Week 7 Solutions - ENB222

5-28C

A diffuser is an adiabatic device that decreases the kinetic energy of the fluid by slowing it
down. What happens to this lost kinetic energy?
It is mostly converted to internal energy as shown by a rise in the fluid temperature.

5-29C

The kinetic energy of a fluid increases as it is accelerated in an adiabatic nozzle. Where does
this energy come from?
The kinetic energy of a fluid increases at the expense of the internal energy as evidenced by
a decrease in the fluid temperature.

5-31

Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kP a, 200 C and 30 ms1 and leaves at 100
kP a and 180 ms1 . The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2 . Determine:
(a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle,
(b) the exit temperature of the air, and,
(c) the exit area of the nozzle.
Information:
P1 = 300 kP a, P2 = 100 kP a, v1 = 30 ms1 , v2 = 180 ms1 , T1 = 473 K, A1 = 0.008
m2
Assume that m
1=m
2 because there is only 1 entry and 1 exit.
(a) P V = mRT
V
m

RT
P

0.287473
300

= 0.4525 m3 kg 1

Finding the mass flow rate,

m
=

A 1 v1
V
m

0.00830
0.4525

= 0.5304 kg s1

(b) assume no change in the rate of change of energy.

Energy Balance
E = 0 E in = E out
There is heat energy and kinetic energy, therefore,
m(h
1+

v12
)
2

= m(h
2+

0 = h2 h1 +

v22
)
2

v22 v12
2

recall, h = cp T
From Table A-2, cp = 1.02 kJ kg 1 K 1
v 2 v 2
0 = cp (T2 T1 ) + 2 2 1
Rearranging,

T2 =

v12 v22
2cp

+ T1 =

302 1802
21.02103

+ 473 = 457.56 K

(c)
Finding the specific volume,
P v = RT
v=

RT
P

0.287457.56
100

= 1.313 m3 kg 1

Finding the exit area,

m
=

A2 ve2
vo2

A1 =

mvo
2
ve2

0.53041.313
180

= 0.0039 m2 = 39 cm2

5-35

Steam at 5 M P a and 400 enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and it leaves at
2 M P a and 300 . The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2 , and heat is being lost at a rate of
120 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam,
and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.
P1 = 5 M P a, P2 = 2 M P a,
T1 = 400 , T2 = 300
Ain = 50 cm2 , Q out = 120 kJ s1 , V e1 = 80 ms1
From Table A-6,
At P1 and T1 , v1 = 0.057838 m3 /kg, h1 = 3196.6 kJ/kg
At P2 and T2 , v2 = 0.12551 m3 /kg, h1 = 3024.2 kJ/kg
The mass flow rate,
m
=

1
V
v1

e1 A1 =

8050104
0.057838

= 6.92 kg/s

(b)
E = 0 E in = E out
Heat energy and kinetic energy,
m(h
1+
h1 +

V e21
)
2

V e21
2

h1 h2 +

= Q out + m(h
2+

Q
m

V e1
2

+ h2 +

V e22
2

Q
m

V e22
2

V e22 = 2(h1 h2

Q
)
m

V e22
)
2

+ V e21

V e22 = 2((3196.7 3024.2) 103

120103
)
6.92

+ 802 = 3.1672 105

V e2 = 562.77 m/s
(c)
m
=
A2 =

1
V
v2
mv
2
V e2

e2 A2
=

6.920.1255
562.77

= 0.0015 m2 = 1.5 103 m2

6

5-36

Steam at 3 M P a and 400 enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a velocity of 40 m/s and
leaves at 2.5 M P a and 300 m/s. Determine (a) the exit temperature and (b) the ratio of
the inlet to exit area.
Information:
P1 = 5 M P a, P2 = 2 M P a
T1 = 400 , T2 = 300
Ain = 50 cm2 , Q out = 120 kJ/s, V1 = 80 m/s
Finding the relevant info from the tables, (Table A-6)
At P1 = 3 M P a and T1 = 400 C
v1 = 0.09938 m3 /kg, h1 = 3231.7 kJ/kg
Controlled mass,
E = 0
Energy Balance, E in E out = E,
, m(h
1+

V12
)
2

, h2 = h1 +

= m(h
2+

V12 V22
2

V22
)
2

= 3231.7 103 +

402 3002
2

= 3187.5 kJ/kg

Using the Tables to find T2 and v2 knowing P2 and h2 - Table A-6

T2 = 376.6 C and v2 = 0.11533 m3 /kg
(b)
Using, m
=
A1 V1
v1
A1
A2

AV
v

A 2 V2
v2

v1 V2
v2 V1

0.09938
0.11533

300
400

= 6.46