cp =
259.8 J>kg # K
R
=
= 649.5 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.40 - 1
1.40 ( 259.8 J>kg # K )

kR
=
= 909.3 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.40 - 1
Then, the changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are

u = cv T = ( 649.5 J>kg # K ) 3 (273 + 80 C) K - (273 + 60 C) K 4
= 12.99 ( 103 ) J>kg = 13.0 kJ>kg
Ans.
h = cp T = ( 909.3 J>kg # K ) 3 (273 + 80 C) K - (273 + 60 C) K 4
Ans.
= 18.186 J>kg = 18.2 kJ>kg
sB - sA = cp ln
pB
TB
- R ln
TA
pA
s = ( 909.3 J>kg # K ) Jln a
273 + 80 C
200 kPa
b R - ( 259.8 J>kg # K ) Jlna
bR
273 + 60 C
280 kPa
= 140.45 J>kg # K = 140 J>kg # K
Ans.
1358
135. The hydrogen in section A of the pipe is at a

temperature of 60 F and an absolute pressure of 30 lb>in2,
whereas when it is at B, its temperature is 100 F and the
absolute pressure is 20 lb>in2. Determine the changes in
internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, all per unit mass,
between the two sections.
Solution
Hydrogen is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, R = 24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.41.
cv =
24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R

R
=
= 60.15 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
(1.41 - 1)
cp =
1.41 3 24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4

kR
=
= 84.81 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.41 - 1
Then, the changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are

u = cv T =
3 60.15 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4 3 (460
+ 100 F) R - (460 + 60 F) 4
= 2.406 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug = 2.41 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug

h = cp T =
3 84.81 ( 10 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4 3 (460

3
Ans.
+ 100 F) R - (460 + 60 F) 4
= 3.392 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug = 3.39 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug

sB - sA = cp ln
s =
Ans.
pB
TB
- R ln
TA
pA
3 84.81 ft # lb>slug # R 4 c ln a
460 + 100 F
bd 460 + 60 F
3 24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4 c ln a
= 16.28 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R = 16.3 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R
1359
Ans.
20 lb>in2
30 lb>in2
bd
Ans:
u = 2.41 1 106 2 ft # lb>slug
h = 3.39 1 106 2 ft # lb>slug
s = 16.3 1 106 2 ft # lb>(slug # R)
136. The closed tank contains helium at 200 C and

under an absolute pressure of 530 kPa. If the temperature
is increased to 250 C, determine the changes in density
and pressure, and the changes per unit mass in the internal
energy and enthalpy of the helium.
Solution
The helium is considered to be compressible.
From Appendix A, R = 2077 J>kg # K and k = 1.66 for helium. Since the helium is
contained in a closed rigid tank, the mass and volume remain constant throughout
the process. Therefore, the density r will remain constant. Applying the universal
gas law,
rRT1
p1
=
p2
rRT2
(273 + 200 C) K
530 kPa
=
p2
(273 + 250 C) K
p2 = 586.03 kPa
p = p2 - p1 = 586.03 kPa - 530 kPa
Ans.
= 56.03 kPa = 56.0 kPa

Also,
cv =
2077 J>kg # K
R
=
= 3146.97 J>kg # K
k - 1
(1.66 - 1)
cp =
1.66 ( 2077 J>kg # K )

kR
=
= 5223.97 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.66 - 1
The changes in internal energy and enthalpy are

u = cv T = ( 3146.97 J>kg # K ) 3 (273 + 250 C) K - (273 + 200 C) K 4
= 157.35 ( 103 ) J>kg = 157 kJ>kg
Ans.
h = cp T = ( 5223.97 J>kg # K ) 3 (273 + 250 C) K - (273 + 200 C) K 4

= 261.20 ( 103 ) J>kg = 261 kJ>kg
Ans.
Ans:
The density r will remain constant.
p = 56.0 kPa
u = 157 kJ>kg
h = 261 kJ>kg
1360
137. The closed tank contains oxygen at 400 F and under

an absolute pressure of 30 lb>in. If the temperature
decreases to 300 F, determine the changes in density, and
pressure, and the changes per unit mass in the internal
energy and enthalpy of the oxygen.
Solution
The oxygen is considered to be compressible.
From Appendix A, R = 1554 ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.40 for oxygen. Since the
oxygen is contained in a closed rigid tank, the mass and volume remain constant
throughout the process. Therefore, the density r will remain constant. Thus,
r = 0
Applying the universal gas law,
rRT1
p1
T1
=
=
p2
rRT2
T2
30 lb>in2
p2
(460 + 400 F) R
(460 + 300 F) R
p2 = 26.51 lb>in2
p = p2 - p1 = 26.51 lb>in2 - 30 lb>in2
= - 3.488 lb>in2 = - 3.49 lb>in2
Also,
cv =
cp =
Ans.
1554 ft # lb>slug # R
R
=
= 3885 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.40 - 1
1.40 ( 1554 ft # lb>slug # R )

kR
=
= 5439 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.40 - 1
The changes in internal energy and enthalpy are

u = cv T = ( 3885 ft # lb>slug # R ) 3 (460 + 300 F) R - (460 + 400 F) R 4
= - 388.5 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug
Ans.
h = cp T = ( 5439 ft # lb>slug # R ) 3 (460 + 300 F) R - (460 + 400 F) R 4

= - 543.9 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug = - 544 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug
1361
Ans.
Ans:
The density r will remain constant.
p = - 3.49 lb>in2
u = - 388.5 1 103 2 ft # lb>slug
h = - 544 1 103 2 ft # lb>slug
*138. A gas has a specific heat that varies with the absolute
temperature, such that cp = 1 1256 + 36 728>T 2 2 J>kg # K.
If the temperature rises from 300 K to 400 K, determine the
change in enthalpy per unit mass.
Solution
The gas is considered to be compressible.
Since cp is a function of T, the change in enthalpy is
cp =
dh
dT
h2
Lh1
T2
dh =
LT1
cp dT
400 K
h2 - h1 =
L300 K
a1256 +
= a1256T -
36 728
bdT
T2
36 728 400 K
b`
T
300 K
= 125.63 ( 103 ) J>kg
Ans.
= 126 kJ>kg
1362
139. Air has a temperature of 600 R and absolute

pressure of 100 psi at A. As it passes through the transition,
its temperature becomes 500 R and the absolute pressure
becomes 40 psi at B. Determine the changes per unit mass,
in the density and the entropy of the air.
6 in.
2 in.
B
A
Solution
The air is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
From Appendix A, R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.40 for air. Applying the
universal gas law,
pA = rARTA; (100 lb>in2 ) a
12 in. 2
b = rA ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (600 R)
1 ft
rA = 0.013986 slug>ft 3
pB = rBRTB; ( 40 lb>in2 ) a
12 in. 2
b = rB ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (500 R)
1 ft
rB = 0.006713 slug>ft 3
Thus, the change in density is

r = rB - rA = 0.006713 slug>ft 3 - 0.013986 slug>ft 3
= - 0.00727 slug>ft 3
Also,
cv =
Ans.
R
=
= 4290 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.40 - 1

sB - sA = cv ln
s =
rB
TB
- R ln
rA
TA
1 4290 ft # lb>slug # R 2 ln a
500 R
b 600 R
1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2 ln
= 477.3 ft # lb>slug # R = 477 ft # lb>slug # R
0.006713 slug>ft 3
0.013986 slug>ft 3
Ans.
Ans:
r = - 0.00727 slug>ft 3
s = 477 ft # lb>(slug # R)
1363
1310. Air has a temperature of 600 R and absolute

pressure of 100 psi at A. As it passes through the transition,
its temperature becomes 500 R and the absolute pressure
becomes 40 psi at B. Determine the changes per unit mass
in the internal energy and the enthalpy of the air.
6 in.
2 in.
B
A
Solution
From Appendix A, R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.40 for air.
cv =
cp =
R
=
= 4290 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.40 - 1
1.40 1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2

kR
=
= 6006 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.40 - 1
Then, the changes in internal energy and enthalpy are
u = cv T = ( 4290 ft # lb>slug # R ) (500 R - 600 R)

= - 429 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug
Ans.
= - 600.6 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug = - 601 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug
Ans.
h = cp T = ( 6006 ft # lb>slug # R ) (500 R - 600 R)
Ans:
u = - 429 1 103 2 ft # lb>slug
1364
h = - 601 1 103 2 ft # lb>slug
1311. Air flows in a horizontal duct at 20 C with a

velocity of 180 m>s. If the velocity increases to 250 m>s,
determine the corresponding temperature of the air. Hint:
Use the energy equation to find h .
Solution
Applying the energy equation with a
hout +
Vout 2
V in2
= hin +
2
2
h = hout - hin =
=
dWs
dQ
b = a
b
= 0 and zin = zout
dt in
dt out
1
1 V 2 - V out2 2
2 in
1
31 180 m>s 2 2 2
1 250 m>s 2 2 4
= - 15.05 1 103 2 J>kg
From Appendix A, R = 286.9 J>kg # K and k = 1.40 for air.

cp =
1.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2

kR
=
= 1004.15 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.40 - 1
The change in enthalpy is
h = cp T; - 15.05 1 103 2 J>kg =
1 1004.15 J>kg # K 2 3 (273
Tout = 5.01 C
+ Tout) K - (273 + 20 C) K 4
Ans.
Ans:
5.01 C
1365
*1312. The half-angle a on the Mach cone of a rocket

is 20. If the air temperature is 65 F, determine the speed of
the rocket.
Solution
The air is considered to be compressible.
c = 1kRT = 21.40 1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2 (460 + 65 F)
= 1123.06 ft>s
We have
sin a =
1123.06 ft>s
c
;sin 20 =
V
V
V = 3283.60 ft>s = 3.28 1 103 2 ft>s
Ans.
1366
1313. Determine the speed of a jet plane that flies at

Mach 2.3 and at an altitude of 10 000 ft. Use the Standard
Atmospheric Table in Appendix A.
Solution
From Appendix A, T = 23.34 F at an altitude of 10 000 ft. Also, R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R
and k = 1.40.
V = M 1kRT
= 2.321.4 1 1716 ft # lb>slug>R 2 1 460 + 23.34 F 2 R

= 2478.43 ft>s = 2.48 1 103 2 ft>s
1367
Ans.
Ans:
2.48 1 103 2 ft>s
1314. Compare the speed of sound in water and air at a

temperature of 20 C. The bulk modulus of water at
T = 20 C is EV = 2.2 GPa.
Solution
Table in Appendix A gives k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Here, T = (273 + 20) K
= 293 K.
Then
cair = 1kRT = 21.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (293 K) = 343 m>s
Ans.
Table in Appendix A gives rw = 998.3 kg>m3. Then

cw =
2.20 1 109 2 N>m2

EV
=
= 1485 m>s
B r
C 998.3 kg>m3
Ans.
Ans:
cair = 343 m>s
cw = 1485 m>s
1368
1315. Determine the speed of sound in water and in air,

both at a temperature of 60 F. Take EV = 311 1 103 2 psi
forwater.
Solution
The water is considered to be compressible.
cair = 1kRT = 21.40 1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2 (460 + 60 F)
= 1117.70 ft>s = 1.12 1 103 2 ft>s
Ans.
From Appendix A, rw = 1.939 slug>ft 3 at T = 60 F.
cw =
EV
=
B r
S
3 311 1 103 2 lb>in2 4 a
12 in. 2
b
1 ft
1.939 slug>ft 3
cw = 4805.88 ft>s = 4.81 1 103 2 ft>s
Ans.
1369
Ans:
cair = 1.12 1 103 2 ft>s
cw = 4.81 1 103 2 ft>s
*1316. A ship is located where the depth of the ocean is

3 km. Determine the time needed for a sonar signal to
bounce off the bottom and return to the ship. Assume
the water temperature is 10 C. Take r = 1030 kg>m3 and
EV = 2.11 1 109 2 Pa for seawater.
Solution
c =
2.11 1 109 2 N>m2

EV
=
= 1431.27 m>s
B r
C 1 1030 kg>m3 2
The distance traveled by the sonic wave is s = 2 3 3 1 103 2 m 4 = 6 1 103 2 m. Then,

s = ct;6 1 103 2 m =
t = 4.19 s
1 1431.27 m>s 2 t
Ans.
1370
1317. Determine how fast a race car must travel in 20 C

weather in order for M = 0.3.
Solution
V
V
=
. For air, table in Appendix A gives k = 1.4, R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
c
1kRT
Here, T = (273 + 20) K = 293.
M =
Then
V
31.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (293 K)
= 0.3
Ans.
V = 102.92 m>s = 103 m>s
Ans:
103 m>s
1371
1318. A jet plane is flying at Mach 2.2. Determine its

speed in kilometers per hour. The air is at 10 C.
Solution
V = M 1kRT = 2.231.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (273 + 10 C) K
= a741.72
1 km
3600 s
m
ba
ba
b
s
1000 m
h
= 2.67 1 103 2 km>h
1372
Ans.
Ans:
2.67 1 103 2 km>h
1319. Water is at a temperature of 40 F. If a sonar signal

takes 3 s to detect a large whale, determine the distance
from the whale to the ship. Take r = 1.990 slug>ft 3 and
EV = 311 1 103 2 psi.
Solution
The water is considered to be compressible.
c =
EV
=
B r
S
3 311 ( 103 ) lb>in2 4 a
12 in. 2
b
1ft
( 1.990 slug>ft 3 )
= 4743.89
The distance traveled by the sonic wave is 2s, where s is the distance the whale is
from the ship. Thus,
2s = ct
s =
ct
=
2
1 4743.89 ft>s 2 (3 s)
= 7115.86 ft a
= 1.35 mi
1 mi
b
5280 ft
Ans.
Ans:
1.35 mi
1373
*1320. Determine the Mach number of a cyclist peddling

at 15 mi>h. The air has a temperature of 70 F. 1 mi = 5280 ft.
Solution
The speed of the cyclist is
V = a15
1h
5280 ft
mi
ba
ba
b = 22 ft>s
h
3600 s
1 mi
From Appendix A, R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.40 for air. The speed of
sound is
c = 1kRT
= 21.40 1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2 1 460 + 70 F 2 R
= 1128.39 ft>s
The Mach number is
M =
22 ft>s
V
=
c
1128.39 ft>s
Ans.
= 0.0195
1374
1321. A jet plane has a speed of 600 mi>h when flying

at an altitude of 10 000 ft. Determine the Mach number.
1 mi = 5280 ft. Use the Standard Atmospheric Table in
Appendix A.
Solution
The speed of the jet is
V = a600
1h
5280 ft
mi
ba
ba
b = 880 ft>s
h
3600 s
1 mi
From Appendix A, T = 23.34 F for air at an altitude of 10 000 ft. Also,

R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.40 for air.
c = 2kRT
= 21.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (460 + 23.34 F) R

= 1077.6 ft>s
The Mach number is

M =
880 ft>s
V
=
c
1077.6 ft>s
Ans.
= 0.817
Ans:
0.817
1375
1322. Determine the half-angle a of the Mach cone at

the nose of a jet if it is flying at 1125 m>s in air at 5 C.
Solution
c = 2kRT
= 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 5 C) K

= 334.16 m>s
Thus,
sin a =
334.16 m>s
c
=
V
1125 m>s
Ans.
a = 17.3
Ans:
17.3
1376
1323. A jet plane has a speed of 600 m>s. If the air has a
temperature of 10 C, determine the Mach number and the
half-angle a of the Mach cone.
600 m/s
a
a
Solution
c = 2kRT
= 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 10 C) K
= 337.15 m>s
Thus, the Mach number is

V
M =
c
M =
600 m>s
337.15 m>s
= 1.78 Ans.
The half angle of the Mach cone is

sin a =
337.15 m>s
c
=
V
600 m>s
a = 34.2 Ans.
Ans:
M = 1.78
a = 34.2
1377
*1324. A jet plane passes 5 km directly overhead. If the

sound of the plane is heard 6 s later, determine the speed of
the plane. The average air temperature is 10 C.
Solution
From Appendix A, R = 286.9 J>kg # K and k = 1.40.
c = 2kRT
= 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 10 C) K

= 337.15 m>s
The half angle of the Mach cone is

sin a =
337.15 m>s
c
=

V
V
(1)
Referring to the geometry of the half cone shown in Fig. a,

sin a =
5000
2(6V)2 + 50002
(2)
S = Vt = V(6)
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2),

a
337.15
5000
=
V
2(6V)2 + 50002
5000 m
(6V)2 + 50002
Ans.
V = 368.67 m>s = 369 m>s
1378
(a)
1325. The Mach number of the air flow in the wind

tunnel at B is to be M = 2.0 with an air temperature of
10 C and absolute pressure of 25 kPa. Determine the
required absolute pressure and temperature within the
large reservoir at A.
Solution
The air in reservoir A is at rest. Thus, the temperature and pressure here are T0
(stagnation temperature) and p0 (stagnation pressure), respectively. Since k = 1.40
for air, Appendix B can be used for the solution. For M = 2.0,
(273 + 10 C) K
T
= 0.5556;T0 =
= 509.4 K = 509 K
T0
0.5556
Ans.
p
25 kPa
= 0.1278;p0 =
= 195.61 kPa = 196 kPa
p0
0.1278
Ans.
Ans:
T0 = 509 K
p0 = 196 kPa
1379
1326. The absolute stagnation pressure for air is 875 kPa

when the stagnation temperature is 25 C. If the absolute
pressure for the flow is 630 kPa, determine the velocity of
the flow.
Solution
Since k = 1.40 for air, the tables in Appendix B can be used for the solution. Here,
p
630 kPa
=
= 0.72
p0
875 kPa
Interpolating the values given in the table, we obtain M = 0.7014. Using this result,
T
= 0.9104;T = 0.9104(273 + 25 C) K = 271.30 K
T0
For air, R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
V = M 2kRT = 0.7014 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (271.30)
V = 231.55 m>s = 232 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
232 m>s
1380
1327. The flow at a point in a wind tunnel has a speed of

M = 2.5 when the absolute pressure of the air is 16kPa and
the temperature is 200 K. Determine the speed of the air at
the point, and also find the temperature and pressure of the
air in the supply reservoir.
Solution
For air, R = 286.9 J>kg # K and k = 1.40.
V = M 2kRT = 2.521.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (200 K)
Ans.
= 708.57 m>s = 709 m>s
The air in the supply reservoir is at rest. Thus, the temperature and pressure here
are T0 (stagnation temperature) and p0 (stagnation pressure), respectively. Since
k = 1.40 for air, Appendix B can be used for the solution. For M = 2.5,
T
200 K
= 450 K
= 0.4444;T0 =
T0
0.4444
p
16 kPa
= 0.05853;p0 =
= 273.38 kPa = 273 kPa
p0
0.05853
Ans.
Ans.
Ans:
V = 709 m>s
T0 = 450 K
p0 = 273 kPa
1381
*1328. The 4-in.-diameter pipe carries air that is flowing

at M = 1.36. Measurements show that the absolute pressure
is 60 psi and the temperature is 95 F. Determine the mass
flow through the pipe.
4 in.
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R.
V = M 2kRT
= 1.3621.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (460 + 95 F) R

= 1570.39 ft>s
Using the ideal gas law,

p = rRT;
a60
lb 12 in. 2
ba
b = r ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (460 + 95 F) R
1 ft
in2
r = 0.009072 slug>ft 3
Thus, the mass flow can be determined from

2
2
#
m = rVA = ( 0.009072 slug>ft 3 )( 1570.39 ft>s ) pa
ft b
12
= 1.243 slug>s = 1.24 slug>s
1382
Ans.
1329. The 4-in.-diameter pipe carries air that is flowing at

M = 0.83. If the stagnation temperature is 85 F and the
absolute stagnation pressure is 14.7 psi, determine the mass
flow through the pipe.
4 in.
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R. Since k = 1.40 for air, Appendix B
can be used for the solution. For M = 0.83, the interpolation of the values in the
tables gives
T
= 0.8789;T = 0.8789(460 + 85 F) R = 479.00 R
T0
p
= 0.6365;p = 0.6365(14.7 psi) = 9.3565 psi
p0
Using the universal gas law,
p = rRT; a9.3565
lb 12 in. 2
b = r ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (479.00 R)
ba
1 ft
in2
r = 0.001639 slug >ft 3
The velocity of the air is

V = M 2kRT
= 0.8321.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (479.00 R)
= 890.37 ft>s
Thus, the mass flow can be determined from
2
2
#
m = rVA = ( 0.001639 slug>ft 3 )( 890.37 ft>s ) p a ft b
12
= 0.1274 slug>s = 0.127 slug>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.127 slug>s
1383
1330. The absolute stagnation pressure for methane is

110 lb>in2 when the stagnation temperature is 70 F. If
the pressure in the flow is 80 lb>in2, determine the
corresponding velocity of the flow.
Solution
The methane is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
For methane, k = 1.31 and R = 3099 ft # lb>slug # R (Appendix A). Applying
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
1.31
110 lb>in2 =
M = 0.7106
1 80 lb>in2 2 c 1
+ a
1.31 - 1
1.31 - 1
bM 2 d
2
Using this result,

T0 = T a1 + a
k - 1
bM 2 b
2
(460 + 70 F) R = T c 1 + a
T = 491.53 R
1.31 - 1
b ( 0.71062 ) d
2
Then, the velocity of the flow is

V = M 2kRT = 0.7106 21.31 ( 3099 ft # lb>slug # R ) (491.53 R)
= 1003.82 ft >s = 1.00 ( 103 ) ft>s
Ans.
1384
Ans:
1.00 1 103 2 ft>s
1331. The temperature and absolute pressure of air

within the circular duct are 40 C and 800kPa, respectively.
If the mass flow is 30 kg>s, determine the Mach number.
200 mm
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K (table in Appendix A). Using the universal
gas law,
p = rRT;800 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 40 C)
m2
r = 8.9087 kg>m3
Using this result, the velocity of the flow can be determined from
m = rVA
30 kg>s = ( 8.9087 kg>m3 ) (V) 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
V = 107.19 m>s
The speed of sound is
c = 2kRT = 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 40 C) K
= 354.57 m>s
Finally, the Mach number of the flow is

M =
107.19 m>s
V
=
c
354.57 m>s
= 0.302
Ans.
Ans:
0.302
1385
1332. Determine the pressure of air if it is flowing at

1600 km>h. When the air is still, the temperature is 20 C
and the absolute pressure is 101.3 kPa.
Solution
The velocity of the air is
V = a1600
1h
km 1000 m
ba
ba
b = 444.44 m>s
hr
1 km
3600 s
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
c = 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) T = 20.042T
The Mach number of the flow is

M =
444.44 m>s
V
22.1763
=
=

c
20.04 2T
2T
(1)
Using this result,
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
(273 + 20 C) K = T c 1 + a
T = 194.64 K
1.4 - 1 22.1763 2
ba
b d
2
2T
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

M =
22.1763
2194.64
= 1.5895
Using this result,
k - 1 2 k-1
p0 = pa1 +
M b
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
101.3 kPa = pc 1 + a
b ( 1.58952 ) d
2
Ans.
p = 24.21 kPa = 24.2 kPa
1386
1333. What are the ratios of the critical pressure,

temperature, and density to the stagnation pressure,
temperature, and density for methane?
Solution
The methane is considered to be compressible.
For methane, k = 1.31 (Appendix A). The critical temperature, pressure, and
density occur when M = 1.
T0 = T a1 +
T0 = T *a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
1.31 - 1 2
(1) b
2
T*
= 0.8658 = 0.866
T0
Ans.
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
p0 = pa1 +
M b
2
p0 = p*a1 +
1.31
1.31 - 1 2 (1.31 - 1)
(1) b
2
p*
= 0.5439 = 0.544
p0
Ans.
1
k - 1 2 ak - 1 b
M b
r0 = r a1 +
2
r0 = r*a1 +
1.31 - 1 2 a1.31 - 1 b
(1) b
2
r*
= 0.6282 = 0.628
r0
Ans.
Ans:
T*>T0 = 0.866
p*>p0 = 0.544
r*>r0 = 0.628
1387
1334. The nozzle is fitted to a large chamber of air in

which the absolute pressure is 175 psi and the absolute
temperature is 550 R. Determine the greatest mass flow
through the nozzle. The throat has a diameter of 2 in.
2 in.
Solution
We assume isentropic flow.
The greatest mass flow will occur when the nozzle becomes choked, that is, at the
throat M = 1. The stagnation pressure and temperature are p0 = 175 psi and
T0 = 550 R. The temperature and pressure of the air stream at the throat can be
determined using the tables in Appendix B (M = 1).
T*
= 0.8333
T0
T * = 0.8333(550 R) = 458.3 R
p*
= 0.5283
p0
p* = 0.5283(175 psi) = 92.45 psi
Rather than using Appendix B, the density can also be found using the ideal gas law
with R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R and k = 1.4 (from table in Appendix A). The mass flow
is therefore
m = r*V *A =
=
p*
RT *
M 2kRT *A
( 92.45 lb>in2 ) (12 in.>ft)2

( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (458.3 R)
(1) 2(1.4) ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (458.3 R) c p a
#
m = 0.388 slug>s
2
1
ft b d
12
Ans.
Ans:
0.388 slug>s
1388
1335. Nitrogen in the reservoir is at a temperature of

20 C and an absolute pressure of 300 kPa. Determine the
mass flow through the nozzle. The atmospheric pressure
is100 kPa.
10 mm
Solution
The flow can be considered steady and isentropic and the nitrogen is compressible.
The nitrogen in the reservoir is stagnant. Thus, T0 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K and
p0 = 300 kPa. Here p = patm = 100 kPa and for nitrogen k = 1.4 (from table in
Appendix A).
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
300 kPa = (100 kPa)c 1 + a
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
M = 1.3578 7 1 (Nozzle choked)
Since the nozzle is choked, the nitrogen will undergo expansion so that its pressure
will drop abruptly to patm just to the right of the exit plane. The flow properties just
to the left of the exit plane can be determined using M = 1.
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
293 K = T * c 1 + a
1.4 - 1
b ( 12 ) d
2
T * = 244.17 K
And
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
300 kPa = p* c 1 +
1.4
1.4 - 1 2 1.4 - 1
(1 ) d
2
p* = 158.48 kPa
Using the ideal gas law with R = 296.8 J>kg # K for nitrogen (from table in
AppendixA)
p* =
p*
RT
158.48 ( 103 ) N>m2
( 296.8 J>kg # K ) (244.17 K)
= 2.1869 kg>m3
V * = M 2kRT * = (1) 21.4 ( 296.8 J>kg # K ) (244.17 K) = 318.52 m>s
The mass flow rate under the choked condition is the greatest possible for the given
stagnation condition and nozzle.
m = r*V *A = ( 2.1869 kg>m3 )( 318.52 m>s ) c p(0.005 m)2 d

= 0.0547 kg>m3
1389
Ans.
Ans:
0.0547 kg>m3
1336. The large tank contains air at an absolute pressure

of 150 kPa and temperature of 20 C. The 5-mm-diameter
nozzle at A is opened to let air out of the tank. Determine
the mass flow and the horizontal force that must be applied
to the tank to prevent it from moving. The atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa.
Solution
The flow can be considered steady and isentropic and the air is compressible.
Since the tank is a large reservoir, the air contained is stagnant. Thus,
T0 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K and p0 = 150 kPa. Here, p = patm = 100 kPa and for
air k = 1.4 and using ideal gas law.
r0 =
150 ( 103 ) N>m2
p0
=
RT0
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (293 K)
= 1.7844 kg>m3
k
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
p0 = p a1 +
150 kPa = (100 kPa)c 1 + a
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
M = 0.7837 6 1 (Nozzle will not choke)
The same result can also be obtained by interpolating the values tabulated in
p
100 kPa
Appendix B for
=
= 0.6667. Applying Eq. 1331 and Eq. 1333 or
p0
150 kPa
using the isentropic flow tables in Appendix B with the result of M,
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
293 K = T c 1 + a
T = 260.95 K
1.4 - 1
b ( 0.78372 ) d
2
And
1
r0 = ra1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
1.7844 kg>m3 = rc 1 + a
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 0.78372 ) d
2
r = 1.3357 kg>m3
With R = 286.9 J>kg # k (from table in Appendix A),
V = M 2kRT = 0.783721.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (260.95 K) = 253.71 m>s
Thus, the mass flow rate is
m = rVA = ( 1.3357 kg>m3 )( 253.71 m>s ) 3 p(0.0025 m)2 4

= 0.00665 kg>s
1390
Ans.
1336. Continued
Applying the linear momentum equation by referring to the FBD of the control
volume shown in Fig. a
F =
0
V rdV +
Vf>cs rVf>cs # dA
0t Lcv f>cs
Lcs
+ ) F = 0 + ( 253.71 m>s )( 1.3357 kg>m3 )( 253.71 m>s ) 3 p(0.0025 m)2 4

(S
Ans.
= 1.69 N
1391
(a)
1337. Nitrogen, at an absolute pressure of 600 kPa and

temperature of 800 K, is contained in the large tank.
Determine the backpressure in the hose to choke the nozzle
and yet maintain isentropic supersonic flow through the
divergent portion of the nozzle. The nozzle has an outer
diameter of 40 mm, and the throat has a diameter of 20 mm.
20 mm
40 mm
Solution
Nitrogen is considered to be compressible.
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the exit plane to that of the throat is
p(0.02 m)2
A
=
= 4
A*
p(0.01 m)2
For isentropic supersonic flow to occur through the divergent portion of the nozzle,
M 7 1 at the exit plane and the back pressure is p4. Since k = 1.40 for nitrogen,
A
we can solve this problem using Appendix B. With * = 4, the interpolation of the
A
values in the table (choosing M 7 1) gives M = 2.9402. Then using this result,
p4
= 0.02979;p4 = 0.02979(600 kPa) = 17.9 kPa
p0
Ans.
Ans:
17.9 kPa
1392
1338. Nitrogen, at an absolute pressure of 600 kPa and

temperature of 800 K, is contained in the large tank.
Determine the backpressure in the hose to choke the nozzle
and maintain isentropic subsonic flow through the divergent
portion of the nozzle. The nozzle has an outer diameter of
40 mm, and the throat has a diameter of 20 mm.
20 mm
40 mm
Solution
p(0.02 m)2
A
=
= 4
A*
p(0.01 m)2
For isentropic subsonic flow to occur through the divergent portion of the nozzle,
M 6 1 at the exit plane and the back pressure is p3. Since k = 1.40 for nitrogen,
A
we can solve this problem using Appendix B, with * = 4, the interpolation of the
A
values in the table (choosing M < 1) gives M = 0.1465. Then using this result, we obtain
p4
= 0.9851;p4 = 0.9851(600 kPa) = 591 kPa
p0
Ans.
Ans:
591 kPa
1393

of 700kPa and temperature of 400 K. Determine the mass
flow from the tank into the pipe if the converging nozzle has
an exit diameter of 40 mm and the absolute pressure in the
pipe is 150 kPa.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those in the tank; i.e., T0 = 400 K
and p0 = 700 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
P0 = pa1 +
2
700 kPa = 150 kPac 1 + a
M = 1.663
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow at the exit plane with M 7 1 (supersonic) is not possible since the nozzle
will be choked at the exit plane and an expansion shock wave forms thereafter. Thus,
at the exit plane M = 1.
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
400 K = T *a1 +
T * = 333.33 K
1.4 - 1 2
(1) b
2
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
P0 = pa1 +
M b
2
1.4
1.4 - 1 2 1.4 - 1
(1) b
2
700 kPa = p*a1 +

p* = 369.80 kPa

p* = p*RT *;369.80(103)
N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (333.33 K)
m2
r* = 3.8668 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow at the exit plane is
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 2(1.40) ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (333.33 K)
= 365.91 m>s
Finally,
m = r*V *A* = ( 3.8668 kg>m3 )( 365.91 m>s ) 3 p ( 0.02 m>s ) 2 4

= 1.778 kg>s = 1.78 kg>s
1394
Ans.
Ans:
1.78 kg>s

of 700 kPa and temperature of 400 K. Determine the mass
flow from the tank into the pipe if the converging nozzle has
an exit diameter of 40 mm and the absolute pressure in the
pipe is 400 kPa.
Solution
and p0 = 700 kPa. For air k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
P0 = pa1 +
2
700 kPa = 400 kPac 1 + a
M = 0.9311
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow with M 6 1 (subsonic) is possible. Using this result,

T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
400 K = T a1 + a
T = 340.89 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.9311)2 b
2

p = rRT;400 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (340.89 K)
m2
r = 4.0899 kg>m3
V = M 2kRT = (0.9311) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (340.89 K)
= 344.53 m>s
Finally,
m = rVA = ( 4.0899 kg>m3 )( 344.53 m>s ) 3 p(0.02 m)2 4

= 1.771 kg>s = 1.77 kg>s
1395
Ans.

of 600 kPa and temperature of 70 C. The Laval nozzle has a
throat diameter of 20 mm and an exit diameter of 50 mm.
Determine the absolute pressure within the connected pipe
so that the nozzle chokes but also maintains isentropic
subsonic flow within the divergent portion of the nozzle.
Also, what is the mass flow from the tank if the absolute
pressure within the pipe is 150 kPa?
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those in the tank; i.e.,
T0 = (273 + 70) K = 343 K and p0 = 600 kPa. Since the nozzle is required to
choke, M = 1 at the throat section. Here,
p(0.025 m)2
A
=
a
b = 6.25
A*
p(0.01 m)2
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Using Appendix B or the equation with
A
= 6.25, choose M 6 1 since the flow at the exit plane is required to be subsonic.
A*
We get
M = 0.09307
Using this result, Appendix B gives
r
= 0.9940;p = (0.9940)(600 kPa) = 596.38 = 596 kPa
P0
Ans.
Since pb = 150 kPa 6 596 kPa, the nozzle will be choked. Thus, M = 1 at the
throat section. Thus, from Appendix B,
T*
= 0.8333,T * = 0.8333(343 K) = 285.83 K
T0
p*
= 0.5283, p* = 0.5283(600 kPa) = 316.97 kPa
p0
N
= r* 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (285.83 K)
m2
r* = 3.8652 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow at the throat section is
p* = r*RT *;316.97 1 103 2
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 2(1.40) ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (285.83 K)
Finally,
= 338.83 m>s
#
m = r* V *A =
1 3.8652 kg>m3 2 ( 338.83 m>s ) 3 p(0.01 m)2 4
= 0.411 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
For isentropic flow, p = 596 kPa
#
When p = 150 kPa, m = 0.411 kg>s
1396

of 600 kPa and temperature of 70 C. The nozzle has a
throat diameter of 20 mm and an exit diameter of 50 mm.
Determine the absolute pressure within the connected pipe,
and the corresponding mass flow through the pipe, when
the nozzle chokes and maintains isentropic supersonic flow
within the divergent portion of the nozzle.
Solution
T0 = (273 + 70) K = 343 K and p0 = 600 kPa. Since the nozzle is required to
choke, M = 1 at the throat section. Here,
p(0.025 m)2
A
=
= 6.25
*
A
p(0.01 m)2
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Using Appendix B or the equation with
A
= 6.25 and choosing M 7 1 since the flow at the exit plane is required to be
A*
supersonic, we get
M = 3.4114
p
= 0.01488; p = (0.01488)(600 kPa) = 8.9276 kPa = 8.93 kPa
p0
Ans.
T
= 0.3005; T = 0.3005(343 K) = 103.08 K
T0
p = rRT;8.9276 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (103.08 K)
m2
r = 0.3019 kg>m3

V = M 2kRT = 3.41142(1.40) ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (103.08 K)
Finally,
= 694.14 m>s
#
m = rVA = ( 0.3019 kg>m3 )( 694.14 m>s ) 3 p(0.025 m)2 4
= 0.411 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
p = 8.93 kPa
#
m = 0.411 kg>s
1397
1343. The absolute pressure is 400 kPa and the

temperature is 20 C in the tank. If the pressure at the
entrance A of the nozzle is 300 kPa, determine the mass
flow out of the tank through the exit of the nozzle.
40 mm
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those in the tank; i.e., T0 =
(273 + 20) K = 293 K and p0 = 400 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
p0 = p1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M
2
1.4
400 kPa = 300 kPac 1 + a

M = 0.6545
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow with M 6 1 (subsonic) at A is possible. Using this result,

T0 = T 1 +
k - 1 2
M
2
293 K = T c 1 + a
T = 269.88
1.4 - 1
b(0.6545)2 d
2

p = rRT;300 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (269.88 K)
m2
r = 3.8745 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow at A is

V = M 2kRT = (0.6545) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (269.88 K)
Finally,
= 215.48 m>s
#
m = rVA = ( 3.8745 kg>m3 )( 215.48 m>s ) 3 p(0.02 m)2 4
= 1.05 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
1.05 kg>s
1398
1344. Atmospheric air at an absolute pressure of 103kPa

and temperature of 20 C flows through the converging
nozzle into the tank where the absolute pressure at A is
30kPa. Determine the mass flow into the tank.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those in the atmosphere;
i.e., T0 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K and p0 = 103 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and
R = 286.9 J>kg # K (Appendix A).
k
p0 = p1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M
2
1.4
103 kPa = 30 kPac 1 + a

M = 1.4535
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow with M 7 1 (supersonic) is not possible at the exit plane. Since the nozzle
will be choked at the exit plane, an expansion shock wave will form thereafter. Thus,
at the exit plane, M = 1.
T0 = T 1 +
k - 1 2
M
2
293 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 244.17 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
103 kPa = p* c 1 + a
p* = 54.4130 kPa
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b 1 12 2d
2

p* = r*RT *;54.4130 ( 103 )
N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (244.17 K)
m2
r* = 0.7768 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow at the exit plane can be determined from
V * = M* 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (244.17 K)
= 313.16 m>s
Finally,
#
m = r*V *A = ( 0.7768 kg>m3 )( 313.16 m>s ) 3 p(0.02 m)2 4
= 0.306 kg>s
1399
Ans.
40 mm
1345. Air exits a large tank through a converging nozzle

having an exit diameter of 20 mm. If the temperature of
the air in the tank is 35 C and the absolute pressure in the
tank is 600 kPa, determine the velocity of the air as it exits
the nozzle. The absolute pressure outside the tank is
101.3kPa.
Solution
(273 + 35) K = 308 K and p0 = 600 kPa. For air k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K
(Appendix A).
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
600 kPa = 101.3 kPac 1 + a

M = 1.8198
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
T0 = T 1 +
k - 1 2
M
2
308 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 256.67 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2

V * = M 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (256.67 K)
= 321 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
321 m>s
1400
1346. Air exits a large tank through a converging nozzle

having an exit diameter of 20 mm. If the temperature of the
air in the tank is 35 C and the absolute pressure in the tank
is 150 kPa, determine the mass flow of the air as it exits the
nozzle. The absolute pressure outside the tank is 101.3 kPa.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those of the tank; i.e.,
T0 = (273 + 35) K = 308 K and p0 = 150 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
p0 = p1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
150 kPa = 101.3 kPac 1 + a
2
M = 0.7704
The flow with M 6 1 (subsonic) at the exit plane is possible. Using this result,
T0 = T 1 +
k - 1 2
M
2
308 K = T c 1 + a
T = 275.32 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.7704)2 d
2

p = rRT;101.3 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (275.32 K)
m2
r = 1.2824 kg>m3

V = M 2kRT = (0.7704) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (275.32 K)
= 256.18 m>s
Finally,
#
m = rVA = ( 1.2824 kg>m3 )( 256.18 m>s ) 3 p(0.01 m)2 4
= 0.103 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.103 kg>s
1401
1347. Nitrogen is contained in the large tank under an

absolute pressure of 20 psi and at a temperature of 25 F. If
the absolute outside pressure is 14.7 psi, determine the mass
flow from the nozzle. The throat has a diameter of 0.25 in.
0.25 in.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those of the tank; i.e.,
T0 = (460 + 25 F) R = 485 R and p0 = 20 psi. For nitrogen, k = 1.40 and
R = 1775 ft # lb>slug # R.
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M
p0 = p1 +
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
20 psi = (14.7 psi) c 1 + a
bM 2 d
2
M = 0.6781
T0 = T 1 +
k - 1 2
M
2
485 R = T c 1 + a
T = 444.16 R
1.4 - 1
b(0.6781)2 d
2

p = rRT;a14.7
lb 12 in 2
ba
b = r ( 1775 ft # lb>slug # R ) (444.16 R)
1 ft
in2
r = 0.002685 slug>ft 3

V = M 2kRT = (0.6781) 21.40 ( 1775 ft # lb>slug # R ) (444.16 R)
= 712.36 ft>s
Finally,
2
0.125
#
m = rVA = ( 0.002685 slug>ft 3 )( 712.36 ft>s ) pa
ft b
12
= 0.652 ( 10-3 ) slug>s
1402
Ans.
Ans:
0.652 1 10-3 2 slug>s
1348. Nitrogen is contained in the large tank under an

absolute pressure of 80 psi and at a temperature of 25 F. If
the absolute outside pressure is 14.7 psi, determine the mass
flow from the nozzle. The throat has a diameter of 0.25 in.
0.25 in.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of the tank; i.e., T0 = (460 + 25 F) R
= 485 R and p0 = 80 psi. For nitrogen, k = 1.40 and R = 1775 ft # lb>slug # R.
k
p0 = p1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M
2
1.4
80 psi = (14.7 psi) c 1 + a

M = 1.7644
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow with M 7 1 (supersonic) is not possible at the exit plane since the nozzle
will be choked and an expansion shock wave forms thereafter. Thus, at the exit
plane, M = 1.
T0 = T 1 +
k - 1 2
M
2
485 R = T * c 1 + a
T * = 404.17 R
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
80 psi = p c 1 + a
b ( 12 ) d
2
p* = 42.2625 psi

p* = r*RT *; a42.2625
lb 12 in 2
ba
b = r* ( 1775 ft # lb>slug # R ) (404.17 R)
1 ft
in2
r* = 0.008483 slug>ft 3

V * = M 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 1775 ft # lb>slug # R ) (404.17 R)
= 1002.17 ft>s
Finally,
2
0.125
#
m = r*V *A = ( 0.008483 slug>ft 3 )( 1002.17 ft>s ) pa
ft b
12
= 0.00290 slug>s
1403
Ans.
1349. If the fuel mixture within the chamber of the rocket

is under an absolute pressure of 1.30 MPa and temperature
of 2500 K, determine the Mach number of the exhaust if the
area ratio of the exit to the throat is 2.5. Assume that fully
expanded supersonic flow occurs. Take k = 1.40 for the
fuel mixture. The atmosphere has a pressure of 101.3 kPa.
Solution
The mixture is compressible. Steady flow occurs relative to the rocket.
The stagnation pressure that is in the chamber, i.e., p0 = 1.30 MPa. When the nozzle
is choked, M = 1 at the throat section.
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
p0 = p1 +
M
2
1.4
1.30 ( 10
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 12 ) d
Pa = p c 1 + a
2
p* = 686.8 kPa
Since the back pressure p = 101.3 kPa 6 p*, the nozzle will choke. Therefore
A
Appendix B can be used to determine M with * = 2.5. Choose M 7 1 since the
A
flow is required to be supersonic at the exit plane.
Ans.
M = 2.44
Ans:
2.44
1404
1350. The large tank contains air at a gage pressure of

170 lb > in2 and temperature of 120 F. The throat of the
nozzle has a diameter of 0.35 in., and the exit diameter is
1in. Determine the absolute pressure in the pipe required
to produce a jet that has isentropic supersonic flow through
the pipe. Also, what is the Mach number of this flow? The
atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi.
Solution
p
(1 in.)2
4
A
=
= 8.1633
p
A*
(0.35 in.)2
4
M 7 1 at the exit plane and the back pressure is at p4. Since k = 1.40 for air, we
A
can solve this problem using Appendix B. With * = 8.163, the interpolation of the
A
values in the table (choosing M 7 1) gives
Ans.
M = 3.6992 = 3.70
Then using this result,
p4
= 0.009914;p4 = 0.009914(170 psi + 14.7 psi)
p0
= 1.83 psi
Ans.
Ans:
M = 3.70
p4 = 1.83 psi
1405
1351. The large tank contains air at a gage pressure of

170lb>in2 and temperature of 120 F. The throat of the nozzle
has a diameter of 0.35 in., and the exit diameter is 1 in.
Determine the absolute pressure in the pipe required to choke
the nozzle and also maintain isentropic subsonic flow through
the pipe. Also, what is the velocity of the flow through the pipe
for this condition? The atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi.
Solution
p
(1 in.)2
A
4
=
= 8.1633
p
A*
(0.35 in.)2
4
M 6 1 at the exit plane and the back pressure is at p3. Since k = 1.40 for air, wecan
A
solve this problem using Appendix B. With * = 8.163, the interpolation of the
A
values in the table (choosing M 6 1) gives
M = 0.07111
Then using this result,
p3
= 0.9965;p3 = 0.9965(170 psi + 14.7 psi)
p0
= 184.05 psi = 184 psi
Ans.
T3
= 0.9990;T3 = 0.9990(460 + 120 F) R = 579.41 R
T0
Thus, the velocity of flow at the exit plane can be determined with
R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R for air
V3 = M 1kRT = 0.0711121.40 1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2 (579.41 R)
= 83.9 ft>s
Ans.
Ans:
p3 = 184 psi
V3 = 83.9 ft>s
1406
1352. The diameter of the exit of a converging nozzle is

50 mm. If its entrance is connected to a large tank containing
air at an absolute pressure of 500 kPa and temperature of
125 C, determine the mass flow through the nozzle. The
ambient air is at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa.
Solution
T0 = (273 + 125 C) = 398 K and p0 = 500 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R =
286.9 J>kg # K (Appendix A).
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
500 kPa = (101.3 kPa)c 1 + a

M = 1.7000
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
k - 1 2
M b
2
T0 = T a1 +
398 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 331.67 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
p0 = p a1 +
M b
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
500 kPa = p c 1 + a
b 1 12 2 d
2
p* = 264.14 kPa

p* = r* RT *;264.14 1 103 2
N
= r* 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (331.67 K)
m2
r* = 2.7759 kg>m3

V * = M 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (331.67 K)
= 364.99 m>s
Finally,
#
m = r* V * A =
1 2.7759 kg>m3 2 1 364.99.16 m>s 2 3 p(0.025 m)2 4
= 1.99 kg>s
1407
Ans.
1353. The diameter of the exit of a converging nozzle is

50mm. If its entrance is connected to a tank containing air at
an absolute pressure of 180 kPa and temperature of 125 C,
determine the mass flow from the tank. The ambient air is at
an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa.
Solution
T0 = (273 + 125) K = 398 K and p0 = 180 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R =
286.9 J>kg # K.
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
180 kPa = 101.3 kPac 1 + a

M = 0.9447
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
398 K = T c 1 + a
T = 337.72 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.9447)2 d
2

p = rRT:101.3 1 103 2
N
= r 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (337.72 K)
m2
r = 1.0455 kg>m3

V = M 1kRT = (0.9447) 21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (337.72 K)
= 347.95 m>s
Finally,
#
m = rVA =
1 1.0455 kg>m3 2 1 347.95 m>s 2 3 p(0.025 m)2 4
= 0.714 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.714 kg>s
1408
1354. Air flows at VA = 100 m>s at 1200 K and has an

absolute pressure of pA = 6.25 MPa. Determine the diameter d
of the pipe at B so that M = 1 at B.
VB
100 m/s
B
100 mm
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number at the entrance plane A is
MA =
100 m>s
V
=
= 0.1440
1kRT
21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (1200 K)
N
= rA 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (1200 K)
m2
= 18.1538 kg>m3
pA = rA RA TA;6.25 1 106 2
At the entrance plane A,

T0 = TAa1 +
rA
k - 1
M A2b
2
T0 = (1200 K) c 1 + a
T0 = 1204.98 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.1440)2 d
2
1
r0 = rAa1 +
r0 =
(k - 1)
k - 1
M A2 b
2
1 18.1538 kg>m3 2 c 1
r0 = 18.3427 kg>m3
+ a
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.1440)2 d
2
At the exit plane B with MB = 1 since the transition is required to choke,

T0 = TB a1 +
k - 1
MB2 b
2
1204.98 K = TB c 1 + a
TB = 1004.15 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
1
r0 = rB a1 +
(k - 1)
k - 1
M B2 b
2
18.3427 kg>m3 = rB c 1 + a
rB = 11.6282 kg>m3
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
The velocity of the flow at exit plane B can be determined using

VB = M B 1kRTB = (1) 21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (1004.15 K)
= 635.08 m>s
Finally, the continuity equation requires

0
rdV +
V # dA = 0
0t Lcv
Lcs
0 + rA VA AA + rB VB AB = 0
- 1 18.1538 kg>m3 2 1 100 m>s 2 3 p(0.05 m)2 4 + 1 11.6282 kg>m3 2 1 635.08 m>s 2 a
Ans.
d = 0.04958 m = 49.6 mm
1409
p 2
d b = 0
4
Ans:
49.6 mm
1355. Air flows at VA = 100 m>s at 1200 K and has an

absolute pressure of pA = 6.25 MPa. Determine the
diameter d of the pipe at B so that M = 0.8 at B.
VB
100 m/s
B
100 mm
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number at the entrance plane A is
MA =
100 m>s
V
=
= 0.1440
1kRT
21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (1200 K)
pA = rA RA TA;6.25 1 106 2
N
= rA 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (1200 K)
m2
rA = 18.1538 kg>m3
At the entrance plane A,

T0 = TAa1 +
k - 1
M A2b
2
T0 = (1200 K) c 1 + a
T0 = 1204.98 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.1440)2 d
2
1
(k - 1)
k - 1
r0 = rAa1 +
M A2 b
2
r0 =
1 18.1538 kg>m3 2 c 1
r0 = 18.3427 kg>m3
+ a
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.1440)2 d
2
At the exit plane B with M B = 0.8,

T0 = TB a1 +
k - 1
MB2 b
2
1204.98 K = TB c 1 + a
TB = 1068.24 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.8)2 d
2
1
r0 = rB a1 +
(k - 1)
k - 1
M B2 b
2
18.3427 kg>m3 = rB c 1 + a
rB = 13.5735 kg>m3
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.8)2 d
2
The velocity of the flow at exit plane B is

VB = M B 1 kRTB = 0.821.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (1068.24 K)
= 524.03 m>s
1410
1355. Continued
Finally, the continuity equation requires

0
r dV +
rV # dA = 0
0t Lcv
Lcs
0 + rA VA AA + rB VB AB = 0
- 1 18.1538 kg>m3 2 1 100 m>s 2 3 p(0.05 m)2 4 + 1 13.5735 kg>m3 2 1 524.03 m>s 2 a
Ans.
d = 0.05052 m = 50.5 mm
p 2
d b = 0
4
Ans:
50.5 mm
1411
1356. Air flows at 200 m>s through the pipe. Determine

the Mach number of the flow and the mass flow if the
temperature is 500 K and the absolute stagnation pressure
is 200 kPa. Assume isentropic flow.
0.3 m
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number is
M =

200 m>s
V
=
1kRT
21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (500 K)
Ans.
= 0.4463 = 0.446
With p0 = 200 kPa,
p0 = p0 a1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
200 kPa = p0 c 1 + a
p0 = 174.44 kPa
1.4
14. - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.4463)2 d
2

p = rRT;174.44 1 103 2
N
= r 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (500 K)
m2
r = 1.2161 kg>m3
Finally,
#
m = rAV =
1 1.2161 kg>m3 2 1 200 m>s 2 3 p(0.15 m)2 4
= 17.2 kg>s
1412
Ans.
1357. Air flows at 200 m> s through the pipe. Determine

the pressure within the flow if the temperature is 400 K
and the absolute stagnation pressure is 280 kPa. Assume
isentropic flow.
0.3 m
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number is
M =
200 m>s
V
=
1kRT
21.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (400 K)
= 0.4990
With p0 = 280 kPa,
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
p0 = p a1 +
M b
2
280 kPa = pc 1 + a
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.4990)2 d
2
Ans.
p = 236.21 kPa = 236 kPa
Ans:
236 kPa
1413
1358. The convergingdiverging nozzle at the end of a

supersonic jet engine is to be designed to operate efficiently
when the absolute outside air pressure is 25 kPa. If the
absolute stagnation pressure within the engine is 400 kPa
and the stagnation temperature is 1200 K, determine the
exit plane diameter and the throat diameter for the nozzle if
the mass flow is 15 kg>s. Take k = 1.40 and R = 256 J>kg # K.
Solution
The air is considered to be compressible. There is steady relative flow.
The absolute stagnation temperature and pressure are T0 = 1200 K and
p0 = 400 kPa. Here, the nozzle is required to operate under choking conditions yet
maintain the isentropic flow at the exit plane to have the maximum efficiency. When
the nozzle chokes, M = 1 at the throat.
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
1200 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 1000 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
400 kPa = p* c 1 + a
p* = 211.31 kPa
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b 1 12 2 d
2

p* = r* RT *;211.31 1 103 2
N
= r* 1 256 J>kg # K 2 (1000 K)
m2
r* = 0.8254 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow at the throat is

V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 1 256 J>kg # K 2 (1000 K)
= 598.67 m>s

#
m = r*V *A*
15 kg>s =

1 0.8254 kg>m3 2 1 598.67 m>s 2 a
d t = 0.1966 m = 197 mm
p 2
d b
4 t
Ans.
Also, the pressure at the exit plane must be equal to the back pressure, i.e., pe = 25 kPa.
k
p0 = pe a1 +
(k - 1)
k - 1
M e2 b
2
400 kPa = (25 kPa)c 1 + a

M e = 2.4578
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM e2 d
2
1414
1358. Continued
Since M e 7 1, the flow at the exit plane is isentropic supersonic flow. Using the
result of Me,
k+1
Ae
A*
Me
1 +
p 2
de
4
p
(0.1966 m)2
4
2(k - 1)
k - 1
Me2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
2.4578
1 + a
d e = 0.3130 m = 313 mm
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(2.4578)2
2
1.4 + 1
b
a
2
Ans.
Ans:
d t = 197 mm
d e = 313 mm
1415
1359. Natural gas (methane) has an absolute pressure of

400 kPa and flows through the pipe at A at M = 0.1.
Determine the diameter of the throat of the nozzle so that
M = 1 at the throat. Also, what are the stagnation pressure,
the pressure at the throat, and the subsonic and supersonic
Mach numbers of the flow through pipe B?
120 mm
200 mm
dt
B
A
C
Solution
Methane is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
For methane, k = 1.31. At the entrance plane A with M A = 0.1 and pA = 400 kPa,
k
k-1
k - 1
p0 = pa1 +
M A2 b
2
p0 = (400 kPa) c 1 + a
1.31
1.31 - 1
1.31 - 1
b 1 0.12 2 d
2
Ans.
p0 = 402.63 kPa = 403 kPa

Since the nozzle chokes,
k+1
AA
A*
MA
1 + a
2(k - 1)
k - 1
bM A2
2
k + 1
2
1.31 + 1
2(1.31 - 1)
1.31 - 1
p
1 + a
b(0.1)2
(0.12 m)2
2
1
4
=
p 2
0.1
1.31 + 1
dt
4
2
Ans.
d t = 0.04949 m = 49.5 mm
Using the result of p0 at the throat where M t = 1,
k
p0 = pt a1 +
k-1
k - 1
M t2b
2
402.63 kPa = pt c 1 + a
1.31
1.31 - 1
1.31 - 1
b 1 12 2 d
2
Ans.
pt = 219.00 kPa = 219 kPa
Using the result of d t,

k+1
2(k + 1)
k - 1
1 +
M B2
AB
1
2
MB
k + 1
A*
2
1.31 + 1
2(1.31 - 1)
1.31 - 1
1 + a
bMB2
2
1
=
p
MB
1.31 + 1
(0.04949 m)2
a
b
2
2
p
(0.2 m)2
4
2.4443M B0.2684 - 0.155M B2 - 1

Solving by trial and error,
M B = 0.0358 6 1 (subsonic)
Ans.
M B = 4.07 7 1 (supersonic)
Ans.
1416
Ans:
p0 = 403 kPa
d t = 49.5 mm
pt = 219 kPa
M B = 0.0358 6 1 (subsonic)
M B = 4.07 7 1 (supersonic)
1360. Air has an absolute pressure of 400 kPa and flows

through the pipe at A at M = 0.5. Determine the Mach
number at the throat of the nozzle where dt = 110 mm, and
the Mach number in the pipe at B. Also, what are the
stagnation pressure and the pressure in the pipe at B?
120 mm
200 mm
dt
B
A
C
Solution
For air, k = 1.40. Applying the equation or Appendix B, with M A = 0.5 and
pA = 400 kPa at the entrance plane A,
pA
400 kPa
= 0.8430;p0 =
= 474.49 kPa = 474 kPa
p0
0.8430
Ans.
p
(0.11 m)2
AA AC
4
= 1.3398; * = * a b = 1.3398
= 1.1258
p
A*
A
A AA
2
(0.12 m)
4
AC
AA
AC
From Appendix B with * = 1.1258, choose M C 6 1 (subsonic). The interpolation
A
of the values gives
Ans.
M C = 0.6608 = 0.661
Also,
p
(0.2 m)2
AA AB
4
= * a b = 1.3398
= 3.7218
p
A*
A AA
2
(0.12 m)
4
AB
Since the nozzle will not choke, M B 6 1 (subsonic). From Appendix B and
interpolating between the values in the table gives
Ans.
M B = 0.1578 = 0.158
Using this result or Appendix B,
pB
= 0.9828;pB = 0.9828(474.49 kPa)
p0
= 466.30 kPa = 466 kPa
Ans.
1417
1361. The tank contains oxygen at a temperature of

70 C and absolute pressure of 800 kPa. If the converging
nozzle at the exit has a diameter of 6 mm, determine the
initial mass flow out of the tank if the outside absolute
pressure is100 kPa.
6 mm
Solution
Oxygen is considered to be compressible.
T0 = (273 + 70 C) = 343 K and p0 = 800 kPa. For oxygen, k = 1.40 and
R = 259.8 J>kg # K. With p = 100 kPa,
k
k - 1 2 k-1
p0 = pa1 +
M b
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
800 kPa = (100 kPa)c 1 + a
bM 2 d
2
M = 2.0143
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
343 = T * c 1 + a
T * = 285.83 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
p0 = p a1 +
M b
2
*
800 kPa = p* c 1 + a
p* = 422.63 kPa
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 12 ) d
2

N
= r* ( 259.8 J>kg.K ) (285.83 K)
m2
p* = r*RT *;
422.63 ( 103 )
p* = 5.6912 kg>m3

V * = M* 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 259.8 J>kg # K ) (285.83 K)
= 322.43 m>s
Finally,
#
m = r* V * A* = ( 5.6912 kg>m3 )( 322.43 m>s ) 3 p(0.003 m)2 4
= 0.0519 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.0519 kg>s
1418
1362. The tank contains helium at a temperature of 80 C

and absolute pressure of 175 kPa. If the converging nozzle
at the exit has a diameter of 6 mm, determine the initial
mass flow out of the tank if the outside absolute pressure
is98 kPa.
6 mm
Solution
T0 = (273 + 80 C) = 353 K and p0 = 175 kPa. For helium, k = 1.66 and
R = 2077 J>kg # K. With p = 98 kPa,
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
175 kPa = (98 kPa)c 1 + a

M = 0.8864
1.66
1.66 - 1
1.66 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow with M < 1 (subsonic) at the exit plane is possible. Using this result,
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
353 K = T c 1 + a
T = 280.32 K
1.66 - 1
b(0.8864)2 d
2

p = rRT;98 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 2077 J>kg # K ) (280.32 K)
m2
r = 0.1683 kg>m3

V = M 2kRT = (0.8864) 21.66 ( 2077 J>kg # K ) (280.32 K)
= 871.40 m>s
Finally,
#
m = rVA = ( 0.1683 kg>m3 )( 871.40 m>s ) 3 p(0.003 m)2 4
= 4.15 ( 10 - 3 ) kg>s
1419
Ans.
Ans:
4.15 1 10-3 2 kg>s
1363. The large tank contains air at 250 K under an

absolute pressure of 1.20 MPa. When the valve is opened,
the nozzle chokes. The outside absolute atmospheric
pressure is 101.3 kPa. Determine the mass flow from the
tank. The nozzle has an exit diameter of 40 mm and a throat
diameter of 20 mm.
Solution
and p0 = 1.20 MPa. When the nozzle chokes M = 1 at the throat. For air, k = 1.40
and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. At the throat,
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
1.20 MPa = p* c 1 + a
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 12 ) d
2
p* = 0.6339 MPa = 633.94 kPa
Since p = 101.3 6 p*, the nozzle will indeed choke.

T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
250 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 208.33 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2

p* = r*RT *;633.94 ( 103 )

N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K)(208.33 K)
m2
r* = 10.6061 kg>m3

V * = M* 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (208.33 K)
= 289.27 m>s
Finally,
#
m = r*V *A* = ( 10.6061 kg>m3 )( 289.27 m>s ) 3 p(0.01 m)2 4
Ans.
= 0.964 kg>s
Ans:
0.964 kg>s
1420
1364. The large tank contains air at 250 K under an

absolute pressure of 150 kPa. When the valve is opened,
determine if the nozzle is choked. The outside absolute
atmospheric pressure is 90 kPa. Determine the mass flow
from the tank. Assume the flow is isentropic. The nozzle has
an exit diameter of 40 mm and a throat diameter of 20 mm.
Solution
and p0 = 150 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Assuming that the
p(0.02 m)2
A
nozzle chokes, * =
= 4. Then, using the equations or Appendix B
A
p(0.01 m)2
gives
M = 0.1465 (subsonic)
pB
= 0.9851;
r0
pB = 0.9851(150 kPa) = 147.77 kPa
Since p = 90 6 pB, the nozzle will choke.
Ans.
Therefore, M = 1 at the throat. Using Appendix B,

T*
= 0.8333;
T0
T * = 0.8333(250 kPa) = 208.33 K
p*
= 0.5283 p* = 0.5283(150 kPa) = 79.24233 kPa
p0
N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (208.33 K)
m2
p* = r*RT *;
79.24233 ( 103 )
r* = 1.3258 kg>m3

V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (208.33 K)
= 289.27 m>s
Finally,
#
m = r*V *A* = ( 1.3258 kg>m3 )( 289.27 m>s ) 3 p(0.01 m)2 4
= 0.120 kg>s
1421
Ans.
1365. Air at A flows into the nozzle at M = 0.4. Determine

the Mach number at C and at B.
50 mm
70 mm
40 mm
Solution
For air, k = 1.40. Enter Appendix B, with M A = 0.4, the interpolated value is
AA
= 1.5901
A*
Using this result,
p
(0.04 m)2
AA AC
4
= * a b = 1.5901
= 1.0177 7 1 (choking will not occur)
p
A*
A AA
(0.05 m)2
4
AC
AC
= 1.0177 and choosing M C 6 1 (subsonic), the

A*
interpolated value in the table gives
From Appendix B with
Ans.
M C = 0.8607 = 0.861

Also,
p
(0.07 m)2
AA AB
4
= * a b = 1.5901
= 3.1167
p
A*
A AA
(0.05 m)2
4
AB
Since the nozzle will not choke, M B 6 1 (subsonic). From Appendix B with
AB
= 3.1167 and interpolating between the values in the table gives
A*

Ans.
M B = 0.1897 = 0.190
Ans:
M C = 0.861
M B = 0.190
1422
1366. Air at A flows into the nozzle at M = 0.4. If

pA = 125 kPa and TA = 300 K, determine the pressure at B
and the velocity at B.
50 mm
70 mm
40 mm
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Enter Appendix B, with M A = 0.4, the
interpolated values are
AA
A*
= 1.5901
Using the result of
PA
= 0.8956
p0
AA
A*
TA
= 0.9690
T0
p
(0.04 m)2
AA AC
4
= * a b = 1.5901
= 1.0177
p
A*
A AA
(0.05 m)2
4
AC
Since
AC
A*
7 1, the nozzle will not choke. Also,

p
(0.07 m)2
AA AB
4
= * a b = 1.5901
= 3.1167
p
A*
A AA
(0.05 m)2
4
AB
Since the nozzle will not choke, M B 6 1 (subsonic). From Appendix B with
AB
= 3.1167 and interpolating between the values in the table gives
A*
M B = 0.1897
TB
= 0.9929
T0
pB
= 0.9752
p0
Therefore,
TB >T0
TB
0.9929
=
=
= 1.0246; TB = 1.0246(300 K) = 307.39 K
TA TA >T0
0.9690
pB >p0
pB
0.9752
=
=
= 1.0889; pB = 1.0889(125 kPa)
pA
pA >p0
0.8956

The velocity of the flow at B is
= 136.11 kPa = 136 kPa

Ans.
VB = M B 2kRTB = 0.189721.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (307.39 K)

= 66.7 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
pB = 136 kPa
VB = 66.7 m>s
1423
1367. Air flows isentropically into the nozzle at MA=0.2

and out at MB = 2. If the diameter of the nozzle at A is
30 mm, determine the diameter of the throat and the
diameter at B. Also, if the absolute pressure at A is 300 kPa,
determine the stagnation pressure and the pressure at B.
30 mm
dt
Solution
The nozzle is required to choke. For air, k = 1.40.
k+1
AA
*
1
=
MA
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M A2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
p
1 + a
b(0.2)2
(0.03 m)2
2
4
1
p 2
0.2
1.4 + 1
dt
4
2
Ans.
d t = 0.01743 m = 17.4 mm

Using this result,
k+1
AB
A*
1
=
MB
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M B2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
p 2
dB
4
p
(0.01743 m) 2
4
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(2)2
2
1.4 + 1
2
1 + a
Ans.
d B = 0.02264 m = 22.6 mm

At plane A,
k-1
k - 1
p0 = pAa1 +
M A2 b
2
p0 = ( 300 kPa ) c 1 + a
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 0.22 ) d
2
Ans.
= 308.48 kPa = 308 kPa
Again, at plane B using this result,

k
k-1
k - 1
M B2 b
2
p0 = pBa1 +
308.48 kPa = pB c 1 + a
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 22 ) d
2
Ans.
pB = 39.43 kPa = 39.4 kPa
1424
Ans:
d t = 17.4 mm
d B = 22.6 mm
p0 = 308 kPa
pB = 39.4 kPa
1368. Air flows isentropically into the nozzle at

MA=0.2 and out at MB = 2. If the diameter of the nozzle
at A is 30 mm, determine the diameter of the throat and
the diameter at B. Also, if the temperature at A is 300 K,
determine the stagnation temperature and the
temperature at B.

The nozzle is required to choke. For air, k = 1.40.
k+1
AA
*
MA
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M A2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
p
1 + a
b(0.2)2
(0.03 m)2
2
4
1
=
p 2
2
1.4 + 1
dt
4
2
Ans.
d t = 0.01743 m = 17.4 mm

Using this result,
k+1
AB
A*
1
=
MB
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M B2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
p 2
dB
4
p
(0.01743 m) 2
4
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(2)2
2
1.4 + 1
2
1 + a
Ans.
d B = 0.02264 m = 22.6 mm

At plane A,
T0 = TAa1 +

k - 1
M A2 b
2
T0 = ( 300 K ) c 1 + a
1.4 - 1
b ( 0.2 ) 2 d
2
Ans.
= 302.4 K = 302 K
Again, at plane B using this result,

T0 = TB a1 +

k - 1
M B2 b
2
302.4 = TB c 1 + a
TB = 168 K
dt
Solution
1 +
30 mm
1.4 - 1
b ( 2 )2 d
2
Ans.
1425
1369. Air flows through a pipe having a diameter of

50 mm. Determine the mass flow if the stagnation
temperature of the air is 20 C, the absolute pressure is
300kPa, and the stagnation pressure is 375 kPa.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are T0 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K and
p0 = 375 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
375 kPa = 300 kPa c 1 + a

M = 0.5737
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
Using this result,

T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
293 K = T c 1 + a
T = 274.90 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.5737)2 d
2

p = rRT;
300 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 274.90 K )
m2
r = 3.8037 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow is

V = M 2kRT = (0.5737) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (274.90 K)
= 190.64 m>s
Finally,
#
m = rVA = ( 3.8037 kg>m3 )( 190.64 m>s ) 3 p(0.025 m2) 4
= 1.42 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
1.42 kg>s
1426
1370. Air at a temperature of 25

C and standard
atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa flows through the nozzle
into the pipe where the absolute internal pressure is 80 kPa.
Determine the mass flow into the pipe. The nozzle has a
throat diameter of 10 mm.
10 mm
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of the atmosphere; i.e.,
T0 = (273 + 25 C) = 298 K and p0 = 101.3 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. At the exit plane,
k
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
p0 = pa1 +
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
101.3 kPa = (80 kPa)c 1 + a
bM 2 d
2
M = 0.5906
The flow with M 6 1 (subsonic) at the exit plane is possible. At the exit plane,
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
298 K = T c 1 + a
T = 278.56 K
1.4 - 1
b(0.5906)2 d
2

p = rRT;
80 ( 103 )
N
= r ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (278.56 K)
m2
r = 1.001 kg>m3

V = M 2kRT = (0.5906) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (278.56 K)
= 197.57 m>s
Finally, the mass flow rate is

#
m = rVA = ( 1.001 kg>m3 )( 197.57 m>s ) 3 p(0.005 m)2 4
= 0.01553 kg>s = 0.0155 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.0155 kg>s
1427
1371. Air at a temperature of 25 C and standard

atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa flows through the nozzle
into the pipe where the absolute internal pressure is 30 kPa.
Determine the mass flow into the pipe. The nozzle has a
throat diameter of 10 mm.
10 mm
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of that in the atmosphere; i.e.,
T0 = (273 + 25 C) = 298 K and p0 = 101.3 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and
R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
101.3 kPa = (30 kPa)c 1 + a

M = 1.4418
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
The flow with M 7 1 (supersonic) is not possible since the nozzle will be choked at
the exit plane and an expansion shock wave will form thereafter. Thus, at the exit
plane, M = 1.
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
298 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 248.33 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
101.3 kPa = p* c 1 + a
p* = 53.5149 kPa
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b ( 12 ) d
2

p* = r*RT *;53.5149 ( 103 )
N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (248.33 K)
m2
r* = 0.7511 kg>m3
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (248.33 K)
= 315.83 m>s

.
m = r*V *A* = ( 0.7511 kg>m3 )( 315.83 m>s ) 3 p(0.005 m)2 4
= 0.0186 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.0186 kg>s
1428

of 800 kPa and a temperature of 150 C. If the diameter at
the end of the converging nozzle is 20 mm, determine the
mass flow out of the tank where the standard atmospheric
pressure is 101.3 kPa.
20 mm
Solution
(273 + 150 C) = 423 K and p0 = 800 kPa. For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.
k
p0 = pa1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
800 kPa = (101.3 kPa) c 1 + a

M = 2.006
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM 2 d
2
will be choked at the exit plane and an expansion shock wave will form thereafter.
Thus, at the exit plane, M = 1.
k - 1 2
M b
2
T0 = T a1 +
423 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 352.5 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
k - 1 2 k-1
p0 = p a1 +
M b
2
*
1.4
1.4 - 1 2 1.4 - 1
b(1 ) d
800 kPa = p c 1 + a
2
*
p* = 422.63 kPa

p* = r*RT *;422.63 ( 103 )
N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (352.5 K)
m2
r* = 4.1789 kg>m3
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (352.5 K)
= 376.28 m>s

#
m = r*V *A* = ( 4.1789 kg>m3 )( 376.28 m>s ) 3 p(0.01 m)2 4
= 0.4940 kg>s = 0.494 kg>s
1429
Ans.
1373. A large reservoir of air at T = 20 C and

p = 300 kPa flows isentropically through the nozzle and
then through the 1.5-m-long, 50-mm-diameter pipe having
an average friction factor of 0.03. Determine the mass flow
through the pipe and the corresponding velocity, pressure,
and temperature at the inlet 1 and outlet 2 if the flow is
choked at section 2.
50 mm
1.5 m
Solution
The flow through the nozzle is considered isentropic and the flow through the pipe
is considered Fanno flow since friction is involved, so that M = 1 at outlet 2. Hence
Lmax = 1.5 m.
f
0.03
Lmax = a
b(1.5 m) = 0.9
D
0.05 m
Using this result and interpolating the values tabulated in the Fanno flow table in
Appendix B, select M 1 6 1,
p1
T1
V1
M 1 = 0.5226 * = 1.1378 * = 0.55742 * = 2.0414
T
V
p
For the isentropic flow at inlet 1 with M 1 = 0.5226, the interpolated values tabulated
in the isentropic flow tables in Appendix B gives
T1
( T0 ) 1
= 0.94820
p1
( p0 ) 1
= 0.83016
Here ( T0 ) 1 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K and ( p0 ) 1 = 300 kPa.

T1 = 0.94820(293 K) = 277.82 K = 278 K
Ans.
p1 = 0.83016(300 kPa) = 249.05 kPa = 249 kPa
Ans.
Using the universal gas law with R

r1 =
= 286.9 J>kg # K,
249.05 ( 103 ) N>m2

p1
=
= 3.1246 kg>m3 = 3.12 kg>m 3 Ans.
RT1 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (277.82 K)
Applying,
V1 = M 1 2kRT1 = (0.5226) 21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (277.82 K)
= 174.57 m>s = 175 m>s
Thus, the mass flow is

.
m = r1V1A1 = ( 3.1246 kg>m3 )( 174.57 m>s) 3p(0.025 m)2 4 = 1.07 kg>s Ans.
Since
T1
T*
V1
V*
p1
p*
= 1.1378;
T* =
= 0.55742;
V* =
= 2.0414;
p* =
277.82 K
= 244 K
1.1378
174.57 m>s
0.55742
Ans.
Ans.
= 313 m>s
249.05 kPa
= 122 kPa
2.0414
Ans.
1430
Ans:
T1 = 278 K
p1 = 249 kPa
r1 = 3.12 kg>m3
#
m = 1.07 kg>s
T* = 244 K
V* = 313 m>s
p* = 122 kPa
1374. A large reservoir of air at T = 20 C and

p = 300 kPa flows isentropically through the nozzle and
then through the 1.5-m-long, 50-mm-diameter pipe having
an average friction factor of 0.03. Determine the stagnation
temperature and pressure at outlet 2 and the change in
entropy between the inlet 1 and outlet 2 if the pipe is choked
at section 2.
50 mm
1.5 m
Solution
The flow through the nozzle is considered isentropic and the flow through the pipe is
considered Fanno flow since friction is involved under the choked condition M = 1
at outlet 2. Hence Lmax = 1.5 m
f
0.03
Lmax = a
b(1.5 m) = 0.9
D
0.05 m
Using this result and performing the interpolation of the values tabulated in the
Fanno flow tables in Appendix B, and M 1 6 1,
( p0 ) 1
p1
T1
M 1 = 0.5226
= 1.1378 * = 2.0414
= 1.2990
p0*
T*
p
Since ( p0 ) , = 300 kPa, then
( p0 ) * =
300 kPa
= 230.95 kPa = 231 kPa
1.2990
Ans.
Since the process is adiabatic,
( T0 ) * = ( T0 ) 1 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K
Ans.
For isentropic flow at inlet 1 with M 1 = 0.5226, the interpolated values tabulated in
the isentropic tables in Appendix B gives
T1
( T0 ) 1
= 0.94820
p1
( p0 ) 1
= 0.83016
Here ( T0 ) 1 = 293 K and ( p0 ) 1 = 300 kPa.

T1 = 0.94820(293 K) = 277.82 K
p1 = 0.83016(300 kPa) = 249.05 kPa
Since

T1
T*
p1
*
= 1.1378;
T* =
277.82 K
= 244.17 K
1.1378
= 2.0414;
p* =
249.05 kPa
= 122.00 kPa
2.0414
Using the ideal gas law with R = 286.9 J>kg # K (From table in Appendix A),
p* =
r1 =
p*
RT *
p1
=
RT1
122.00 ( 103 ) N>m2
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (244.17 K)

249.05 ( 103 ) N>m2
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (277.82 K)
= 1.7416 kg>m3
= 3.1246 kg>m3
1431
1374. Continued
Applying,
cv =
286.9 J>kg # K
R
=
= 717.25 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.4 - 1

s = s* - s1 = cv ln
r1
T*
+ R ln *
T1
r
= ( 717.25 J>kg # K ) ln a
= 75.1 J>kg # K
3.1246 kg>m3
1
b + ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) ln
1.1378
1.7416 kg>m3
Ans.
Ans:
p0* = 231 kPa
T0* = 293 K
75.1 J>(kg # K)
1432
1375. The duct has a diameter of 200 mm. If the average

friction factor is f = 0.003, and air is drawn into the duct
with an inlet velocity of 200 m>s, temperature of 300K, and
pressure of 180 kPa, determine these properties at the exit.
200 mm
1
30 m
Solution
The flow through the duct is considered Fanno flow since friction is involved. For air,
k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number at the inlet is
Mi =
Vi
2kRTi
200 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (300 K)
= 0.5762
with this Mach number, interpolated values tabulated in the Fanno flow tables in
0.59361(0.2 m)
f
= 39.57 m 7 L
Appendix B gives Lmax = 0.59361. Thus, Lmax =
D
0.003
= 30 m (O.K!)
Also this table gives
Ti
T
= 1.1253
Vi
V
= 0.61122
pi
p*
= 1.8412
Then
T* =
T*
300 K
(T ) =
= 266.60 K
Ti i
1.1253
V* =
200 m>s
V*
( Vi ) =
= 327.21 m>s
Vi
0.61122
p* =
p*
180 kPa
( pi ) =
= 97.76 kPa
pi
1.8412
For the flow properties at the exit,

f
f
f
0.003
L = Lmax - Li - e = 0.59361 - a
b(30 m) = 0.014361
D
D
D
0.2 m
with this value, the interpolated values tabulated in the Fanno flow tables in
Appendix B gives
M e = 0.7383
Te
T*
= 1.08202
Ve
V*
= 0.76802
pe
p*
= 1.40890
Then
Te = 1.08202(266.60 K) = 288.47 K = 288 K
Ans.
Ve = 0.76802 ( 327.21 m>s ) = 251.30 m>s = 251 m>s
Ans.
pe = 1.40890 (97.76 kPa) = 137.73 kPa = 138 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
Te = 288 K
Ve = 251 m>s
pe = 138 kPa
1433
1376. The duct has a diameter of 200 mm. If the average

friction factor is f = 0.003, and air is drawn into the duct
with an inlet velocity of 200 m>s, temperature of 300K, and
pressure of 180 kPa, determine the mass flow through the
duct and the resultant frictional force acting on the 30-m
length of duct.
200 mm
1
30 m
Solution
Pi A
Ff
The flow through the duct is considered Fanno flow since friction is involved. For air,
k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Using the ideal gas law,
ri =
180 ( 103 ) N>m2
Pi
=
RTi
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (300 K)
(a)
= 2.0913 kg>m3

#
m = riViA = ( 2.0913 kg>m3 )( 200 m>s ) 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
Ans.
= 13.14 kg>s = 13.1 kg>s
The Mach number at the inlet is

Mi =
Vi
2kRTi
200 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (300 K)
= 0.5762
with this Mach number, interpolated values tabulated in the Fanno flow tables in
0.59361(0.2 m)
f
Appendix B gives Lmax = 0.59361. Thus, Lmax =
= 39.57 m 7
0.003
D
L = 30 m (O.K!)
Also, this table gives
Ti
T*
= 1.1253
Vi
V*
= 0.6112
pi
p*
= 1.8412
Then
T* =
T*
300 K
( Ti ) =
= 266.60 K
Ti
1.1253
V* =
200 m>s
V*
( Vi ) =
= 327.21 m>s
Vi
0.6112
p* =
p*
180 kPa
( pi ) =
= 97.76 kPa
pi
1.8412
For the flow properties at the exit

f
f
f
0.003
b(30 m) = 0.14361
L = Lmax - Li - e = 0.59361 - a
D
D
D
0.2 m
with this value, the interpolated value tabulated in the Fanno flow tables in
Appendix B gives
Me = 0.7383
Te
T
= 1.08202
Ve
V
= 0.76802
pe
p*
= 1.40890
Then
Te = 1.08202(266.60 K) = 288.47 K
Ve = 0.76802 ( 327.21 m>s ) = 251.30 m>s
pe = 1.40890(97.76 kPa) = 137.73 kPa
1434
Pe A
1376. Continued

re =
pe
=
RTe
137.73 ( 103 ) N>m2
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (288.47 K)
= 1.6642 kg>m3
volume shown in Fig. a
F =
0
VrdV +
VrV # dA
0t L
L
cv
1S
+ 2
cs
pi A - pe A - Ff = 0 + Vi pi( - Vi A) + Ve pe (Ve A)
c 180 1 103 2
N
N
d 3 p(0.1 m)2 4 - c 137.73 1 103 2 2 d 3 p(0.1 m)2 4 - Ff
2
m
m
1 200 m>s 2 1 2.0913 kg>m3 2 1- 200 m>s 2 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
+ 1 251.30 m>s 2 1 1.6642 kg>m3 2 1 251.30 m>s 2 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
Ans.
Ff = 654.24 N = 654 N
1435
1377. Air in a large room has a temperature of 24 C and

pressure of 101 kPa. If it is drawn into the 200-mm-diameter
duct isentropically such that the static pressure at section 1
is 90 kPa, determine the critical length of duct Lmax where
the flow becomes choked, and the Mach number,
temperature, and pressure at section 2. Take the average
friction factor to be f = 0.002.
200 mm
1
2
150 m
Lmax
Solution
Since friction is involved, the flow can be considered as Fanno flow. The air is
drawn in isentropically, the isentropic flow table in Appendix B can be used. Here
p1 = 90 kPa, p0 = 101 kPa and T0 = (273 + 24) K = 297 K. Enter the table with
p1
90 kPa
=
= 0.89109, and after performing the interpolation,
p0
101 kPa
M 1 = 0.4092
T1
= 0.96759; T1 = 0.96759(297 K) = 287.37 K
T0
Using this Mach number, the interpolated values tabulated in the Fanno flow tables in
Appendix B give,
2.1483(0.2 m)
f
Lmax = 2.1483; Lmax =
= 214.83 m = 215 m
D
0.002
Ans.
Also,
p1
p*
T1
T
= 2.6334;p* =
p*
90 kPa
(p ) =
= 34.18 kPa
p1 1
2.6334
= 1.1611;T * =
T*
287.37 K
(T ) =
= 247.49 K
T1 1
1.1611
At section 2,
f
f
f
0.002
L =
L
L
= 2.1483 - a
b(150 m) = 0.6483
D
D max
D 1-2
0.2 m
Enter this value into the Fanno flow tables in Appendix B, and after interpolation,
Ans.
M 2 = 0.5650 = 0.565
p2
p*
T2
T*
= 1.8800;p2 = 1.8800(34.18 kPa) = 64.26 kPa = 64.3 kPa
Ans.
= 1.1280;T2 = 1.1280(247.49 K) = 279.17 K = 279 K
Ans.
Ans:
Lmax = 215 m
M 2 = 0.565
p2 = 64.3 kPa
T2 = 279 K
1436
1378. Air in a large room has a temperature of 24 C and

pressure of 101 kPa. If it is drawn into the 200-mm-diameter
duct isentropically such that the static pressure at section 1
is 90 kPa, determine the mass flow through the duct and the
resultant frictional force acting on the duct. Also, what is the
required length Lmax to choke the flow? Take the average
friction factor to be f = 0.002.
200 mm
1
150 m
Lmax
Solution
P1A
Since friction is involved, the flow can be considered as Fanno flow. The air is drawn
in isentropically, thus the isentropic flow table in Appendix B can be used. Here,
p1 = 90 kPa p0 = 101 kPa and T0 = (273 + 24) K = 297 K. Enter the table with
p1
90 kPa
=
= 0.89109 and after performing the interpolation,
p0
101 kPa
T1
= 0.96759; T1 = 0.96759(297 K) = 287.37 K
T0
M 1 = 0.4092
For air, k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The velocity of the flow at section 1 is
V1 = M 1 1kRT1 = 0.4092 a 21.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (287.37 K) b = 139.02 m>s
The density of the air at section 1 can be determined using the ideal gas law.
p1 =
p1
=
RT1
90 1 103 2 N>m2
1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (287.37 K)

#
m = r1 V1 A1 =
= 1.0916 kg>m3
1 1.0916 kg>m3 2 1 139.02 m>s 2 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
= 4.7675 kg>s = 4.77 kg>s
Ans.
The duct is choked when the length is equal to the critical length. Enter the Fanno
flow tables in Appendix B with M 1 = 0.4092, and after performing the interpolation
2.1483(0.2 m)
f
L
= 2.1483;Lmax =
= 214.83 m = 215 m Ans.
D max
0.002
Also,
p1
*
T1
T
V1
V
= 2.6334;
p* =
p*
90 kPa
(p ) =
= 34.18 kPa
p1 1
2.6334
= 1.1611;
T* =
T*
287.37 K
(T ) =
= 247.49 K
T1 1
1.1611
= 0.44093;
V* =
139.02 m>s
V*
(V ) =
= 315.29 m>s
V1 1
0.44093
Using the ideal gas law

r* =
p*
RT *
34.18 1 103 2 N>m2
1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (247.49 K)
= 0.4814 kg>m3
volume shown in Fig. a,
F =
+ 2 p1 A
1S
0
VrdV +
VrV # dA
0t Lcv
Lcs
- p*A - Ff = 0 + V1r1( -V1A) + V *r* (V *A)
1437
Ff
(a)
P *A
1378. Continued
c 90 1 103 2
=
N
N
d 3 p(0.1 m)2 4 - c 34.18 1 103 2 2 d 3 p(0.1 m)2 4 - Ff
2
m
m
1 139.02 m>s 2 1 1.0916 kg>m3 2 1 - 139.02 m>s 2 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
+ 1 315.29 m>s 2 1 0.4814 kg>m3 2 1 315.29 m>s 2 3 p(0.1 m)2 4
Ff = 913 N
Ans.
Ans:
#
m = 4.77 kg>s
Lmax = 215 m
Ff = 913 N
1438
1379. The 40-mm-diameter pipe has a friction factor of

f = 0.015. A nozzle on the large tank A delivers nitrogen
isentropically to the pipe at section 1 with a velocity of
1200 m>s, temperature of 460 K, and pressure of 750 kPa.
Determine the mass flow. Show that a normal shock forms
within the pipe.
40 mm
B
2
L
L
Solution
The flow through the pipe is considered Fanno flow since friction is involved. For
nitrogen k = 1.4 and R = 296.8 J>kg # K. The Mach number at the entrance is
M1 =
V1
1kRT1
1200 m>s
21.4 1 296.8 J>kg # K 2 (460 K)
= 2.7448
With this Mach number, interpolated values tabulated in Fanno flow tables gives
0.48001(0.04 m)
f
Lmax = 0.48001. Thus, Lmax =
= 1.28 m.
D
0.015
Since Lmax 6 L = 1.35 m and M 1 7 1, a normal shock forms within the pipe.
The flow out of the pipe is choked at M = 1.
#
m = r VA = a
= 8.28 kg>s
750 1 103 2 Pa
1 296.8 J>kg # K 2 (460 K)
b 1 1200 m>s 2 1 p (0.020 m)2 2
Ans.
Ans:
8.28 kg>s
1439
1380. The 40-mm-diameter pipe has a friction factor of

f = 0.015. The nozzle on the large tank A delivers nitrogen
isentropically to the pipe at section 1 with a velocity of
200 m>s and temperature of 460 K. Determine the velocity
and temperature of the nitrogen at L = 2 m if L = 3 m.
40 mm
L
L
Solution
M1 =
V1
1kRT1
200 m>s
21.4 1 296.8 J>kg # k 2 (460 K)
= 0.4575 m>s
Subsonic flow. For this M 1, Table B2 gives

f
L
= 1.4794
D max
0.015
L
= 1.4794
0.04 m max
Lmax = 3.945 m 7 3 m
T
= 1.151785
T*
T* =
460 K
= 399.38 K
1.151795
Therefore at L = 3.945 m - 2 m = 1.945 m

a
0.015
b(1.945 m) = 0.7294
0.04 m
From Table B2,
M = 0.54977
T
= 1.131597,T = 1.131597(399.38 K) = 451.94 K = 452 K Ans.
T*
V = M 1kRT = 0.5497721.4 1 296.8 J>kg # K 2 (451.94 K)
= 238 m>s
1440
Ans.
B
2
1381. The 100-mm-diameter pipe is connected by a

nozzle to a large reservoir of air that is at a temperature of
40 C and pressure of 450 kPa. If the pressure at section 1
is 30 kPa, determine the mass flow through the pipe and
the length L of the pipe so that a backpressure of 90 kPa in
the tank maintains supersonic flow through the pipe.
Assume a constant friction factor of 0.0085 throughout
thepipe.
100 mm
1
L
solution
in isentropically, thus the insentropic flow table in Appendix B can be used. Here
p1
30 kPa
=
p0
450 kPa
M 1 = 2.4164
T1
= 0.46129;T1 = 0.46129(313 K) = 144.38 K
T0
V1 = M 1 2kRT1 = 2.4164c 21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (144.38 K) d = 581.90 m>s
r1 =
p1
=
RT1
30 ( 103 ) N>m2
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (144.38 K)
= 0.72424 kg>m3

#
m = r1V1A1 = ( 0.72424 kg>m3 )( 581.90 m>s ) 3 p(0.05 m)2 4
= 3.3100 kg>s = 3.31 kg>s
Ans.
Enter M 1 = 2.4164 into the Fanno flow tables in Appendix B and performing the
interpolation,
f
p1
L
= 0.41361 * = 0.30791
D max
p
Then
p* =
p*
30 kPa
(p ) =
= 97.43 kPa
p1 1
0.30791
It is required that no compression or expansion wave forms at the exit. Then at

section 2, p2 = 90 kPa, so that
p2
p*
90 kPa
= 0.92374
97.43 kPa
1441
1381. Continued
Enter this value into the Fanno flow tables in Appendix B, and performing the
interpolation,
M 2 = 1.0698 7 1 (The flow is not choked)
f
L = 0.0050990
D
Then
f
f
f
L
= Lmax L = 0.41361 - 0.0050990 = 0.408511
D 1-2
D
D
0.408511(0.1 m)
L1 - 2 = L =
= 4.806 m = 4.81 m
0.0085
Ans.
Ans:
#
m = 3.31 kg>s
L = 4.81 m
1442
1382. The 100-mm-diameter pipe is connected by a nozzle

to a large reservoir of air that is at a temperature of 40 C
and absolute pressure of 450 kPa. If the pressure at section 1
is 30 kPa, determine the mass flow through the pipe and the
length L of the pipe so that sonic flow occurs into the tank.
What is the required backpressure in the tank for this to
occur? Assume a constant friction factor of 0.0085 throughout
the pipe.
100 mm
1
2
L
solution
in isentropically, thus the insentropic flow table in Appendix B can be used. Here,
p1
30 kPa
=
p0
450 kPa
M 1 = 2.4164
T1
= 0.46129; T1 = 0.46129(313 K) = 144.38 K
T0
V1 = M 1 2kRT1 = 2.4164c 21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (144.38 K) d = 581.90 m>s
r1 =
p1
=
RT1
30 ( 103 ) N>m2
( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 144.38 K )
= 0.72424 kg>m3
m = r1V1A1 = ( 0.72424 kg>m3 )( 581.90 m>s ) 3 p(0.05 m)2 4

= 3.3100 kg>s = 3.31 kg>s
Ans.
Enter M 1 = 2.4164 in the Fanno flow table in Appendix B and performing the
interpolation,
f
p1
Lmax = 0.41361 * = 0.30791
D
p
Then
V* =
581.90 m>s
V*
(V ) =
= 323.67 m>s
V1 1
1.7978
p* =
p*
30 kPa
(p ) =
= 97.4 kPa
p1 1
0.30791
It is required that no shock forms within the pipe, so the pipe must be choked.
Therefore
f
f
L
= Lmax = 0.41361
D 1-2
D
L = Lmax =
0.41361(0.1 m)
0.0085
Ans.
= 4.866 m = 4.87 m
p2 = p* = 97.43 kPa
Ans:
#
m = 3.31 kg>s
L = 4.87 m
p2 = 97.4 kPa
1443

40 C and absolute pressure of 450 kPa. If the backpressure
causes M 1 7 1 and the flow is choked at the exit, section2,
when L = 5 m, determine the mass flow through the pipe.
Assume a constant friction factor of 0.0085 throughout
thepipe.
100 mm
1
2
L
solution
Since friction is involved, the flow can be considered as Fanno flow. It is required
that the mass flow is at its greatest, thus the pipe must be choked, that is, M 2 = 1 at
exit. As a result, Lmax = 5 m. Then
f
0.0085
b(5 m) = 0.425
L
= a
D max
0.1 m
Enter this value into the Fanno flow tables in Appendix B and select M 1 7 1.
Interpolation gives
M 1 = 2.4677
p1
= 0.29809
p*
Since the air is drawn isentropically into section 1, the isentropic flow tables in
Table B1 can be used. Here, T0 = (273 + 40) K = 313 K and p0 = 450 kPa. Enter
M 1 = 2.4677 into the tables, interpolation gives
p1
T1
= 0.45087 = 0.06155
p0
T0
Then
T1 = 0.45087(313 K) = 141.12 K
p1 = 0.06155(450 kPa) = 27.70 kPa
V1 = M 1 2KRT1 = 2.4677c 21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 141.12 K ) d = 587.51 m>s

r1 =
27.70 ( 103 ) N>m2

p1
=
= 0.6842 kg>m3
RT1
( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (141.12 K)

( m# ) max = r1V1A1 = ( 0.6842 kg>m3 )( 587.51 m>s ) 3 p(0.05 m)2 4
= 3.1571 kg>m3 = 3.16 kg>m3
Ans.
Ans:
3.16 kg>s
1444

40 C and absolute pressure of 450 kPa. If the backpressure
causes M 1 6 1, and the flow is choked at the exit,
section2, when L = 5 m, determine the mass flow through
the pipe. Assume a constant friction factor of 0.0085
throughout thepipe.
100 mm
1
L
Solution
Here M 2 = 1 at the exit. As a result Lmax = 5 m.
Then,
f
0.0085
Lmax = a
b(5 m) = 0.425
D
0.1 m
Using Table B2, for M 1 6 1, we get

M 1 = 0.61774
Using Table B1, with T0 = (273 + 40) K = 313 K, and p0 = 450 kPa, with
M 1 = 0.61774, we get
p1
T1
= 0.92909 = 0.77304
T0
p0
Then
T1 = 0.92909(313 K) = 290.81 K
p1 = 0.77304(450 kPa) = 347.87 kPa
Therefore,
V1 = M 1 2kRT1 = 0.6177421.4 ( 286.9 J>(kg # K) ) (290.81 K)
= 211.13 m>s
So that
#
m = r1V1A1 =
.
m = 6.91 kg>m3
347.87 ( 103 ) Pa
( 286.9 J>(kg # K) ) (290.81 K)
( 211.13 m>s ) p(0.05 m)2

Ans.
1445
1385. Outside air at a temperature of 60 F is drawn

isentropically into the duct and then heated along the duct at
200(103) ft # lb>slug. At section l the temperature is T = 30 F
and the pressure is 13.9 psia. Determine the Mach number,
temperature, and pressure at section 2. Neglect friction.
3 in.
1
2
4 ft
Solution
Air is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus, the flow can
be considered Rayleigh flow. Since the air is drawn in isentropically, the isentropic
flow table in Appendix B can be used. Here, ( T0 ) 1 = (460 + 60) R = 520 R,
T1 = (460 + 30) R = 490 R and P1 = 13.9 psi. Enter the table with
T1
490 R
=
( T0 ) 1 520 R
M 1 = 0.5532
Enter this value into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B, and after performing
the interpolating,
p1
*
= 1.6802
T1
T
= 0.86384
( T0 ) 1
Then
T0*
= 0.76393
13.9 psi
p*
(p ) =
= 8.2728 psi
p1 1
1.6802
T*
490 R
(T ) =
= 567.23 R
T* =
T1 1
0.86384
p* =
T0* =
T0*
( T0 ) 1
( T0 ) 1 =
520 R
= 680.69 R
0.76393

Then,
CP =
Applying,
1.4 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug R)

kR
=
= 6006 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Q
= Cp 3 ( T0 ) 2 - ( T0 ) 1 4 ; 200 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug = ( 6006 ft # lb>slug # R ) 3 ( T0 ) 2 - 520 R 4
m
Then enter
( T0 ) 2
T0*
Interpolation gives
553.30 R
= 0.81285 into the Rayleigh flow tables in AppendixB.
680.69 R
Ans.
M 2 = 0.5945 = 0.594
T2
T*
p2
p*
= 0.91102; T2 = 0.91102(567.23 R) = 516.76 R = 517 R

= 1.6056; p2 = 1.6056(8.2728 psi) = 13.28 psi = 13.3 psi
Ans.
Ans.
Since M 2 6 1, the flow is not choked.

Ans:
M 2 = 0.594
T2 = 517R
p2 = 13.3 psi
1446
1386. Outside air at a temperature of 60F is drawn

isentropically into the duct and then heated along the duct
at 200 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug. At section 1 the temperature is
T = 30F and the pressure is 13.9 psia. Determine the mass
flow and the change in the entropy per unit mass that occurs
between sections 1 and 2.
3 in.
1
2
4 ft
Solution
Air is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus the flow can
be considered Rayleigh flow. Since the air is drawn in isentropically, the isentropic
flow table in Appendix B can be used. Here, ( T0 ) 1 = (460 + 60) R = 520 R,
T1 = (460 + 30) R = 490 R and p1 = 13.9 psi. Enter the table with
T1
490 R
=
( T0 ) 1 520 R
M 1 = 0.5532
Enter this value into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B, and after performing
the interpolation,
p1
*
= 1.6802
T1
T
= 0.86384
( T0 ) 1
Then
T *0
p* =
13.9 psi
p*
(p ) =
= 8.2728 psi
p1 1
1.6802
T* =
T*
490 R
(T ) =
= 567.23 R
T1 1
0.86384
T0*
T0* =
( T0 ) 1
( T0 ) 1 =
= 0.76393
520 R
= 680.69 R
0.76393

Then,
cP =
Applying,
1.4 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R )

kR
=
= 6006 ft # lb>slug # R
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Q
= cp 3 ( T0 ) 2 - ( T0 ) 1 4 ; 200 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug = ( 6006 ft # lb>slug # R ) 3 ( T0 ) 2 - 520 R 4
m
(T0)2 = 553.30 R
Then enter
( T0 ) 2
T *0
553.30 R
= 0.81285 into the table in Appendix E. The
680.69 R
interpolation gives
M 2 = 0.5945
T2
T*
p2
p*
= 0.91102; T2 = 0.91102(567.23 R) = 516.76 R

= 1.6056; p2 = 1.6056(8.2728 psi) = 13.28 psi
Since M 2 6 1, the flow is not choked.
1447
1386. Continued
The velocity of the flow at section 1 is

V1 = M 1 2kRT1 = 0.5532 a 21.4 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (490 R) b = 600.21 ft>s
The density of air at section 1 is
lb 12 in 2
ba
b
p1
1 ft
in2
r1 =
=
= 0.0023805 slug>ft 3
RT1
( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (490 R)
a13.9

2
1.5
#
m = r1V1A1 = ( 0.0023805 slug>ft 3 )( 600.21 ft>s ) c p a
ft b d
12
= 0.07014 slug>s = 0.0701 slug>s
Ans.
The change in entropy from section 1 to 2 can be determined by applying.

s = s2 - s1 = cp ln
p2
T2
- R ln
T1
p1
= ( 6006 ft # lb>slug # R ) ln a
13.28 psi
516.76 R
b - ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) ln a
b
490 R
13.9 psi
= 397.66 ft # lb>slug # R = 398 ft # lb>(slug # R)
Ans.
Ans:
#
m = 0.0701 slug>s
s = 398 ft # lb>(slug # R)
1448
1387. Nitrogen having a temperature of T1 = 270 K and a

pressure of p1 = 330 kPa flows into the smooth pipe at
M 1 = 0.3. If it is heated at 100 kJ>kg # m, determine the
velocity and pressure of the nitrogen when it exits the pipe at
section 2.
4m
Solution
Nitrogen is assumed to be inviscid and the heat energy is being added. Thus, the flow
can be considered Rayleigh flow. Here, T1 = 270 K and p1 = 330 kPa. For nitrogen,
k = 1.4. Enter M 1 = 0.3 into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B,
( T0 ) 1
p1
T1
V1
= 2.1314 * = 0.40887 * = 0.19183
= 0.34686
*
p
T
V
T *0
Then
p* =
p*
330 kPa
( p1 ) =
= 154.83 kPa
p1
2.1314
T* =
T*
270 K
(T ) =
= 660.36 K
T1 1
0.40887
For nitrogen, R = 296.8 J>kg # K. Then the velocity of the flow at section 1 is
V1 = M 1 2kRT1 = 0.3c 21.4 ( 296.8 J>kg # K)(270 K) d = 100.48 m>s
100.48 m>s
V*
(V ) =
= 523.80 m>s
V1 1
0.19183
V* =
Since nitrogen is drawn in to section 1 isentropically, enter M 1 = 0.3 into insentropic

flow tables in Appendix B,
T1
( T0 ) 1
= 0.98232; ( T0 ) 1 =
( T0 ) 1
T1
( T1 ) =
270 K
= 274.86 K
0.98232
Then
T0* =
cp =
T0*
( T0 ) 1
( T0 ) 1 =
274.86 K
= 792.42 K
0.34686
1.4 ( 296.8 J>kg # K )

kR
=
= 1038.8 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Applying
Q
J
= cp 3 ( T0 ) 2 - ( T0 ) 1 4 ; c 100 ( 103 ) # d (4 m) = ( 1038.8 J>kg # K ) 3 ( T0 ) 2 - 274.86 K 4
m
kg m
( T0 ) 2 = 659.92 K
Then enter
( T0 ) 2
T *0
659.92 K
= 0.83279 into the Rayleigh flow tables in
792.42 K
Appendix B, interpolation gives

M 2 = 0.6131 6 1 (pipe is not choked)
p2
p*
V2
V*
= 1.5724; p2 = 1.5724(154.83 kPa) = 242.41 kPa = 242 kPa
Ans.
= 0.59113; V2 = 0.59113 ( 523.80 m>s ) = 309.63 m>s = 310 m>s Ans.

1449
Ans:
p2 = 242 kPa
V2 = 310 m>s
1388. Nitrogen having a temperature of T1 = 270 K and a

pressure of p1 = 330 kPa flows into the smooth pipe at
M 1 = 0.3. If it is heated at 100 kJ>kg # m, determine the
stagnation temperatures at sections 1 and 2, and the change in
entropy per unit mass between these two sections.
4m
Solution
Nitrogen is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus, the flow
can be considered Rayleigh flow. Here, T1 = 270 K and p1 = 330 kPa. For nitrogen,
k = 1.4. Enter M 1 = 0.3 into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B,
p1
*
= 2.1314
T1
T
= 0.40887
( T0 ) 1
T0*
= 0.34686
Then
p* =
p*
330 kPa
(p ) =
= 154.83 kPa
p1 1
2.1314
T* =
T*
270 K
(T ) =
= 660.36 K
T1 1
0.40887
Since nitrogen is drawn into section 1 isentropically, enter M 1 = 0.3 into the
isentropic flow tables in Appendix B,
T1
( T0 ) 1
= 0.98232; ( T0 ) 1 =
( T0 ) 1
T1
( T1 ) =
270 K
= 274.86 K = 275 K
0.98232
Ans.
Then
T0*
T0* =
( T0)1
( T0 ) 1 =
274.86 K
= 792.42 K
0.34686
For nitrogen, k = 1.4 and R = 296.8 J>kg # K

Then
cp =
1.4 ( 296.8 J>kg # K )

kR
=
= 1038.8 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Applying
Q
J
= cp 3 ( T0 ) 2 - ( T0 ) 1 4 ; c 100 ( 103 ) # d (4 m) = ( 1038.8 J>kg # K ) 3 ( T0 ) 2 - 274.86 K 4
M
kg m
( T0 ) 2 = 659.92 K = 660 K
Then enter
( T0 ) 2
T *0

p2
T*
Ans.
659.92 K
= 0.83279 into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B.
792.42 K
Interpolation gives
p*
T2
= 1.5724; p2 = 1.5724(154.83 kPa) = 243.46 kPa

= 0.92946; T2 = 0.92946(660.36 K) = 613.78 K
1450
1388. Continued
The change in entropy from section 1 to 2 can be determined by applying.

s = s2 - s1 = cp ln
T2
p2
- R ln
T1
p1
= ( 1038.8 J>kg # K ) ln a
613.78 K
243.46 kPa
b - ( 296.8 J>kg # K ) ln a
b
270 K
330 kPa
= 943.35 J>kg # K = 943 J>kg # K
Ans.
1451
1389. Air is drawn isentropically into the pipe at

V1 = 640 m>s, T1 = 80 C, and absolute pressure of
p1 = 250 kPa. If it exits the pipe having a speed of 470 m > s,
determine the amount of heat per unit mass that the pipe
supplies to the air.
Solution
Air is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus the flow
can be considered as Rayleigh flow. Here, T1 = (273 + 80) K = 353 K,
p1 = 250 kPa and V1 = 640 m>s. For air, k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The
Mach number at section 1 can be determined from
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
640 m>s
21.4(286.9 J>kg # K) (353 K)
= 1.6997
Since the air is drawn into section 1 isentropically, enter the value of M 1 into the
isentropic flow tables in Appendix B and after performing the interpolation,
(T0)1
T1
353 K
(T1) =
= 0.63380;(T0)1 =
= 556.96 K
(T0)1
T1
0.63380
Also, enter the value of M 1 into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B,
V1
V
= 1.3744 ; V * =
(T0)1
T0*
640 m>s
V*
(V ) =
= 456.66 m>s
V1 1
1.3744
= 0.85977;T0* =
Then enter the same table with
V2
V
T0*
556.96 K
(T ) =
= 647.80 K
(T0)1 0 1
0.85977
=
470 m>s
465.66 m>s
= 1.00932,
M 2 = 1.0113 > 1 (pipe is not choked)

(T0)2
T0*
cp =
= 0.99990; (T0)2 = 0.99990(647.80 K) = 647.74 K

1.4(286.9 J>kg # K)
kR
=
= 1004.15 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Then,
Q
= cp 3(T0)2 - (T0)1 4
m
= (1004.15 J>kg # K) 3647.74 K-556.96 K4

= 91.157 ( 103 ) J>kg = 91.2 kJ>kg
Ans.
Ans:
91.2 kJ>kg
1452
1390. Air is drawn into the 100-mm-diameter pipe at

V1 = 640 m>s, T1 = 80 C, and absolute pressure of
p1 = 250 kPa. If it exits the pipe having a speed of 470 m>s,
determine the stagnation temperatures at sections 1 and 2 and
the change in entropy per unit mass between these sections.
Solution
Air is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus, the flow can
be considered as Rayleigh flow. Here, T1 = (273 + 80) K = 353 K, p1 = 250 kPa
and V1 = 640 m>s. For air, k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number at
section 1 is
M1 =
V1
1kRT1
640 m>s
21.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (353 K)
= 1.6997
Since the air is drawn into section 1 isentropically, enter the value of M 1 into the
(T0)1
T1
353 K
= 0.63380;(T0)1 =
(T1) =
= 556.96 K = 557 K
(T0)1
T1
0.63380
Ans.
Also, enter the value of M 1 into the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B,
V1
V
p1
p*
T1
T*
= 1.3744;V * =
640 m>s
V*
(V1) =
= 465.66 m>s
V1
1.3744
= 0.47577;p* =
p*
250 kPa
(p ) =
= 525.47 kPa
p1 1
0.47577
= 0.65391;T * =
(T0)1
T0*
T*
353 K
(T ) =
= 539.83 K
T1 1
0.65391
= 0.85977;T0* =
Then enter the same table with
V2
V
T0*
556.96 K
(T ) =
= 647.80 K
(T0)1 0 1
0.85977
470 m>s
465.66 m>s
= 1.00932
( T0 ) 2
T0*
p2
p*
T2
T*
= 0.98695;p2 = 0.98695(525.47 kPa) = 518.61 kPa

= 0.99614;T2 = 0.99614(539.83 K) = 537.75 K
cp =
Then
= 0.99990;(T0)2 = 0.99990 (647.80 K) = 647.74 K = 648 K Ans.
1.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2

kR
=
= 1004.15 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.4 - 1
s = s2 - s1 = cp ln
=
p2
T2
- R ln
T1
p1
1 1004.15 J>kg # K 2 ln a
537.75 K
b 353 K
= 213.32 J>kg # K = 213 J>(kg # K)
1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 ln a
1453
518.61 kPa
b
250 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
1T0 2 1 = 557 K
1T0 2 2 = 648 K
s = 213 J>(kg # K)
1391. Air from a large reservoir is at a temperature of

275 K and absolute pressure of 101 kPa. It isentropically
enters the duct at section 1. If 80 kJ>kg of heat is added to
the flow, determine the greatest possible velocity it can have
at section 1. The backpressure at 2 causes M 1 6 1.
Solution
Air is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus, the flow can be
considered as Rayleigh flow. Here, (T0)1 = 275 K and (p0)1 = 101 kPa. To obtain
the greatest possible V1, the duct must be choked, that is M 2 = 1. For air k = 1.4 and
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Thus,
cp =
Then
1.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2

kR
=
= 1004.15 J>(kg # K)
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Q
= cp 3 (T0)2 - (T0)1 4 ;80 1 103 2 J>kg = 1 1004.15 J>(kg # K) 2 3 (T0)2 - 275 K 4
m
(T0)2 = 354.67 K
Under choked conditions,

(T0)2
T0*
= 1;T0* = (T0)2 = 354.67 K
(T0)1
275 K
Enter the Rayleigh flow tables in Appendix B with
=
= 0.77537 for
*
354.67
K
T0
M 1 6 1, and the interpolation gives
M 1 = 0.5624
p1
= 1.6635
p*
Since the air is drawn isentropically into section 1, enter M 1 = 0.5624 into the
T1
= 0.94050; T1 = 0.94050(275 K) = 258.64 K = 259 K
(T0)1
The velocity of the flow at section 1 can be determined from
V1 = M 1 1kRT1 = 0.5624c 21.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2 (258.64 K) d
= 181.27 m>s = 181 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
T1 = 259 K
V1 = 181 m>s
1454
1392. Air from a large reservoir is at a temperature of

275 K and pressure of 101 kPa. It isentropically enters the
duct at section 1. If 80 kJ>kg of heat is added to the flow,
determine the temperature and pressure at the entrance of
the duct. The backpressure at 2 causes M 1 7 1.
Solution
Air is assumed to be inviscid and heat energy is being added. Thus, the flow can be
considered as Rayleigh flow. Here, (T0)1 = 275 K and (P0)1 = 101 kPa. To obtain
the greatest possible V1, the duct must be choked, that is M 2 = 1. For air, k = 1.4 and
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Thus,
cp =
Then
1.4 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2

kR
=
= 1004.15 J>kg # K
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Q
= cp 3 (T0)2 - (T0)1 4 ;80 1 103 2 J>kg =
m
(T0)2 = 354.67 K
1 1004.15 J>kg # K 2 3 (T0)2
- 275 K 4
Under choked conditions

(T0)2
T0*
= 1;T0* = (T0)2 = 354.64 K
(T0)1
275 K
=
= 0.77537 for
*
354.64
K
T
0
M 1 7 1, and the interpolation gives
M 1 = 2.0930
T1
= 0.53302;T1 = 0.53302(275 K) = 146.58 K = 147 K
(T0)1
Ans.
p1
= 0.11055;p1 = 0.11055(101 kPa) = 11.17 kPa = 11.2 kPa Ans.
(p0)1
1455
1393. Nitrogen having a temperature of 300K and

pressure of 450kPa flows from a large reservoir into
a100-mm-diameter duct. As it flows, 100 kJ>kg of heat is
added. Determine the temperature, pressure, and density at
section 1 if the backpressure causes M 1 7 1 and the flow
becomes choked at section 2.
100 mm
1
Solution
can be considered as Rayleigh flow. Here, (T0)1 = 300 K and (p0)1 = 450 kPa. For
nitrogen, k = 1.4 and R = 296.8 J>kg # K.
cp =
Then,
1.4 1 296.8 J>(kg # K) 2

kR
=
= 1038.8 J>(kg # K)
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Q
= cp 3 (T0)2 - (T0)1 4 ;100 1 103 2 J>kg =
m
(T0)2 = 396.26 K
1 1038.8 J>kg # K 2 3 (T0)2
- 300 K 4
Assume that the duct will be choked, that is M 2 = 1, and the mass flow is at its
greatest. Under this condition
(T0)2
T0*
= 1;T0* = (T0)2 = 396.26 K

Since M 1 7 1, interpolation gives
(T0)1
T0*
300 K
= 0.75708
396.26 K
M 1 = 2.1946
T1
= 0.50936; T1 = 0.50936(300 K) = 152.81 K = 153 K
(T0)1
p1
( p0 ) 1
= 0.09432; p1 = 0.09432(450 kPa) = 42.44 kPa = 42.4 kPa
Ans.
Ans.

r1 =
p1
=
RT1
42.44 1 103 2 N>m2
1 296.8 J>kg # K 2 (152.81 K)
= 0.936 kg>m3
Ans.
Ans:
T1 = 153 K
p1 = 42.4 kPa
r1 = 0.936 kg>m3
1456
1394. Nitrogen having a temperature of 300 K and

pressure of 450 kPa flows from a large reservoir into a
100-mm-diameter duct. As it flows, 100 kJ>kg of heat is
added. Determine the mass flow if the backpressure causes
M 1 6 1 and the flow becomes choked at section 2.
100 mm
1
Solution
can be considered as Rayleigh flow. Here, (T0)1 = 300 K and (p0)1 = 450 kPa. For
nitrogen, k = 1.4 and R = 296.8 J>kg # K.
cp =
Then,
1.4 1 296.8 J>(kg # K) 2

kR
=
= 1038.8 J>(kg # K)
k - 1
1.4 - 1
Q
= cp 3 (T0)2 - (T0)1 4 ;100 1 103 2 J>kg =
m
(T0)2 = 396.26 K
1 1038.8 J>kg # K 2 3 (T0)2
- 300 K 4
To have the greatest mass flow, the duct must be choked that is M 2 = 1. Under this
condition
(T0)2
T0*
= 1;T0* = (T0)2 = 396.26 K
Enter the Rayleigh flow table with

interpolation gives
(T0)1
T0*
300 K
= 0.75708 since M 1 6 1,
396.26 K
M 1 = 0.5478
isentropic flow table in Appendix B, and after performing the interpolation,
T1
= 0.94338;T1 = 0.94338(300 K) = 283.01 K
(T0)1
p1
= 0.81546;P1 = 0.81546(450 kPa) = 366.96 kPa
( p0 ) 1
The velocity of the flow at section 1 can be determined from
V1 = M 1 1kRT1 = 0.5478c 21.4 1 296.8 J>(kg # K) 2 (283.01 K) d = 187.85 m>s

r1 =
p1
=
RT1
366.96 1 103 2 N>m2
1 296.8 J>kg # K 2 (283.01 K)

#
mmax = r1 V1 A1 =
= 4.3687 kg>m3
1 4.3687 kg>m3 2 1 187.85 m>s 2 3 p(0.05 m)2 4
= 6.445 kg>s = 6.45 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
6.45 kg>s
1457
1395. The converging nozzle has an exit diameter of

0. 25 m. If the fuel-oxidizer mixture within the large tank
has an absolute pressure of 4 MPa and temperature of
1800K, determine the mass flow from the nozzle when the
backpressure is a vacuum. The mixture has k = 1.38 and
R = 296 J>kg # K.
0.25 m
Solution
The mixture is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
and p0 = 4 MPa. Since the back pressure is a vacuum, p = 0.
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
1.38
1.38 - 1
1.38
4 MPa = 0 c 1 + a
b M2 d
2
M =
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
1800 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 1512.61 K
1.38 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 (k - 1)
M b
2
4 MPa = p* c 1 + a
1.38
1.38 - 1
1.38 - 1
b 1 12 2 d
2
p* = 2.1267 MPa

p* = r* RT *;2.1267 1 103 2
N
= r* 1 296 J>kg # K 2 (1512.61 K)
m2
r* = 4.7499 kg>m3
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.38 1 296 J>kg # K 2 (1512.61 K)

Finally,
= 786.05 m>s
#
m = r* V * A* =

1 4.7499 kg>m3 2 1 786.05 m>s 2 3 p(0.125 m)2 4
= 183.28 kg>s = 183 kg>sAns.
Ans:
183 kg>s
1458
1396. The converging nozzle has an exit diameter of 0.25 m.

If the fuel-oxidizer mixture within the large tank has an
absolute pressure of 4 MPa and temperature of 1800 K,
determine the mass flow from the nozzle if the atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa. The mixture has k = 1.38 and
R = 296 J>kg # K.
0.25 m
Solution
The gas is considered to be compressible. The flow is steady.
and p0 = 4 MPa. Since the back pressure is a vacuum, p = 0.
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
1.38
1.38 - 1
1.38 - 1
bM 2 d
4 MPa = 0.1 MPac 1 + a
2
M = 3.0448
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
1800 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 1512.61 K
1.38 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = p a1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
4 MPa = p* c 1 + a
p* = 2.1267 MPa
1.38
1.38 - 1
1.38 - 1
b 1 12 2d
2

p* = r* RT *;2.1267 1 103 2
N
= r* 1 296 J>kg # K 2 (1512.61 K)
m2
r* = 4.7499 kg>m3
The velocity of the flow at the exit plane can be determined by applying Eq. 1127.
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.38 1 296 J>kg # K 2 (1512.61 K)
= 786.05 m>s
Finally,
#
m = r* V * A* =
1 4.7499 kg>m3 21 786.05 m>s 23 p(0.125 m)2 4
= 183.28 kg>s = 183 kg>s
1459
Ans.
1397. The bottle tank contains 0.13 m3 of oxygen at an

absolute pressure of 900 kPa and temperature of 20 C. If
the nozzle has an exit diameter of 15 mm, determine the
time needed to drop the absolute pressure in the tank to
300 kPa once the valve is opened. Assume the temperature
remains constant in the tank during the flow and the
ambient air is at an absolute pressure of 101.3 kPa.
15 mm
Solution
The oxygen is considered to be compressible. The flow is unsteady.
The stagnation pressure decreases from (p0)1 = 900 kPa to (p0)2 = 300 kPa,
while the stagnation temperature is assumed to remain constant at
T0 = 1 273 + 20 C 2 = 293 K. For oxygen k = 1.40 and R = 259.8 J>kg # K.
k
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
( p0)2 = pa1 +
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
300 kPa = (101.3 kPa)c 1 + a
bM 2 d
2
M = 1.3485
This condition remains throughout the flow. At the exit plane, M = 1.
T0 = T a1 +
k - 1 2
M b
2
293 K = T * c 1 + a
T * = 244.17 K
1.4 - 1
b(1)2 d
2
k
p0 = p* a1 +
k - 1 2 k-1
M b
2
p0 = p* c 1 + a
p* = 0.5283p0
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b 1 12 2 d
2
p* = r* RT *;0.5283 p0 = r* 1 259.8 J>kg # K 2 (244.17 K)

r* = 8.3280 1 10-6 2 p0

V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 1 259.8 J>kg # K 2 (244.17 K)
= 298.01 m>s

#
m = r* V* A* = 3 8.3280 1 10-6 2 p0 41 298.01 m>s 23 p(0.0075 m)2 4 = 0.4386 1 10-6 2 p0
The density of air in the tank is determined from the universal gas law
p0 = rRT0;p0 = r 1 259.8 J>kg # K 2 (293 K)
r = 13.1369 1 10-6 2 p0
1460
1397. Continued
Also,
r =
m
m
=
= 7.6923 m
V
0.13 m3
Substituting this result into the previous equation,

p0 = 0.5855 1 106 2 m
Taking the time derivative
dp0
dm
= 0.5855 1 106 2
dt
dt
However,
dm
#
= - m = -0.4386 1 10-6 2 p0, then this equation becomes
dt
dp0
= -0.2568 p0
dt
300 kPa
L900 kPa
ln p0 `
t
dp0
= - 0.2568 dt
p0
L0
300 kPa
900 kPa
= -0.2568t
Ans.
t = 4.278 s = 4.28 s
Ans:
4.28 s
1461
1398. The rocket has a convergingdiverging exhaust

nozzle. The absolute pressure at the inlet to the nozzle is
200 lb>in2, and the temperature of the fuel mixture is
3250 R. If the mixture flows at 300 ft>s into the nozzle and
exits with isentropic supersonic flow, determine the areas of
the throat and exit plane. The inlet has a diameter of 18 in.
The outside absolute pressure is 14.7 psi. The fuel mixture
has k= 1.4 and R = 1600 ft # lb>slug # R.
Solution
The mixture is considered compressible. There is steady flow relative to the rocket.
The Mach number of the inlet flow is
Vin
M in =
1kRTin
300 ft>s
21.40 1 1600 ft # lb>slug # R 2 (3250 R)
= 0.1112
At the inlet plane using this result,
p0 = pin a1 +
k-1
k - 1
M in2 b
2
p0 = (200 psi) c 1 + a
= 201.74 psi
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.1112)2 d
2
k+1
Ain
*
M in
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M in2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
1 + a
b(0.1112)2
p(9 in)2
2
1
=
0.1112
1.4 + 1
A*
2
A* = 48.53 in2 = 48.5 in2
Ans.
At the exit plane,

k
k-1
k - 1
M out2b
p0 = pout a1 +
2
201.74 psi = (14.7 psi) c 1 + a

M out = 2.3595
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM out2 d
2
k+1
Aout
*
M out
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M out2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
Aout
48.53 in2
2.3595
1 + a
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(2.3595)2
2
1.4 + 1
2
Aout = 112.36 in2 = 112 in2
Ans.
1462
Ans:
A* = 48.5 in2
Aout = 112 in2
1399. The rocket has a convergingdiverging exhaust

nozzle. The absolute pressure at the inlet to the nozzle is
200 lb>in2, and the temperature of the fuel mixture is
3250 R. If the mixture flows at 500 ft>s into the nozzle and
exits with isentropic supersonic flow, determine the areas of
the throat and exit plane and the mass flow through the
nozzle. The inlet has a diameter of 18 in. The outside
absolute pressure is 7 psi. The fuel mixture has k = 1.4 and
R = 1600 ft # lb>slug # R.
Solution
Water is considered to be compressible.
M in =
Vin
2kRTin
500 ft>s
21.40 ( 1600 ft # lb>slug # R ) (3250 R)
= 0.1853
At the inlet plane using this result,
p0 = pina1 +
k-1
k - 1
M in 2 b
2
p0 = (200 psi) c 1 + a
= 204.85 psi
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.1853)2 d
2
k+1
Ain
*
M in
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M in 2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
p (9 in)2
A*
0.1853
1 + a
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(0.1853)2
2
1.4 + 1
2
A* = 79.83 in2 = 79.8 in2
Ans.
At the exit plane,

k
k-1
k - 1
M out 2 b
2
p0 = pout a1 +
204.85 psi = (7 psi) c 1 + a

M out = 2.8495
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM out 2 d
2
k+1
Aout
*
M out
1 +
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M out 2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
Aout
79.83 in2
2.8495
1 + a
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(2.8495)2
2
1.4 + 1
2
Aout = 292.89 in2 = 293 in2
Ans.
1463
1399. Continued
Applying the universal gas law at the inlet plane

pin = rin RTin;a200
lb
12 in. 2
b = rin ( 1600 ft # lb>slug # R ) (3250 R)
ba
2
1 ft
in
rin = 0.005538 slug>ft 3

Then, the mass flow rate is
2
9
#
m = rinVin Ain = ( 0.005538 slug>ft 3 )( 500 ft>s ) Jp a ft b R
12
= 4.894 slug>ft 3 = 4.89 slug>ft 3
Ans.
Ans:
A* = 79.8 in2
Aout = 293 in2
#
m = 4.89 slug>ft 3
1464
13100. The jet engine is tested on the ground at standard

atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. If the fuelair mixture
enters the inlet of the 300-mm-diameter nozzle at 250 m >s,
with an absolute pressure of 300 kPa and temperature of
800 K, and exits with supersonic flow, determine the velocity
of the exhaust developed by the engine. Take k = 1.4 and
R = 249 J>kg # K. Assume isentropic flow.
300 mm dt
Solution
M in =
Vin
2kRTin
At the inlet plane,
21.40 ( 249 J>kg # K ) (800 K)
= 0.4734
k - 1
M in 2 b
2
T0 = Tin a1 +
T0 = (800 K) c 1 + a
p0 = pina1 +
250 m>s
1.4 - 1
b(0.4734)2 d = 835.86 K
2
k
k-1
k - 1
M in 2 b
2
p0 = (300 kPa) c 1 + a
= 349.76 kPa
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.4734)2 d
2
At the exit plane,

k
k-1
k - 1
p0 = pe a1 +
Me2 b
2
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
349.76 kPa = (101.3 kPa)c 1 + a
bM e 2 d
2
M e = 1.4574
T0 = Te a1 +
k - 1
Me2 b
2
835.86 K = Te c 1 + a
Te = 586.64 K
1.4 - 1
b(1.4574)2 d
2

Ve = M e 2kRTe = (1.4574) 21.40 ( 249 J>kg # K ) (586.64 K)
= 659.08 m>s = 659 m>s
1465
Ans.
de
13101. The jet engine is tested on the ground at standard

atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. If the fuelair mixture
enters the inlet of the 300-mm-diameter nozzle at 250 m>s,
with an absolute pressure of 300 kPa and temperature of
800 K, determine the required diameter of the throat dt, and
the exit diameter de, so that the flow exits with isentropic
supersonic flow. Take k = 1.4 and R = 249 J>kg # K.
300 mm dt
de
Solution
M in =
Vin
2kRTin
p0 = pina1 +
250 m>s
21.40 ( 249 J>kg # K ) (800 K)
= 0.4734
k-1
k - 1
M in2 b
2
p0 = (300 kPa) c 1 + a
= 349.76 kPa
1.4
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
b(0.4734)2 d
2
k+1
Ain
A*
M in
2(k - 1)
k - 1
M in 2
2
k + 1
2
1 +
1.4 + 1
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
p
1 + a
b(0.4734)2
(0.3 m)2
2
4
1
=
p 2
0.4734
1.4 + 1
d
4 t
2
Ans.
d t = 0.2541 m = 254 mm

At the exit plane,
k
k-1
k - 1
Me2 b
p0 = pe a1 +
2
1.4
349.76 kPa = (101.3 kPa)c 1 + a

M e = 1.4574
1.4 - 1
1.4 - 1
bM e 2 d
2
k+1
Ae
A*
Me
1 +
p 2
d
4 e
p
(0.2541 m)2
4
2(k - 1)
k - 1
Me2
2
k + 1
2
1.4 + 1
1.4574
1 + a
2(1.4 - 1)
1.4 - 1
b(1.4574)2
2
1.4 + 1
2
Ans.
d e = 0.2723 m = 272 mm
Ans:
d t = 254 mm
d e = 272 mm
1466
13102. The nozzle is attached onto the end of the pipe.

The air supplied from the pipe is at a stagnation temperature
of 120 C and an absolute stagnation pressure of 800 kPa.
Determine the mass flow from the nozzle if the backpressure
is 60 kPa.
60 mm
20 mm
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are T0 = (273 + 120 C) = 393 K and
p0 = 800 kPa. For air k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Assuming that the nozzle
chokes, enter the table in Appendix B with
Ae
A*
p(0.03 m)2
p(0.01 m)2
= 9
Choose M 6 1 (subsonic) by interpolating the values in the table,

M e = 0.06446
Using this result, we obtain from the table in Appendix B
p3
= 0.9971;p3 = 0.9971(800 kPa) = 797.68 kPa
p0
Since the back pressure 60 kPa is less than p3, the nozzle chokes. Thus, M = 1 at the
throat. From the table in Appendix B,
T*
= 0.8333;T * = 0.8333(393 K) = 327.5 K
T0
p*
= 0.5283;
p* = 0.5283(800 K) kPa = 422.63 kPa
p0
p* = r*RT *;422.63 ( 103 )
N
= r* ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (327.5 K)
m2
r* = 4.4979 kg>m3
V * = M * 2kRT * = (1) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (327.5 K)
= 362.69 m>s
Finally, the mass flow is

#
m = r*V *A* = ( 4.4979 kg>m3 )( 362.69 m>s ) 3 p(0.01 m)2 4
= 0.5125 kg>s = 0.513 kg>s
Ans.
Ans:
0.513 kg>s
1467
13103. The nozzle is attached onto the end of the pipe.

The air in the pipe is at a stagnation temperature of 120 C
and an absolute stagnation pressure of 800 kPa. Determine
the two values of the backpressure that will choke the
nozzle yet produce isentropic flow. Also, what is the
maximum velocity of the isentropic flow?
60 mm
20 mm
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are T0 = (273 + 120 C) = 393 K and
p0 = 800 kPa.
For air k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Enter the table in Appendix B with
Ae
*
p(0.03 m)2
p(0.01 m)2
= 9
The two values of M obtained through interpolation of the values in the table are
M = 0.06446 6 1(subsonic)
M = 3.8061 7 1
(supersonic)
For subsonic flow, the table in Appendix B gives

pe
= 0.9971;pe = 0.9971(800 kPa) = 797.68 kPa = 798 kPa
p0
Ans.
For supersonic flow,

pe
= 0.008553;pe = 0.008553(800 kPa) = 6.846 kPa = 6.85 kPaAns.
p0
T
= 0.2566;T = 0.2566(393 K) = 100.84 K
T0
The maximum velocity of the isentropic flow is
V = M 2kRT = (3.8061) 21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (100.84 K)
= 765.99 m>s = 766 m>s
Ans.
Ans:
For subsonic flow,
pe = 798 kPa
For supersonic flow,
pe = 6.85 kPa
V = 766 m>s
1468
13104. A jet plane creates a shock that forms in air

having a temperature of 20 C and absolute pressure of
80kPa. If it travels at 1200 m>s, determine the pressure and
temperature just behind the shock wave.
Solution
Relative to the plane, the static temperature, pressure, and velocity of the air before
the shock are T1 = (273 + 20 C) K = 293 K, p1 = 80 kPa, and V1 = 1200 m>s.
For air k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number of the flow before the
shock wave is
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
1200 m>s
21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (293 K)
= 3.4980
The static pressure after the shock can be determined using the equation or the
table.
p2
= 14.1085;p2 = 14.1085(80 kPa) = 1128.68 kPa = 1.13 MPaAns.
p1
The Mach number after the shock wave can be determined using the equation or
the table.
M 2 = 0.4512
Using this result and the table the static temperature after the shock is
T2
= 3.3123;T2 = 3.3123(293 K) = 970.50 K = 971 K
T1
1469
Ans.
13105. The jet plane flies at M = 1.8 in still air at an

altitude of 15 000 ft. If a shock forms at the air inlet for the
engine, determine the stagnation pressure within the engine
just behind the shock and the stagnation pressure a short
distance within the chamber.
Solution
The stagnation pressure before the shock is the air pressure at an altitude of 15 000ft
which is ( p0 ) 1 = 1195 lb>ft 2.
Ans.
Applying the equation or the table with k = 1.40 for air, the stagnation pressure after
the shock is

( p0 ) 2
lb
= 0.8127; ( p0 ) 2 = 0.8127 ( 1195 lb>ft 2 ) = 971.16 2 = 971 lb>ft 2 Ans.
ft
( p0 ) 1
Since no shock wave forms in the engine chamber, the stagnation pressure is
constant throughout the chamber after the shock.
1470
Ans:
1p0 2 1 = 1195 lb>ft 2
1p0 2 2 = 971 lb>ft 2
13106. A shock is produced by a jet plane flying at a

speed of 2600 ft>s. If the air is at a temperature of 60 F and
an absolute pressure of 12 lb>in2, determine the velocity of
the air relative to the plane and its temperature just behind
the shock.
Solution
lb
the shock are T1 = (460 + 60 F) R = 520 R, p1 = 12 2 , and V1 = 2600 ft>s. For
in
air k = 1.40 and R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R. The Mach number of the flow before the
shock is
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
2600 ft>s
21.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (520 R)
= 2.3262
Using the equation or the table, the Mach number after the shock is
M 2 = 0.5313
The temperature and velocity of the flow after the shock can be determined by
applying the equations or the table.
T2
= 1.9710;T2 = 1.9710(520 R) = 1024.90 R = 1025 R
T1
Ans.
V2
= 0.3207; V2 = 0.3207 ( 2600 ft>s ) = 833.73 ft>s = 834 ft>s Ans.
V1
Ans:
T2 = 1025R
V2 = 834 ft>s
1471
13107. A shock is produced by a jet plane flying at a

speed of 2600 ft>s. If the air is at a temperature of 60 F and
an absolute pressure of 12 lb>in2, determine the stagnation
pressure and the pressure just behind the shock.
Solution
the shock are T1 = (273 + 60 F) R = 520 R, p1 = 12 psi, and V1 = 2600 ft>s. For
air k = 1.40 and R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R. The Mach number of the flow before the
shock is
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
2600 ft>s
21.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (520 R)
= 2.3262
Applying the equation or using the table, the Mach number after the shock is
M 2 = 0.5313
The stagnation pressure before the shock can be determined using the equation or
the table.
p1
( p0 ) 1
= 0.07676; ( p0 ) 1 =
12 psi
0.07676
= 156.33 psi
The static stagnation pressure after the shock can be determined using the equations
or the table.
p2
= 6.1465;p2 = 6.1465(12 psi) = 73.76 psi = 73.8 psi
p1
Ans.
( p0 ) 2
= 0.5718; ( p0 ) 2 = 0.5718(156.33 psi) = 89.39 psi = 89.4 psi
( p0 ) 1
Ans.
1472
Ans:
p2 = 73.8 psi
1p0 2 2 = 89.4 psi
*13108. A standing shock occurs in the pipe when

the upstream conditions for air have an absolute pressure
of p1 = 80 kPa, temperature T1 = 75 C, and velocity
V1 = 700 m>s. Determine the downstream pressure,
temperature, and velocity of the air. Also, what are the
upstream and downstream Mach numbers?
1 2
Solution
For air k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number before the shock wave is
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
700 m>s
21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 75 C) K
= 1.8723 = 1.87Ans.
Using the result, the Mach number after the shock can be determined by applying
the equation or using the table.
Ans.
M 2 = 0.6011 = 0.601
The temperature, pressure, and velocity of the flow after the shock can be determined
by using the equations,
T2
= 1.5864;T2 = 1.5864(273 + 75 C) = 552.09 K = 552 K
T1
Ans.
p2
= 3.9232;p2 = 3.9232(80 kPa) = 313.85 kPa = 314 MPa
p1
Ans.
V2
= 0.4044; V2 = 0.4044 ( 700 m>s ) = 283.07 m>s = 283 m>s Ans.
V1
1473
13109. The large tank supplies air at a temperature of 350 K

and an absolute pressure of 600 kPa to the nozzle. If the throat
diameter is 0.3 m and the exit diameter is 0.5 m, determine the
range of backpressures that will cause expansion shock waves
to form at the exit.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those in the tank, i.e., T0 = 350 K
and p0 = 600 kPa. For an expansion shock wave to form at the exit plane, the back
pressure pb 6 p4, where p4 is the back pressure at which isentropic supersonic flow
occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the equation with
p
(0.5 m)2
A
4
=
= 2.7778
p
A*
(0.3 m)2
4
Choose M 7 1,
M 1 = 2.5557
Using this result to apply the equation or using the table,
p4
= 0.05368;p4 = 0.05368(600 kPa) = 32.21 kPa = 32.2 kPa
p0
Thus,

Ans.
pb 6 32.2 kPa
Ans:
pb 6 32.2 kPa
1474

diameter is 0.3 m and the exit diameter is 0.5 m, determine the
range of backpressures that will cause oblique shock waves to
form at the exit.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are of those in the tank, i.e., T0 = 350 K
and p0 = 600 kPa. For an oblique shock wave to form at the exit plane, the back
pressure must be in between pb and p4, which are the back pressures at which the
standing normal shock wave is at the exit plane and the back pressure at which
isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the
equation with
p
(0.5 m)2
A
4
=
= 2.7778
p
A*
(0.3 m)2
4
Choose M 7 1 (supersonic),
M 1 = 2.5557
p4
= 0.05368;p4 = 0.05368(600 kPa) = 32.21 kPa
p0
Using the result of M1 and p4 to apply the equation,
p6
= 7.4534;p6 = 7.4534(32.21 kPa) = 240.05 kPa
p4
Thus,
Ans.
32.2 kPa 6 pb 6 240 kPa
Ans:
32.2 kPa 6 pb 6 240 kPa
1475
13111. The nozzle is attached to the end of the pipe that

carries air having an absolute stagnation pressure of 60 psi
and stagnation temperature of 400R. Determine the range
of backpressures that will cause a standing shock to form
within the nozzle.
1 in.
1.5 in.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are T1 = 400 R and p0 = 60 psi. For a
standing shock wave to form between the throat and exit plane of the nozzle, the
back pressure must be between p6 and p3, which are the back pressures at which a
standing shock wave is at the exit plane and isentropic subsonic flow occurs. For air
k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the equation with
p
(1.5 in.)2
A
4
=
= 2.25
p
A*
(1 in.)2
4
And we obtain,
M 1 = 0.2685 (subsonic)
M 1 = 2.3282 (supersonic)
Using the result of M 1 = 0.2685 to apply the equation or using the table,
p3
= 0.9511;p3 = 0.9511(60 psi) = 57.066 psi
p0
Similarly, with the result of M 1 = 2.3282,
p4
= 0.07652;p4 = 0.07652(60 psi) = 4.5915 psi
p0
Using the result of M 1 = 2.3282 and p4 to apply the equation or using the table,
p6
= 6.1571;p6 = 6.1571(4.5915 psi) = 28.27 psi
p4
Thus,

28.3 psi 6 pb 6 57.1 psi Ans.
Ans:
28.3 psi 6 pb 6 57.1 psi
1476
13112. The nozzle is attached to the end of the pipe that

carries air having an absolute stagnation pressure of
60 lb>in2 and stagnation temperature of 400R. Determine
the range of backpressures that will cause oblique shocks to
form at the nozzle exit.
1 in.
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are T0 = 400 R and p0 = 60 psi. For an
oblique shock wave to form at the exit, the back pressure must be between p6 and
p4, which are the back pressures at which a standing shock wave is at the exit plane
and isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the
equation with
p
(1.5 in.)2
A
4
=
= 2.25
p
A*
(1 in.)2
4
Choose M 1 7 1 for supersonic flow,
M 1 = 2.3282
Using the result of M 1 to apply the equation or using the table,
p4
= 0.07652;p4 = 0.07652(60 psi) = 4.5915 psi
p0
Using the result of M 1 and p4 to apply the equation or using the table,
p6
= 6.1571;p6 = 6.1571(4.5915 psi) = 28.27 psi
p4
Thus,

Ans.
4.59 psi 6 pb 6 28.3 psi
1477
1.5 in.
13113. A 200-mm-diameter pipe contains air at a

temperature of 10 C and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa. If
a shock is formed in the pipe and the speed of the air in
front of the shock is 1000 m>s, determine the speed of the
air behind the shock.
Solution
For air, k = 1.40 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. The Mach number before the shock is
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
1000 m>s
21.40 ( 286.9 J>kg # K ) (273 + 10 C) K
= 2.9660
Using this result, the Mach number after the shock can be determined by applying
the equation or using the table.
M 2 = 0.4772
Using the results of M 1 and M 2 to apply the equation or using the table,
V2
= 0.2614; V2 = 0.2614 ( 1000 m>s ) = 261.39 m>s = 261 m>s
V1
Ans.
Ans:
261 m>s
1478
13114. The jet is flying at M = 1.3, where the absolute

air pressure is 50 kPa. If a shock is formed at the inlet of the
engine, determine the Mach number of the air flow just
within the engine where the diameter is 0.6 m. Also, what
are the pressure and the stagnation pressure in this region?
Assume isentropic flow within the engine.
M 1.3
0.4 m
0.6 m
Solution
Relative to the plane, the static air pressure and Mach number before the shock are
p1 = 50 kPa and M 1 = 1.3. For air k = 1.40. The stagnation pressure before the
shock can be determined by applying the equation or using the table,
p1
50 kPa
= 0.3609; ( p0 ) 1 =
= 138.54 kPa
0.3609
( p0 ) 1
The Mach number after the shock can be determined by applying the equation or
using the table.
M 2 = 0.7860
Using this result to apply the equation, the stagnation pressure after the shock is
( p0 ) 2
= 0.9794; ( p0 ) 2 = 0.9794(138.54 kPa) = 135.68 kPa = 136 kPa
( p0 ) 1
Ans.
At the entrance plane with M 2 = 0.7860, the equation or table gives

A2
= 1.0443
A*
Here, the area of the exit plane is A3. Then
A3
A*
= a
p(0.3 m)2
A2 A3
ba
b
=
1.0443
J
R
A* A2
p(0.2 m)2
= 2.3497
Applying the equation or using the table and choosing M 3 6 1 (the flow must be
subsonic since the nozzle does not choke),
Ans.
M 3 = 0.2561
Using this result to apply the equation at the exit plane,
p3
= 0.9554;p3 = 0.9554(135.68 kPa) = 129.63 kPa = 130 kPa
( p0 ) 2
Ans.
Ans:
p0 = 136 kPa
M = 0.256
p = 130 kPa
1479
13115. The large tank supplies air at a temperature of

350K and an absolute pressure of 600 kPa to the nozzle. If
the throat diameter is 30 mm and the exit diameter is
60mm, determine the range of backpressures that will cause
oblique shock waves to form at the exit.
30 mm
60 mm
Solution
and p0 = 600 kPa. For an oblique shock wave to form at the exit plane, the back
pressure must be between p6 and p4, which are the back pressures at which a
standing shock wave is at the exit plane and isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For
air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the equation with
p
(0.06 m)2
A
4
=
= 4
p
A*
(0.03 m)2
4
Choose M 1 7 1 (supersonic),
M 1 = 2.9402
Using the result of M 1 to apply the equation or using the table,
p4
= 0.02979;p4 = 0.02979(600 kPa) = 17.87 kPa
p0
Using the result of M 1 and p4 to apply the equation,
p6
= 9.9188;p6 = 9.9188(17.87 kPa) = 177.27 kPa
p4
Thus,
Ans.
17.9 kPa 6 pb 6 177 kPa
Ans:
17.9 kPa 6 pb 6 177 kPa
1480

diameter is 30 mm and the exit diameter is 60mm, determine
the range of backpressures that will cause a standing shock to
form within the nozzle.
30 mm
60 mm
Solution
The stagnation temperature and pressure are T0 = 350 K and p0 = 600 kPa. For a
standing normal shock wave to form between the throat and the exit plane of the
nozzle, the back pressure must be between p6 and p3, which are the back pressures
at which a standing shock wave is at the exit plane and isentropic subsonic flow
occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the equation with
p
(0.06 m)2
A
4
=
= 4
p
A*
(0.03 m)2
4
and we obtain
M 1 = 0.1465 (subsonic)
M 2 = 2.9402 (supersonic),
p3
= 0.9851; p3 = 0.9851(600 kPa) = 591.06 kPa
p0
p4
= 0.02979;p4 = 0.02979(600 kPa) = 17.87 kPa
p0
p6
= 9.9188; p6 = 9.9188(17.87 kPa) = 177.27 kPa
p4
Thus,

Ans.
177 kPa 6 pb 6 591 kPa
1481
13117. A shock is formed in the nozzle at C, where the

diameter is 100 mm. If the air flows through thepipe at A
at M A = 3.0 and the absolute pressure is pA = 15 kPa,
determine the pressure in the pipe at B.
150 mm
100 mm
C
B
Solution
The flow across the shock (at C) is unisentropic but from section C to B is isentropic.
First, we need to determine the stagnation pressure at section A. Enter M A = 3.0
into the isentropic flow tables,
pA
( p0 ) A
= 0.02722; ( p0 ) A =
( p0 ) A
pA
( pA ) =
15 kPa
= 551.07 kPa
0.02722
Next, we will consider the flow across the shock. Enter M 1 = 3.0 into the normal
shock tables,
M 2 = 0.47519
( p0 ) B
= 0.32834; ( p0 ) B = 0.32834(551.07 kPa) = 180.94 kPa
( p0 ) A
Next we will consider the isentropic flow from section C to B. Here, an imaginary
throat exists based on M 2 = 0.47519. Enter this value into the isentropic flow tables.
Interpolation gives
AC
= 1.3905
( A* )
Then
AB
(A )
*
p(0.075 m)2
AB
b = 1.3905
= 3.1286
p(0.05 m)2
( A ) AC
AC
*
Again enter this value into the isentropic flow tables, realizing that M B 6 1 and
performing the interpolation,
pB
M B = 0.1890
= 0.97539
( p0 ) B
Then

pB = 0.97539 (180.94 kPa) = 176.49 kPa = 176 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
176 kPa
1482
13118. Air at a temperature of 20 C and an absolute

pressure of 180 kPa flows from a large tank through the
nozzle. Determine the backpressure at the exit that causes
a shock wave to form at the location where the nozzle
diameter is 50 mm.
20 mm
50 mm
80 mm
Solution
Since a normal shock develops within the divergent portion of the nozzle, the nozzle
is choked, that is, M = 1 at the throat. The flow from the inlet to just to the left of
normal shock, section 1, and from just to the right of the shock, section 2, to the exit are
isentropic but the flow across the normal shock is unisentropic. First, we will consider
the isentropic flow from the inlet to section 1. Here, ( p0 ) 1 = ( p0 ) i = 180 kPa,
A1 p(0.025 m)2
=
= 6.25. Enter this value into isentropic flow tables, and after
A*
p(0.01 m)2
interpolation, select M 1 7 1,
M 1 = 3.4114
Next consider the flow across the normal shock, Enter M 1 = 3.4109 into normal
shock tables. Interpolation gives
M 2 = 0.4547
( p0 ) 2
= 0.22995; ( p0 ) 2 = 0.22995(180 kPa) = 41.39 kPa
( p0 ) 1
Finally consider the isentropic flow from section 2 to the exit, which has a different
throat (imaginary). Enter M 2 = 0.4547 into the isentropic flow tables,
A2
Then
( A* )
Ae
( A* )
= 1.4372
A2
( A* )
p(0.04 m)2
Ae
= 1.4372
= 3.6791
A2
p(0.025 m)2
Again enter this value into the isentropic flow tables, realizing that M e 6 1.
Performing the interpolation,
M e = 0.1597
pe
( p0 ) e
= 0.98235
Here, ( p0 ) e = ( p0 ) 2 = 41.39 kPa. Then

Ans.
pe = 0.98235(41.39 kPa) = 40.66 kPa = 40.7 kPa
Ans:
40.7 kPa
1483
13119. The nozzle is attached to the large tank A

containing air. If the absolute pressure within the tank is
14.7 psi, determine the range of pressures at B that will
cause expansion shock waves to form at the exit plane.
1.75 in.
1 in.
Solution
The stagnation pressure is that in the tank; i.e., p0 = 14.7 psi. For an expansion
shock wave to form at the exit plane, the back pressure pb 6 p4, where p4 is the
back pressure at which isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the
table or apply the equation at the exit plane with
p
(1.75 in.)2
A
4
=
= 3.0625
p
A*
(1 in.)2
4
M 1 = 2.6592
Using this result to apply the equation at the exit plane or using the table,
p4
= 0.04573;p4 = 0.04573(14.7 psi) = 0.6723 psi
p0
Thus,
Ans.
pb 6 0.672 psi
Ans:
pb 6 0.672 psi
1484
13120. The convergingdiverging nozzle is attached to

the large tank A containing air. If the absolute pressure
within the tank is 14.7 psi, determine the range of pressures
at B that will cause a standing normal shock wave to form
within the nozzle.
1.75 in.
1 in.
Solution
The stagnation pressure is that in the tank; i.e., p0 = 14.7 psi. For a standing normal
shock wave to form between the throat and the exit plane of the nozzle, the back
pressure pb must be between p6 and p3, which are the back pressures at which a
standing normal shock wave is at the exit plane and isentropic subsonic flow occurs.
For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the equation at the exit plane with
p
(1.75 in.)2
A
4
=
= 3.0625
p
A*
(1 in.)2
4
We obtain,
M 1 = 0.1932 (subsonic)
p3
= 0.9743;p3 = 0.9743(14.7 psi) = 14.32 psi
p0
p4
= 0.04573;p4 = 0.04573(14.7 psi) = 0.6723 psi
p0
p6
= 8.0834;p6 = 8.0834(0.6723 psi) = 5.434 psi
p4
Thus,
Ans.
5.43 psi 6 pb 6 14.3 psi
1485
13121. The nozzle is attached to the large tank A

containing air. If the absolute pressure within the tank is
14.7 psi, determine the range of pressures at B that will
cause oblique shock waves to form at the exit plane.
1.75 in.
1 in.
Solution
The stagnation pressure is that in the tank; i.e., p0 = 14.7 psi. For oblique shock
waves to form at the exit plane, the back pressure must be between p6 and p4,
which are the back pressures at which a standing normal shock wave is at the exit
plane and isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or
apply the equation with
p
(1.75 in.)2
A
4
=
= 3.0625
p
A*
(1 in.)2
4
M 1 = 2.6592
Using this result to apply the equation at the exit plane or using the table,
p4
= 0.04573;p4 = 0.04573(14.7 psi) = 0.6723 psi
p0
Using the result of M 1 and p4,
p6
= 8.0834;p6 = 8.0834(0.6723 psi) = 5.434 psi
p4
Thus,
Ans.
0.672 psi 6 pb 6 5.43 psi
Ans:
0.672 psi 6 pb 6 5.43 psi
1486
13122. Air in the large reservoir A has an absolute

pressure of 70 lb>in2. Determine the range of backpressures
at B so that a standing normal shock wave will form within
the nozzle.
0.2 m
0.150 m
B
A
Solution
The stagnation pressure is that in the tank; i.e., p0 = 70 psi. For a standing normal
shock wave to form between the throat and the exit plane of the nozzle, the back
pressure pb must be between p6 and p3, which are the back pressures at which a
standing normal shock wave is at the exit plane and isentropic subsonic flow occurs.
For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the equation at the exit plane with
p
(0.2 m)2
4
A
=
= 1.7778
p
A*
2
(0.15 m)
4
We obtain,
M 1 = 0.3500 (subsonic)
p3
= 0.9188;p3 = 0.9188(70 psi) = 64.31 psi
p0
p4
= 0.1161;p4 = 0.1161(70 psi) = 8.1248 psi
p0
p6
= 4.7930;p6 = 4.7930(8.1248 psi) = 38.94 psi
p4
Thus,
Ans.
38.9 psi 6 pb 6 64.3 psi
Ans:
38.9 psi 6 pb 6 64.3 psi
1487

pressure of 70 lb >in2. Determine the range of backpressures
at B so that oblique shock waves appear at the exit.
0.2 m
0.150 m
B
A
Solution
The stagnation pressure is that in the tank; i.e., p0 = 70 psi. For oblique shock waves
to form at the exit plane, the back pressure must be between p6 and p3, which are
the back pressures at which a standing normal shock wave is at the exit plane and
isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the table or apply the
equation with
p
(0.2 m)2
4
A
=
= 1.7778
p
A*
2
(0.15 m)
4
M 1 = 2.0618
p4
= 0.1161;p4 = 0.1161(70 psi) = 8.1248 psi
p0
Using the result of M 1 and p4 to apply the equation or using the table,
p6
= 4.7930;p6 = 4.7930(8.1248 psi) = 38.94 psi
p4
Thus,
Ans.
8.12 psi 6 pb 6 38.9 psi
Ans:
8.12 psi 6 pb 6 38.9 psi
1488

pressure of 70 lb>in2. Determine the range of backpressures
at B so that expansion shock waves appear at the exit.
0.2 m
0.150 m
B
A
Solution
The stagnation pressure is that in the tank; i.e., p0 = 70 psi. For an expansion shock
wave to form at the exit plane, the back pressure p6 6 p4, where p4 is the back
pressure at which isentropic supersonic flow occurs. For air k = 1.40. Enter the
table or apply the equation with
p
(0.2 m)2
4
A
=
= 1.7778
p
A*
(0.15 m)2
4
M 1 = 2.0618
p4
= 0.1161;p4 = 0.1161(70 psi) = 8.12 psi
p0
Thus,
Ans.
pb 6 8.12 psi
1489
13125. The cylindrical plug is fired with a speed of

150 m> s in the pipe that contains still air at 20 C and a
pressure of 100 kPa. This causes a shock wave to move
down the pipe as shown. Determine its speed and the
pressure acting on theplug.
150 m/s
Solution
We will consider a control volume that contains the shock wave that moves to the
right with a speed of Vs. The flow of air can be considered steady with respect to
the control volume. The velocity of the air to the left and to the right of the control
volume are (Va)1 = Vp (the speed of piston) and (Va)2 = 0, respectively. Therefore,
the velocity of the air relative to the control volume can be determined using the
relative equation.
Vs
)Va) 2 = Vp
)Va) 2 = 0
Va = Vcv + Va>cv
To the left of control volume (section 2),

+ ) - Vp = - VS + (Va>cv)2(Va>cv)2 = Vs - Vp d
(d
(a)
To the right of the control volume (section 1)

( d ) 0 = - VS + (Va>cv)1(Va>cv)1 = Vs d
Since the flow is steady with respect to the moving control volume, continuity
requires
0
rdV +
rVf>cs # dA = 0
0t Lcv
Lcs
0 + p2(Va>cv)2 A + p1[ -(Va>cv)1 A] = 0
p2(Vs - Vp) - p1 VS = 0
r2
Vs
=
r1
Vs - Vp
Since Vs = M1C1, then the above equation becomes
r2
M1
=

r1
M 1 - Vp >c1
(1)
If we combine Eq. 1377 and Eq. 1378 and after going through quite a bit of algebra
manipulation,
(k + 1) M 12
p2

=
p1
(k - 1)M 12 + 2
(2)
Equating Eqs. (1) and (2),

(k + 1) M 12
M1
=
M 1 - Vp >c1
(k - 1)M 12 + 2
(k - 1)M 12 + 2 = (k + 1)M 12 - (k + 1)(Vp >c1) M 1
M 12 - a
k + 1 Vp
ba b M 1 - 1 = 0
2
c1
1490
13125. Continued
For air, k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K.At T1 = (273 + 20) K = 293 K,
c1 = 2kRT1 = 21.4(286.9 J>kg # K)(293 K) = 343.05 m>s. Thus, the above
equation becomes
M 12 - a
150 m>s
1.4 + 1
ba
b M1 - 1 = 0
2
343.05 m>s
M 12 - 0.5247 M 1 - 1 = 0
Solving for the positive root,
M 1 = 1.2962
Thus,
Vs = M 1c 1 = 1.2962 ( 343.05 m>s ) = 444.66 m>s = 445 m>s
Ans.
Applying Eq. 1381,
2(1.4)
p2
p2
2K
K - 1
1.4 - 1
=
M2 ;
= c
d ( 1.2962 2 ) p1
k + 1 1
K + 1 100 kPa
1.4 + 1
1.4 + 1
p2 = 179.35 kPa = 179 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
Vs = 445 m>s
p2 = 179 kPa
1491
13126. Air flows at 800 m>s through a long duct in a wind

tunnel, where the temperature is 20 C and the pressure is
90kPa. The leading edge of a wing in the tunnel is represented
by the 7 wedge. Determine the pressure created on its top
surface if the angle of attack is set at a = 2.
3.5
800 m/s
a
3.5
Solution
First, we must determine the Mach number behind the shock. For air, k = 1.4 and
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
V1
M1 =
2kRT1
800 m>s
21.4(286.9 J>kg # K)(293 K)
3.5
a = 2
3.5
l = 3.5 + 2 = 5.5
2 cot bu ( M 12 sin2 bu - 1 )
M12(k + cos 2 bu) + 2
(a)
2 cot bu ( 2.3320 sin bu - 1 )

2
tan 1.5 =
= 3.5 2 = 1.5
= 2.3320
For the upper surface, uu = 1.5 (Geometry shown in Fig. a). Applying
tan uu =
2.33202(1.4 + cos 2 bu) + 2
Solving by trial and error to find the weak shock angle,

bu = 26.5193
The normal component of M 1 is
Then,
3 (M 1)n 4 u
(p2)u
p1
(p2)u
90 kPa
= M 1 sin bu = 2.3320 sin 26.5193 = 1.0412
2k
k - 1
2
3 (M 1)n 4 u k + 1
k + 1
= J
2(1.4)
1.4 + 1
R ( 1.04122 ) -
1.4 - 1
1.4 + 1
Ans.
(p2)u = 98.83 kPa = 98.8 kPa
Ans:
98.8 kPa
1492

90 kPa. The leading edge of a wing in the tunnel is
represented by the 7 wedge. Determine the pressure
created on its bottom surface if the angle of attack is set at
a = 2.
3.5
800 m/s
a
3.5
Solution
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
800 m>s
21.4(286.9 J>kg # K)(293 k)
3.5
a = 2
3.5
l = 3.5 + 2 = 5.5
2 cot bl ( M 12 sin2 bl - 1 )
(a)
M12(k + cos 2bl) + 2
tan 5.5 =
= 3.5 2 = 1.5
= 2.3320
For the lower surface, ul = 5.5 (Fig. a). Applying

tan ul =
2 cot bl ( 2.33202 sin2 bl - 1 )

2.33202(1.4 + cos 2bt) + 2

bl = 29.7697
Then,
Then
3 (M 1)n 4
(p2)l
p1
(p2)l
90 kPa
= M 1 sin bl = 2.3320 sin 29.7697 = 1.1579
2
2k
k - 1
3 (M 1)n 4 l k + 1
k + 1
= J
2(1.4)
1.4 + 1
R ( 1.15792 ) -
1.4 - 1
1.4 + 1
Ans.
(p2)l = 125.77 kPa = 126 kPa
Ans:
126 kPa
1493

90 kPa. The leading edge of a wing in the tunnel can be
represented by the 7 wedge. Determine the pressure created
on its top surface if the angle of attack is set at a = 5.
3.5
800 m/s
a
3.5
Solution
= 5 3.5 = 1.5
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
800 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 293K )
3.5
= 2.3320
l
= 3.5 + 5 = 8.5
For the upper surface, an expansion wave will be formed. For M 1 = 2.3320, its
corresponding deflection angle with respect to the reference state can be determined
using the PrandtlMeyer expansion function, or PrandtlMeyer expansion table in
Appendix B.
v =
k + 1
k - 1
( M 2 - 1 ) d - tan - 1 ( 2M 2 - 1 )
tan - 1 c
Ak - 1
Ak + 1
v( M 1 ) =
1.4 + 1
1.4 - 1
tan - 1 c
(2.33202 - 1) d - tan - 1 ( 22.33202 - 1 ) = 35.0806
A 1.4 - 1
A 1.4 + 1
The deflection angle of the surface is u = 1.5 (Geometry shown in Fig. a).
Then
u = v(M 2) - v(M 1);
1.5 = v(M 2) - 35.0806
v(M 2) = 36.5806
Enter this value into the table and after performing the interpolation,
M 2 = 2.3932
Since the expansion is an isentropic process, the isentropic flow table can be used.
For M 1 = 2.3320, the interpolation gives
( p1)u
( p0)u
= 0.076074
For M 2 = 2.3932,
( p2)u
( p0)u
= 0.069134
Using these ratios,

( p2)u
( p1)u
Then
( p2)u ( p0)u
1
c
d = 0.069134 a
b = 0.90878
( p0)u ( p1)u
0.076074
( p2)u = 0.90878 (90 kPa) = 81.79 kPa = 81.8 kPa
1494
Ans.
3.5
(a)
a = 5

90 kPa. The leading edge of a wing in the tunnel can be
represented by the 7 wedge. Determine the pressure
created on its bottom surface if the angle of attack is set at
a = 5.
3.5
800 m/s
a
3.5
Solution
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
800 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 293K )
= 2.3320
For the lower surface, ul = 8.5 (Fig. a).

tan ul =
2 cot bl ( M12 sin2bl - 1 )

M 12(k + cos 2bt) + 2
tan 8.5 =
2 cot bl (2.33202 sin2bl - 1)

2.33202 (1.4 + cos 2bt) + 2
Solving by trial and error,

bl = 32.4599
Then
[(M 1)n]l = M 1 sin bl = 2.3320 sin 32.4599 = 1.2516
Then
( p2)l
p1
( p2)l
90 kPa
2k
k - 1
[(M 1)n]2l k + 1
k + 1
= c
2(1.4)
1.4 + 1
d ( 1.25162 ) -
1.4 - 1
1.4 + 1
Ans.
( p2)l = 149.48 kPa = 149 kPa
Ans:
149 kPa
1495
13130. A jet plane is flying in air that has a temperature

of 8 C and pressure of 90 kPa. The leading edge of the wing
has the wedge shape shown. If the plane has a speed of
800m>s and the angle of attack is 2, determine the pressure
and temperature of the air at the upper surface A just in
front or to the right of the oblique shock wave that forms at
the leading edge.
3
a 2
3
Solution
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
800 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 273 + 8 ) K
= 2.3813
= 3 2 = 1
3
For the upper surface A, uA = 1 (Geometry shown in Fig. a).

tan uA =
tan 1 =
a = 2
2 cot bA ( M 1 2 sin2 bA - 1 )
M 12 (k + cos 2bB) + 2
2 cot bA (2.38132 sin2 bA - 1)
(a)
2.38132 (1.4 + cos 2bB) + 2

bA = 25.5698
(M 1)n = M 1 sin bA = 2.3813 sin 25.5698 = 1.0278
Enter this value into the normal shock table and performing the interpolation,
p2
= 1.06579; pA = p2 = 1.06579 (90 kPa) = 95.92 kPa = 95.9 kPa Ans.
p1
T2
= 1.01837; TA = T2 = 1.01837 (281 K) = 286.16 K = 286 K
T1
Ans.
Ans:
pA = 95.9 kPa
TA = 286 K
1496
13131. A jet plane is flying in air that has a temperature

of 8 C and pressure of 90 kPa. The leading edge of the wing
has the wedge shape shown. If the plane has a speed of
800m>s and the angle of attack is 2, determine the pressure
and temperature of the air at the lower surface B just in
front or to the right of the oblique shock wave that forms at
the leading edge.
3
a 2
3
Solution
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
800 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 273 + 8 ) K
= 2.3813
For the lower surface b, uB = 5 (Geometry shown in Fig. a).

tan uB =
2 cot bB ( M 1 2 sin2 bB - 1 )
M 1 ( k + cos 2bB ) + 2
2
tan 5 =
a = 2
B = 3 + 2 = 5
2 cot bB (2.3813 sin bB - 1)

2.38132 (1.4 + cos 2bB) + 2
(a)

bB = 28.7466
(M 1)n = M 1 sin bB = 2.3813 sin 28.7466 = 1.1453
Enter this value into the normal shock table and performing the interpolation,
p2
= 1.36365; pB = p2 = 1.36365 (90 kPa) = 122.73 kPa = 123 kPa Ans.
p1
T2
= 1.09361; TB = T2 = 1.09361 (281 K) = 307.30 K = 307 K
T1
Ans.
Ans:
pB = 123 kPa
TB = 307 K
1497
13132. The leading edge on the wing of the aircraft has the
shape shown. If the plane is flying at 900m>s in air that has a
temperature of 5 C and pressure of 60 kPa, determine the
angle b of an oblique shock wave that forms on the wing. Also,
determine the pressure and temperature on the wing just in
front or to the right of the shock.
b
5
5
b
Solution
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
Here, u =
V1
2kRT1
d
10
=
= 5.
2
2
tan u =
tan 5 =
900 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 273 + 5 ) K
= 2.6933
2 cot b ( M 1 2 sin2 b - 1 )
M 1 2 ( k + cos 2bB ) + 2
2 cot b (2.69332 sin2 b - 1)
2.69332 (1.4 + cos 2bB) + 2

Ans.
b = 25.5511 = 25.6
(M 1)n = M 1 sin b = 2.6933 sin 25.5511 = 1.1617
Enter this value into the normal shock table, and after performing the interpolation,
p2
= 1.40782; p2 = 1.40782 (60 kPa) = 84.47 kPa = 84.5 kPa
p1
Ans.
T2
= 1.10394; T2 = 1.10394 (278 K) = 306.90 K = 307 K
T1
Ans.
1498
900 m/s
13133. A jet plane is flying at M = 2.4, in air having a

temperature of 2 C and absolute pressure of 80 kPa. If the
leading edge of the wing has an angle of d = 16, determine
the velocity, pressure, and temperature of the air just in front
or to the right of the oblique shock that forms on the wing.
What is the angle d of the leading edge that will cause the
shock wave to separate from the front of the wing?
M 2.4
d
Solution
Here u =
d
16
=
= 8.
2
2
tan u =
tan 8 =
2 cot b ( M 1 2 sin2 b - 1 )
M 12 (K + cos 2b) + 2
2 cot b (2.42 sin2 b - 1)
2.42 (1.4 + cos 2b) + 2

b = 31.1489
(M 1)n = M 1 sin b = 2.4 sin 31.1489 = 1.2414
Enter this value into the normal shock table and after performing the interpolation,
(M 2)n = 0.81751
p2
= 1.63126; p2 = 1.63126 (80 kPa) = 130.50 kPa = 131 kPa
p1
Ans.
T2
= 1.15398; T2 = 1.15398 (275 K) = 317.34 K = 317 K
T1
Ans.
(M 2)n = M 2 sin (b - u);
0.81751 = M 2 sin (31.1489 - 8)

M 2 = 2.0795
The velocity of the air in front of the shock is

V2 = M 2 2kRT2 = 2.0795 c 21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K)(317.34 K) d
= 742.42 m>s = 742 m>s
1499
Ans.
13133. Continued
The separation of shock wave occurs when d = 2umax. Here, umax can be determined
by plotting u vs b.
For M 1 = 2.4, this yields
tan u =
2 cot b (2.42 sin2 b - 1)

2.42(1.4 + cos 2b) + 2
b 24.62 30
40
50
60
70
80
u
0
6.72 16.56 23.78 28.09 27.76 19.17
90
0
62.5
65
67.5
28.54 28.68 28.44
(deg.)
max
30
= 28.7
20
10
(deg.)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Thus,
Ans.
d = 2umax = 2(28.7) = 57.4
Ans:
p2 = 131 kPa
T2 = 317 K
V2 = 742 m>s
d = 57.4
1500
13134. The jet plane is flying upward such that its wings
make an angle of attack of 15 with the horizontal. The
plane is traveling at 700 m>s, in air having a temperature of
8 C and absolute pressure of 90 kPa. If the leading edge of
the wing has an angle of 8, determine the pressure and
temperature of the air just in front or to the right of the
expansion waves.
4
4
700 m/s
Solution
= 11
Since the surface bends downward from the direction of flow, the flow will undergo
isentropic expansion. First, we must determine the Mach number of the flow before
the expansion. For air, k = 1.4 and R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
700 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 273 + 8 ) K
a = 15
4
4
= 2.0836
For this Mach number, its corresponding deflection angle with respect to the
reference state can be determined using the Prandtl-Meyer expansion function, or
PrandtlMeyer expansion table in Appendix B.
v =
15
(a)
k + 1
k - 1
( M 2 - 1) d - tan - 1 ( 2M 2 - 1 )
tan - 1 c
Ak - 1
Ak + 1
v(M 1) =
1.4 + 1
1.4 - 1
( 2.08362 - 1 ) d - tan-1 1 22.08362 - 1 2 = 28.6569
tan - 1 c
A 1.4 - 1
A 1.4 + 1
Referring to the geometry in Fig. a, the deflection angle of the surface is u = 11.
Then
u = v(M 2) - v(M 1);
11 = v(M 2) - 28.6569
v(M 2) = 39.6569
Enter this value into the PrandtlMeyer expansion table, and after performing the
interpolation,
M 2 = 2.5230
p1
T1
= 0.53525 = 0.11219
p0
T0
p2
T2
= 0.43993 = 0.056476
T0
p0
Using these ratios,
T2
T2 T0
1
= a b a b = (0.43993) a
b = 0.82191
T1
T0 T1
0.53525
Then,
p2 p0
p2
1
= a b a b = (0.056476) a
b = 0.50340
p1
p0 p1
0.11219
T2 = 0.82191 (281 K) = 230.96 K = 231 K
Ans.
p2 = 0.50340 (90 kPa) = 45.31 kPa = 45.3 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
T2 = 231 K
p2 = 45.3 kPa
1501
13135. Nitrogen gas at a temperature of 30 C and an

absolute pressure of 150 kPa flows through the large
rectangular duct at 1200 m>s. When it comes to the
transition, it is redirected as shown. Determine the angle b
of the oblique shock that forms at A, and the temperature
and pressure of the nitrogen just in front or to the right of
the wave.
20
b
20
A
Solution
First, we must determine the Mach number behind the shock. For nitrogen, k = 1.4
and R = 296.8 J>kg # K.
Then
M1 =
Here, u = 20.
V1
2kRT1
tan u =
1200 m>s
21.4 ( 296.8 J>kg # K )( 273 + 30 ) K
= 3.3819
2 cot b (M 1 2 sin2 b - 1)
tan 20 =
M 1 2(k + cos 2b) + 2

2 cot b (3.38192 sin2 b - 1)
3.38192 (1.4 + cos 2b) + 2

Ans.
b = 35.2345 = 35.2
(M 1)n = M 1 sin b = 3.3819 sin 35.2345 = 1.9511
Enter this value into a normal shock table and after performing the interpolation,
p2
= 4.2746; p2 = 4.2746 (150 kPa) = 641.19 kPa = 641 kPa
p1
Ans.
T2
= 1.64818; T2 = 1.64818 (303 K) = 499.40 K = 499 K
T1
Ans.
Ans:
b = 35.2
p2 = 641 kPa
T2 = 499 K
1502
13136. Nitrogen gas at a temperature of 30 C and an

absolute pressure of 150 kPa flows in the large rectangular
duct at 1200 m>s. When it comes to the transition, it is
redirected as shown. Determine the temperature and
pressure just in front or to the right of the expansion waves
that form on the duct at B.
20
b
20
A
Solution
First, we must determine the Mach number of the flow before the expansion. For nitrogen,
k = 1.4 and R = 296.8 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
V1
2kRT1
1200 m>s
21.4 ( 296.8 J>kg # K )( 273 + 30 ) K
= 3.3819
For this Mach number, its corresponding deflection angle with respect to the reference state can
be determined using the PrandtlMeyer expansion function or the PrandtlMeyer expansion
table in Appendix B.
v =
k + 1
k - 1
( M 2 - 1) d - tan - 1a 2M 2 - 1b
tan - 1 c
Ak - 1
Ak + 1
v(M 1) =
1.4 + 1
1.4 - 1
( 3.38192 - 1 ) d - tan - 1 a 23.38192 - 1b
tan - 1 c
A 1.4 - 1
A 1.4 + 1
= 56.6072
The deflection angle of the surface is u = 20. Then

u = v(M 2) - v(M 1);
20 = v(M 2) - 56.6072
v(M 2) = 76.6072
Enter this value into the PrandtlMeyer expansion table and after performing the interpolation,
M 2 = 4.9667
Since the expansion is an isentropic process, the isentropic flow table can be used. For
M 1 = 3.3819, the interpolation gives
p1
T1
= 0.30423 = 0.015547
T0
p0
p2
T2
= 0.16856 = 0.001970
T0
p0
Using these ratios,
T2 T2 T0
1
=
a b = (0.16856) a
b = 0.55405
T1 T0 T1
0.30423
Then
p2
p2 p0
1
=
a b = 0.001970 a
b = 0.12671
p1
p0 p1
0.015597
T2 = 0.55405 (303 K) = 167.88 K = 168 K
Ans.
p2 = 0.12671 (150 kPa) = 19.01 kPa = 19.0 kPa
Ans.
1503
13137. The wing of a jet plane is assumed to have the

profile shown. It is traveling horizontally at 900 m>s, in air
having a temperature of 8 C and pressure of 85 kPa.
Determine the pressure that acts on the top surface in front
or to the right of the oblique shock at A and in front or to
the right of the expansion waves at B.
Solution
R = 286.9 J>kg # K. Then
M1 =
Here, u = 3.
V1
2kRT1
tan u =
tan 3 =
900 m>s
21.4 ( 286.9 J>kg # K )( 273 + 8 ) K
= 2.6789
2 cot b (M 1 2 sin2 b - 1)
M 1 2(k + cos 2b) + 2
2 cot b (2.67892 sin2 b - 1)
2.67892 (1.4 + cos 2b) + 2

b = 24.1083
(M 1)n = M 1 sin b = 2.6789 sin 24.1083 = 1.0942
Enter this value into the normal shock table and after performing the interpolation,
p2
= 1.2302; pA = p2 = 1.2302 (85 kPa) = 104.57 kPa = 105 kPa
p1
Ans.
(M 2)n = 0.91634
(M 2)n = M 2 sin (b - u);
0.91634 = M 2 sin (24.1083 - 3)

M 2 = 2.5445
The expansion waves will occur at the corner of surface A and B.

For M 2 = 2.5445, its corresponding deflection angle with respect to the reference
state can be determined using the PrandtMeyer expansion table. After performing
the interpolation,
v(M 2) = 40.1534
The deflection angle of the surface is u = 3 + 3 = 6. Then
u = v ( M 3 ) - v ( M 2 ) ;6 = v(M 3) - 40.1534
v(M 3) = 46.1534
Enter this value into the PrandtMeyer expansion table and after performing the
interpolation.
M 3 = 2.8196
p2
= 0.054618
p0
1504
3
3
B
900 m/s
3
13137. Continued

p3
= 0.035762
p0
Using this ratio
Then
p3
p3 p0
1
=
a b = 0.035762 a
b = 0.65477
p2
p0 p2
0.054618
pB = p3 = 0.65477 (104.57 kPa) = 68.47 kPa = 68.5 kPa
Ans.
Ans:
pA = 105 kPa
pB = 68.5 kPa
1505

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131. Oxygen is decompressed from an absolute pressure

The change in entropy is

132. If a pipe contains helium at a gage pressure of

r1 = 0.3308 kg>m3 = 0.331 kg>m3

Since the process is isentropic,

(250 + 101.3) kPa

133. Helium is contained in a closed vessel under an

1.66 ( 2077 J>kg # K )

The change in entropy is

s = 630.53 J>kg # K = 631 J>kg # K

The positive result indicates that the entropy increases.

*134. The oxygen in section A of the pipe is at a

1.40 ( 259.8 J>kg # K )

Then, the changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are

h = cp T = ( 909.3 J>kg # K ) 3 (273 + 80 C) K - (273 + 60 C) K 4

= 18.186 J>kg = 18.2 kJ>kg

s = ( 909.3 J>kg # K ) Jln a

= 140.45 J>kg # K = 140 J>kg # K

135. The hydrogen in section A of the pipe is at a

24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R

1.41 3 24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4

Then, the changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy are

3 60.15 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4 3 (460

= 2.406 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug = 2.41 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug

3 84.81 ( 10 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4 3 (460

= 3.392 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug = 3.39 ( 106 ) ft # lb>slug

3 24.66 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R 4 c ln a

= 16.28 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R = 16.3 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug # R

136. The closed tank contains helium at 200 C and

= 56.03 kPa = 56.0 kPa

1.66 ( 2077 J>kg # K )

The changes in internal energy and enthalpy are

h = cp T = ( 5223.97 J>kg # K ) 3 (273 + 250 C) K - (273 + 200 C) K 4

137. The closed tank contains oxygen at 400 F and under

1.40 ( 1554 ft # lb>slug # R )

The changes in internal energy and enthalpy are

h = cp T = ( 5439 ft # lb>slug # R ) 3 (460 + 300 F) R - (460 + 400 F) R 4

= 125.63 ( 103 ) J>kg

139. Air has a temperature of 600 R and absolute

Thus, the change in density is

The change in entropy is

= 477.3 ft # lb>slug # R = 477 ft # lb>slug # R

1310. Air has a temperature of 600 R and absolute

1.40 1 1716 ft # lb>slug # R 2

Then, the changes in internal energy and enthalpy are

u = cv T = ( 4290 ft # lb>slug # R ) (500 R - 600 R)

= - 600.6 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug = - 601 ( 103 ) ft # lb>slug

h = cp T = ( 6006 ft # lb>slug # R ) (500 R - 600 R)

h = - 601 1 103 2 ft # lb>slug

1311. Air flows in a horizontal duct at 20 C with a

= - 15.05 1 103 2 J>kg

From Appendix A, R = 286.9 J>kg # K and k = 1.40 for air.

1.40 1 286.9 J>kg # K 2

The change in enthalpy is

h = cp T; - 15.05 1 103 2 J>kg =

1 1004.15 J>kg # K 2 3 (273

*1312. The half-angle a on the Mach cone of a rocket

1313. Determine the speed of a jet plane that flies at

= 2.321.4 1 1716 ft # lb>slug>R 2 1 460 + 23.34 F 2 R

1314. Compare the speed of sound in water and air at a

Table in Appendix A gives rw = 998.3 kg>m3. Then

V = 368.67 m>s = 369 m>s

= 1.243 slug>s = 1.24 slug>s

= 0.1274 slug>s = 0.127 slug>s

m = rV A = ( 2.1869 kg>m3 )( 318.52 m>s ) c p(0.005 m)2 d