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Sine Function
Let P be the wrapping function. Then if

Chapter 4.3 A
Circular Functions

P t x , y ,
the sine function is defined as
sin t y.

Cosine Function

Example 4.3.1
Evaluate the following.

Let P be the wrapping function. Then if

1. sin 2 0

P t x , y ,

cos 2 1

P 2 1,0
2
2. sin
3

2
cos

2
3
2 1 3
P ,

3 2 2

the cosine function is defined as

cos t x.

Tangent and Cotangent Functions

Let P be the wrapping function. Then if
7
3. cos
6

7 3 1
P
,

6 2 2

7
sin
6

P t x , y ,
then
y
tan t , x 0
x
x
cot t , y 0
y

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Secant and Cosecant Functions

Let P be the wrapping function. Then if
P t x , y ,
then
1
sec t , x 0
x
1
csc t , y 0
y

P t x , y
sin t y

cos t x

y
tan t , x 0
x
1
sec t , x 0
x

x
cot t , y 0
y
1
csc t , y 0
y

Example 4.3.2
Find the 6 circular function values when t
3

1. sin
3 2
1
2. cos
3 2

Example 4.3.2

.
3

1 3
P ,

3 2 2

Find the 6 circular function values when t

5. sec 2
3

Example 4.3.3
Find the 6 circular function values when t .
2. cos 1
0
0
1
4. cot is undefined

3. tan

1
1
1
6. csc is undefined
5. sec

1 3
P ,

3 2 2

2 2 3
6. csc

3
3
3

3

2 3
3. tan
1
3
2
1
1
3

4. cot 2

3
3
3
3
2

1. sin 0

.
3

P 1,0

Challenge!
Evaluate the following as fast as you can.
2 1
1. cos

3 2

2. tan 1
4

4
5. sec
3

6. csc 0 is undefined

1
11
3. sin

2
6

2
5
7. sin

2
4

4. cot 3
6

8. tan
6

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Domain, Range, and Graphs

1. f t sin t

Domain, Range, and Graphs

2. f t cos t

P t x , y

Dom f

sin t y

Rng f 1,1

P t x , y

Dom f

cos t x

Rng f 1,1

f (t)

f (t)

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-1

-2

-2

Domain, Range, and Graphs

tan t y

P t x , y

3. f t tan t

Domain, Range, and Graphs

x

cot t x

P t x , y

4. f t cot t

Dom f t t k , k is an integer

Dom f t t
, k is an odd integer
2

Rng f
f (t)

Rng f
f (t)

-6
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-1

-2
-2

-3
-3

Domain, Range, and Graphs

sec t 1

P t x , y

5. f t sec t

Dom f t t
, k is an odd integer
2

Rng f , 1 1,
f (t)

Domain, Range, and Graphs

x

csc t 1

P t x , y

6. f t csc t

Dom f t t k , k is an integer
Rng f , 1 1,
f (t)

3
2

-6
-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-1
-2
-3

-2
-3

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Periodic Functions

Periodic Functions
The six circular functions are periodic.

Periodic functions are functions whose values

repeat after a fixed interval.

f (t)

2
1

-6

The fixed interval is called the period.

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

10

11

12

-1

-2

period

Cycle

Amplitude

A cycle is simply the portion of a graph of a

function over an interval of length equal

The amplitude of a graph of the sine or

cosine function refers to one-half the

to the period.
f (t)

2
1

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

10

11

-1

12

-2

1 cycle

1 cycle

1 cycle

Amplitude

f (t)

absolute difference between the highest

and the lowest function values.

Sine and Cosine Functions

Form:

g x a cos b x h k

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

f x a sin b x h k

Domain:

Range:

k a , k a

-1
-2

1
1
amplitude 1 1 2 1
2
2

Amplitude: a

Period:

2
b