BASIC WATER

COURSE

Introduction to Water Resources

I. Water Cycle
II. Typical Water Supply System
i. Source
ii. Treatment
iii. Distribution

Water Cycle

Understanding the Water Cycle

The world's total volume of water is in many
different forms:
Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
Solid- glaciers
Gas- invisible water vapor in the air

Water changes states as it is moved

around the planet by wind currents.

Evaporation

When the sun heats

the ocean and lakes,
water evaporates and
rises into the air.

Condensation

The water vapor cools

and condenses to
become droplets,
which form clouds

Snow

Rain

If enough water
condenses, the drops
become heavy enough
to fall to the ground as
rain and snow.

Melting
of ice

Run-off

Ground
water
Some rain collects in
ground wells. The rest
flows through rivers,
including melted ice,
back into the ocean

Typical Water Supply

System

Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE

sources of water that are

potentially useful

TREATMENT

process of making the water

useful for end-users

DISTRIBUTION

the end-users or
the receiver

Water Resources

Icecaps and Glaciers

68.7%

Saline (Oceans)
97%

Lakes
87%

Groundwater
30.1%

Rivers
2%

Surface water
0.3%
Others
0.9%
Fresh water
3%

Earths water

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Freshwater

Swamps
11%

Fresh surface water

Sources of Natural Drinking Water

Surface Water

Groundwater

- is water in a
river, lake or
fresh
water wetland.
Surface water is
naturally

- is fresh water
located in
the pore space
of soil
and rocks
- water that is

flowing within
aquifers below
the water table

Seawater

Rainwater

- is water that
has the
property of
salinity and
temperature
which controls
the density of
the water.

- is precipitation
that is collected
from relatively
clean, aboveground
surfaces usually
rooftops.

Water Resources for Metro Manila

Laiban Dam
Kanan Dam
Agos Dam
Kaliwa Low Dam
Marikina River
Wawa Dam
Laguna Lake
Angat Dam

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE

SOURCE

TREATMENT

STORAGE

DISTRIBUTION

TREATMENT

Storage

What are dams?

Dam is a solid barrier constructed
at a suitable location across a river
valley to store flowing water

Types of dams
Storage dam

Impound water in
periods of surplus
supply.

Diversion dam

Used for irrigation,

and for diversion of
water from streams
to a storage reservoir

ANGAT DAM
IPO DAM
LA MESA DAM

LAGUNA LAKE

GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION

UMIRAY
Transbasin
Tunnel

Umiray

Angat Dam

Ipo Dam

To Treatment Plants

Portal
Aqueducts
To La
Mesa
Dam

UMIRAY
UMIRAY
Tunnel

4.3 km

Diameter 4.3 m
Design

30cms

Actual

9-16 cms

LOCATION : Sitio Bituan, Barangay Umiray,

General Nakar, Quezon Province

ANGAT DAM

Multi Purpose Dam

For potable water supply
Electric power generation

Irrigation
Flood control
Overflow Level:217 m
Low water level: 180.00 m

Critical low water level: 150.00 m

Volume: 850 MCM
Watershed: 62,000 Hectares

IPO DAMIPO

IPO DAM

DAM

Mass concrete gravity dam with

gated spillways, and diversion
control

Capacity: 5.9 MCM

Operating level: 100.50 100.80 m
Overflow Level: 101.0 m
Watershed: 6,600 Hectares
7units 12 m high Radial Gates

LA MESA DAM

LA MESA DAM
Overflow Level: 80.15 M
Volume: 45.36 MCM (38 MCM Usable)
Watershed: 2,700 Hectares
3 Intake Structures

Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE

-sources of water that are

potentially useful

TREATMENT

-process of making the water

useful for end-users

DISTRIBUTION

-the end-users of
the receiver

Why do we
treat water?

58% of ground water is contaminated

with coliform
31% of illness for a 5-year period were
water-borne diseases

Impurities in Water

CLASSIFICATIONS
I. Suspended
II. Dissolved
III. Living Organisms

Impurities in Water

I. Suspended Solids
Sand
Silt
Clay
Debris

Organic matter (e.g. leaves)

Industrial/Domestic by-products

Effects
Increase in surface water
temperature, thus decrease the
dissolved oxygen
Turbid water
Discoloration

Impurities in Water

II. Dissolved Solids

Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Manganese

Sulfate
Nitrate
Carbonate

Effects
Cause metallic/bitter taste
Discoloration/Staining (Brown,
black or yellow)
Cause hard water
Rusty odor

Impurities in Water

III. Living Organisms

Fish
Shrimps
Worms

Larvae
Algae

Effects
Cause water-bourne diseases
Cause taste and odor problems
Clog filters, and produce slime
growths on intake pipes and
equipment

Impurities in Water

IV. Dissolved Gases

How it gets into the water

Naturally occurs in atmosphere and photosynthesis
Any equipment which is open to the atmosphere will permit
gases to enter

Effects
Affects aquatic life
Corrosion
Rotten egg Odor

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Water Quality

- characteristics of water with respect to its

suitability for drinking

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Main water quality

parameters:
1. Turbidity
2. pH
3. Residual Chlorine
4. Microbiological Quality
5. Color
6. Taste and Odor
7. Total Dissolved Solids

Parameter
Apparent
Color
True
Turbidity
Chloride
Hardness
Hydrogen Sulfide
Iron
Manganese
pH
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Residual Chlorine
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
Source: PNSDW

Maximum Level
10 PCU
5 PCU
5 NTU
250 mg/L
300 mg/L as CaCO3
0.05 mg/L
1 mg/L
0.4 mg/L
6.5 - 8.5
500 mg/L
0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
<1.1 MPN/100 ml

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

1. Turbidity

Parameter
Turbidity

Limit
5 NTU

Refers to cloudiness of water

The higher the value, the more turbid the water is
Removed through chemical application

<5

50

250

> 1,500

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

2. pH

Parameter
pH

Limit
6.5 - 8.5 mg/L

Measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution

Indicates the effectiveness of coagulation/flocculation process

pH < 7 < pH
Acidic

Basic

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

3. Residual Chlorine

Parameter
Residual Chlorine

Limit
0.3 - 1.5 mg/L

Remaining chlorine available for disinfection

Indicator analysis for microbiological occurence

Colorimeter

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

4. Microbiological Parameter

Parameter
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform

Maximum Level
<1.1 MPN/100 ml
<1.1 MPN/100 ml

Water contains potential pathogens that may be markers of risk

These pathogenic organisms originate from the intestinal tract of
warm blooded
Pathogens:

Salmonella
Shigella
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter fetus
Legionella pneumophila

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply
Systems for Microbiological Examination

Source: PNSDW

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

5. Color

Parameter
Apparent
Color
TRUE

Green or blue water is usually

caused by corrosion of copper
plumbing.
Red or dark brown water
generally indicates iron rust or
manganese in the water or pipe
sediment

Cloudy White is usually due to

turbidity

Maximum Level
10 PCU
5 PCU

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

6. Taste and Odor
Standard:
Unobjectionable
- Petroleum or solvent odor
- Metallic taste
- Chlorine, chemical or medicinal taste or odor
- Rotten egg odor
- Moldy, earthy, grassy, or fishy odor
- Salty taste

Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

7. Total Dissolved Solids

Parameter
Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)

Maximum Level
500 mg/L

Measure of combined content of all organic and inorganic

substances contained in a liquid
Originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial
wastewater.

Iron (Total)
Iron (Dissolved)
Manganese (Total)

Operational
Limit
1
<0.10
0.1

Manganese (Dissolved)

0.05

Sulfates
Aluminum (Total)
Aluminum (Dissolved)

250
0.2
0.05

Parameter

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

Screening
Aeration
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation/
Clarification
Flotation
Filtration
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis
Disinfection

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

SCREENING
Prevents foreign objects such as grass, leaves, tree limbs and other
large floatables to enter the process
Prevents:

Damage to treatment plant equipment

Increase in chemical requirements
impede hydraulic flow in open channels or pipes
hinder the treatment process

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

AERATION
Process of bringing water and air into close contact
Removes remove dissolved/trapped gases, such as carbon dioxide
Oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and manganese

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

COAGULATION
Promotes aggregation of small particles in to large particles by rapid
mixing
Uses coagulant chemicals
Common coagulants are as
follows:
1. Aluminum Sulfate
2. Sodium Aluminate
3. Ferric Sulfate
4. Ferrous Sulfate
5. Ferric Chloride
Coagulant
6. Polymers
7. PolyAluminum Chloride

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

FLOCCULATION
Formation of small particles into big ones (flocs), ready for
sedimentation process
Utilizes slow mixing

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

SEDIMENTATION / CLARIFICATION
Sedimentation basins are used to settle out the floc before going to the
filters
Water moves slowly through the sedimentation tank or basin with
minimum turbulence at entry and exit points
Flocs that formed into sludge settles at the bottom of the basin

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

FLOATATION

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

FILTRATION

Separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the

latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.
The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the FILTRATE
Filter Media
Silica Sand
Anthracite Coal
Membrane
Nanofilters
Ultrafilters
Microfilters
Reverse Osmosis

Raw water

Filter

Filter

Filtrate
Filtrate

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

Conventional Filtration vs Membrane Filtration

Conventional Granular /
Mixed Media
Irregular Pore Size
Distribution

Probable/ Filtration

MF Membrane Media
Controlled/Uniform Pore
Size Distribution (0.1 micron)
Absolute Filtration
Better water quality

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

Relative Sizes of Small Particles

Pencil Dot (40 m)
Protozoa
Giardia Cyst
(5 - 15 m)

Large Siliceous
Bacteria (20 m)
Particle (0.5 m)

Virus (0.3 m)
Protozoa

Cryptosporidium
Oocysts
(3 - 6 m)

Microfiltration (0.1 m)

Can all particles be filtered?

Introduction to Water Treatment Process

DISINFECTION
Filtering out harmful microbes by adding disinfectant chemicals in
the last step of water purification
Kills any pathogens which pass through the filters
Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
Common Disinfectant:
DISINFECTANT
Chlorine
CHEMICAL
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine
Ozone
Ultraviolet
Hypochlorites
Mixed Oxide
PATHOGENS

La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

LMTP-1 commissioned in 1982, is a standard flocculationsettlement-rapid gravity filter plant
Design Capacity: 1500 mld
Overload Capacity: 1650 mld
Type: Conventional

Filters: Anthracite coal & sand

ISO 9001:2000 Certified (Quality Management System)
IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems

ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment

Series

LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 1

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Aluminum
Sulfate
Raw water from LP-1
Open canal (Portal)

Screening

Polymer

Pre-chlorination
Junction
Box
Structure

Rapid
Mixing

Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Caustic
Soda
Recovery Lagoon

Potassium
Permanganate

Filtration

To Bagbag Reservoir
Post Chlorination

Maynilad Water Services, Inc.

created by: Production Planning

Rapid Mixing
Water Source

Primary
Coagulant

Coagulant
Coagulant
Aid
Aid

Chlorine
Application

Sedimentation
Process

La Mesa
Treatment
Plant 1

Filtration
Process

Flocculation
Process
Recovery

Sludge Lagoons

Potable
Water

La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

Commissioning Date: January 1995
Design Capacity: 900 mld
Overload Capacity: 990 mld
Type: Pulsator
Filters: Silica sand
ISO 9001:2000 Certified ( Quality Management System )
IMS Certified

ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System

ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems

ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety

Maynilad WaterSeries
Services, Inc.
Assessment

LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 2

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Raw water from
LP-2 Open canal
(Portal)

Pre- chlorination
Caustic Soda

Aluminum Sulfate
Coagulation
(Repartition
Building)

Screening
(Raw Water
Inlet)

Recovered Water

Potassium
Permanganate

Washwater
Recovery
Tank
Caustic Soda
(if necessary)

Effluent
Post Chlorination

Filtration

Polymer

Pulsator-Clarifier

Flash Mixing

Primary
Coagulant

Water
WaterSource
Source

Primary
Coagulant

Coagulant
Coagulant Aid
Aid

Flash Mixing

Chlorine
Application

Pulsator
Clarifier
Pulsation/
Clarification
Process

Filtration
Process
Filtration Process

Recovery

Sludge Management Facility

To LMTP1
Sludge Lagoons

La Mesa
Treatment
Plant 2

Recovery

Potable
Water

Putatan Water Treatment Plant

PWTP

o Laguna lake consists of 21 major tributary rivers

o Backflow of saltwater from Manila Bay when level of lake is lower
07/08/10
than 10.5 meters

100 MLD PUTATAN

WATER
TREATMENT PLANT

CHEMICAL STORAGE
DAF-1
DAF-2

PERMEATE
TANK

RAW WATER PUMPING STATION

MFRO BLDG

FOREBAY

SUB STATION

EXISTING NIA BLDG

PRE-TREATED 2
PRE-TREATED 1

TRANSFORMER YARD
PWPS MCC

GENSET HOUSE

SLUDGE DEWATERING BLDG

CHLORINATION BLDG
PNR RAILWAY
PRODUCT WATER PUMPING STATION
14ML RESERVOIR

Putatan Water Treatment Plant

When TDS > 400

Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE

-sources of water that are

potentially useful

TREATMENT

-process of making the water

useful for end-users

DISTRIBUTION

-the end-users of
the receiver

Interconnecting Structure
HGL = 74.48 m (as indicated in drawings)
(Correct HGL = 73.16 to 73.18 m)

To Bagbag Reservoir
900 mm dia. BV

2500 mm dia. By-pass

La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

1500 mm dia.

BV

2800 mm dia.
2000 mm dia.
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2

ARPS

2100 b. valve inside weir box

50 ML la Mesa Reservoir
Overflow Weir
Elev. = 73.74 m

3200 mm dia.

HEADLOSS

ROUGHNESS
FLOW
VELOCITY
ENERGYLOSS

Physical
NRW

Secondary/tertiary lines

Commercial
NRW
Hydraulic Grade Line

WSC

lateral line
trunk line

lateral line

Typical Distribution System

Reservoir
Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time low consumption

During day time high consumption

elev. 60m
elev. 50m

consumer

P.S.
elev. 45m

Flow and Pressure on Pipes

What is the reason why

reservoir is draining
during peak
demand/hour?

Reservoir

Typical Distribution System

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time low consumption

1400
mld
During day time high consumption

elev. 60m
elev. 50m

consumer

P.S.
elev. 45m

1200
1700
mld
mld

Flow and Pressure on Pipes

What is the function of

pump stations in the
distribution system?

Bagbag Reservoir

Typical Distribution System

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time low consumption

During day time high consumption

elev. 60m
elev. 50m

consumer

P.S.
elev. 45m

Typical Distribution System

TREATMENT
PLANT

PE TUBING

BAGBAG
RESERVOIR

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE

PUMPING
STATION

PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE

Bagbag Reservoir

Typical Distribution System

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time low consumption

During day time high consumption

elev. 60m
elev. 50m

consumer

P.S.
elev. 45m

Typical Distribution System

TREATMENT
PLANT

PE TUBING

BAGBAG
RESERVOIR

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE

PUMPING
STATION

PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE

WATER METER

How high can 7 psi go?

7 psi ~ 5m

2m

3m

PIPE NETWORK

Secondary Line

Check Valve

Tertiary Line

Flow Meter

Primary Line

Meter Set
Assembly
GP

Pipe Fittings
District Meter
DMA

PRV

Fire Hydrant

Valves

PRV

Air Valve

Blow-off

DUCTILE IRON PIPES

STEEL PIPES

PVC Pipe

Asbestos Cement Pipe

HDPE Pipe

Galvanized Steel Pipe

Small Gate Valve

Commonly used in MSA
and domestic plumbing

Gate Valve Commonly

used in MSA and domestic
plumbing

Cone Valve Commonly

used in pumping stations

Butterfly Valve
Commonly used in large
diameter pipes

Glove Valve Commonly

used in pumping stations

Check Valve Permit water to flow

in only one direction and are
commonly used to to prevent
reversal of flow when pumps are
shutoff

Air Valve are provided in long

pipelines to permit release of air at
high points and prevent negative
pressures when lines get drained.

Pressure Regulating Valve

Automatically reduce the
downstream pressure to any
desired level..

District Meter Are used

to measure supply and to
calculate losses in a DMA.

Electromagnetic Flow Meter

Flow Meter Are used to

measure supply and to
calculate losses on
distribution lines.

Insertion Type Flow Meter

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Blow-off valve Are

designed to prevent
contamination of water
supplies. It is usually
located at the lowest part
of the pipeline.

Fire Hydrant Are

designed for fire fighting
and can be used as
flushing point.

Spring Fire Hydrant

Traffic Type Fire Hydrant

Meter Set Assembly Are

used to measure water
consumption of
costumers.

End Cap

Reducer

Adaptor
STC

Bend

Elbow

Tee