1

Inequality
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7

Intervals
Number Line
Absolute Value of a Real Number
Logarithms
Basic Inequalities
Arithmetico-Geometric Mean Inequality
Weighted AM, GM Inequality

1.8 Two Important Inequalities

1.9 Some Other Standard Inequalities
1.10 Application of Inequalities to Find
the Greatest and Least Values
1.11 Some Important Results
Worked
2b,xx <x22Examples

1
(
1,[2)

22,
] or 1]x ]1, 2[
1
<
xxx(1,
Objective Target Exercises

1.1 Intervals
Closed interval If a real number x is such that a x
then x lies in closed
interval a and b and written as [a, b]. (Here, end points are included)
eg,
(i) 1 x 2 x [1, 2]
(ii)
Open interval If a real number x is such that a < x < b, then x lies in open interval
a and b and written as (a, b) or ]a, b[. (Here end points are not included)
eg,
Half open, half closed interval If x is such that a x < b (Left end point is
included but right end point excluded). Written as [a, b) or [a, b[.
eg,

1.2 Number Line

A line on which we can plot all real numbers.

Solving inequalities with the help of number line

Q

Example 1.1 The value of x for which ( x 2 ) ( x 3) < 0

(a) (2, 3)
(b) [2, 3)
(c) (0, 3)
(d ) (2, 3]
Solution ( x 2 ) 3 ( x 3) < 0
(x 2) (x 3) < 0
{As, (x 2)2 is positive for all real values of

Here, interval is open as x = 2, 3 do not satisfy inequality.

ie,
2 < x < 3 or
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
Q

x 1
20
x
x 1 2x
1 x
0
0
x
x

Solution

Here, interval is closed at 1 as numerator becomes zero so

the inequality holds true but open at 0 as (x) is in the
denominator, so x = 0 makes left hand side undefined.
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Q

Example 1.2 The value of x for which

(x 1) (x 3) (x + 5) < 0
(a) ( 5, 1)
(b) ( 5, 1) (3, )
(c) (3, )
(d ) None of these
Solution (x 1) (x 3) (x + 5) < 0

Example 1.5 The value of x for which

12x 6 < 0, 12 3x < 0
(a)
(b) R
(c) R {0}
(d ) None of these
Solution 12x 6 < 0

12x < 6

... (i)

and
12 3x < 0
4<x
x>4
...(ii)
There is no real number x satisfying both the inequalities
(i) and (ii).
The given system of inequalities has no solution.
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

5 < x < 1 or x > 3

Also, can be written as ( 5, 1) ( 3, )
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

( x 1) ( x 2 )
0.
( x 3)
(b) ( , 1] [2, 3)
(d ) None of these

Example 1.6 The value of x for which

LM
N

Example 1.3 The value of x for which

F
H

OP
Q

I
K

10
3
(a) (1, 2)
(c) R
(d ) None of these
(c) [1, 3)
Q
(1
1(2}

3,0)()13],2

x,[1(3211),,or
x)[2x1, <3)3x 2x 3
10
xx+

( x 1) ( x 2)
xx +

2 0x10< We have,

, 2 xx >< 2xx18 x 2
< Solution
Solution
0
x231, 3
x
4
2
3 4
2
3
( x 3)
3x 9 12x < 6x 6 4x + 8

+
+

11x < 11
1
2
3
x<1
x>1
...(i)
and
2

x
>
2x

8
Here, interval is closed at 1 and 2 as numerator becomes
zero so inequality hold true but open at 3 as (x 3) is in the
3x > 10
...(ii)
denominator, so x = 3 makes left hand side undefined.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), the solution of the given system of
x 1
Q Example 1.4 The value of x for which
2
x
inequalities is given by
.
(a) (0, 1)
(b) ( , 1)
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
(c) ( , 0)
(d ) [ 1, 0)
Q

(a) 1,

F
H

10
3

(b) 1,

I
K

Work Book Exercise 1.1

The value of x satisfying the inequalities hold
4

1.

2.

(2 x 1)( x 1) ( x 2)
0
( x 2) ( x 4)4
(a)

LM 1 , 2IJ
N2 K

(c)

(a) (1, 3)
(c) (, 1] [3, ) {2}

(b)
(d) None of these

(a) (0, )
(c)

(b) R
(d) [0, )

3.

(b) R
(d)

( x 2) 4 ( x 3) 3 ( x 4)2 (1 x) 0

FG 1 , 2IJ
H2 K

Work Book Exercise 1.1 (Contd.......)

CHAPTER 1

Inequality

4.

x2
0
x 1
(a) (1, )
(c) {0 } (1, )

5.

(a) ( d, c]
(b) ( d, c)
(c) R
(d)

(b) [1, )
(d) None of these

1.3 Absolute Value of a Real Number

x2

(ii) If x is positive
(iii) If x is negative
So,

is

OP
Q
I
K

2 1
(a) R ,
(b) R
3 2
2 1
(d ) None of these
(c) R ,
3 2
Solution Case I. When x 2 + 3 x 0
+
,
3
ie,
In this case inequality becomes

x, if x 0
and defined by | x | =
x, if x < 0

+
0

...(i)

x 2 + 3x + x 2 2 0
or
or
x

2
]

[
1
/
2, )
or
...(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), the solution in this case is given by

or
1.
2.

Example 1.8 The value of x,

LM
N
F
H

The absolute value of a real number x is denoted by | x |

(i) | x | is also defined as

If c < d, x 2 + (c + d) x + cd < 0

| ab | = |a| |b|

x ( , 3] ,
2

3.

4. |a + b| < |a| + |b|

(Triangle inequality)

5.

(Triangle inequality)

6.

|a+b |=|a |+|b|

7.

|a+b|=|a||b|

Case
II.3]
2x

|{(
(a
+
|0
|)
|22When

0|
(

x2|xb(a(+

+2|

+a>3,
2)(
,)a0x(
[)}
0) x + 3x < 0

3x4|(|,x)2
|ab
2xxaxax3x9
32|32
3)2+2x30|2/]1b+
x=
03002,2>
=
9x2=
=+
xx, |3)
=30

b |b|33

ie,
In this case, inequality becomes

iff
iff ab 0

...(i)

x 2 3x + x 2 2 0
Q

Example 1.7 The value of x, | x + 3 | > | 2x 1| is

F
H

I
K

F
H

I
K

...(ii)

2
(a) 2 , 4
(b) ,
3
3
(c) (0, 1)
(d ) None of these
Solution Squaring both sides, we get

From Eqs. (i) and (ii) the solution in this case is given by
.
Combining the solutions of both cases, we have
x ( , 2 / 3] [1/ 2, )
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

| x + 3|2 > | 2 x 1|2

or

{( x + 3) (2 x 1)} {( x + 3) + ( 2 x 1)} > 0

1.4 Logarithms
Let there be a number a > 0, 1. A number p is called the
logarithm of a number x to the base a, if a p = x and is written
as p = loga x. Obviously x must be positive.
(i)

Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

(ii)

CHAPTER 1

If x < 0, loga x is imaginary and if x = 0, loga x does not

exist.
logax exists if and only if x, a > 0 and a 1.

Inequality

Properties of Logarithms
(i) a
(ii)
(iii)

log a x

(xi) If 0 < a < 1, then

a > 0, b > 0, 1, x > 0

0 < log a x < p a p < x < 1

a > 0, 1

x , a > 0, 1

(iv)
(v)

a , b > 0, 1, x > 0

(vi) For m, n > 0, a > 0,

(a) log a (m n) = log a m + log a n
(b) loga

FG mIJ = log
H nK

m loga n

(c) log a (m x ) = x log a m

(b) log

FG 1 IJ log x
H nK
F mI
) = G J log x
H nK

n ( x) =

an

( xm

Example 1.9 The value of x, loge (x 3) < 1 is

(a) (0, 3)
(b) (0, e)
(c) (0, e + 3)
(d ) (3, 3 + e)
Solution From definition of logarithms
x3>0
or
x>3
Also, e > 1, given inequality may written as
x 3 < (e)1
or
x<3+e

(viii) (a) loga x > 0, iff x > 1, a > 1 or 0 < x < 1, 0 < a < 1.
(b) loga x < 0, iff x > 1, 0 < a < 1 or 0 < x < 1, a > 1.
(ix) For x > y > 0,
(a) loga x > loga y, if a > 1
(b) loga x < loga y, if 0 < a < 1
(x) If a > 1, then
(a) loga x > p
x > ap
(b) 0 < log a x < p 0 < x < a p

Example 1.10 The value of x,

(a) (0, 1]
(b) (0, 1)
(c) [0, 1)
(d ) None of these
Solution Case I. When x 1 and x > 0.

, equality sign holds true.

Combining the above cases,
Q
log
xx=
log

1 1ax1(3,
ba
log
xa
2
x3

=1log
+,log
log
)x 113ab/13/a13x;=x 00; < x log
x
xelog
= log
; a b = 1 bor ;x (0, 1] .
log aa//22xx ==
b x log
log
a
log banswer.
a
x is the correct
Hence, (a)

4.

5.

6. log 2 x > 0
(c) R [ 9, 1] (d) None of these
(c) ( 6, 2]

(d) (0, 2)

(b) ( , 0)
(d) (4, )

(a) (0, )
(c) ( 4, )

(b) (4, )
(d) ( , 2] ( 4, )
(c) (4, 6)

(a) (0, )
(c) (1, )
7. log 4 x > 1

(b) (4, )
(d) ( , 4)

8. log 0.2 ( x + 5) > 0

(a) ( 5, 4)
(c) (0, 4)

( x + 1) < 25
(a) ( 6, 4]
(b) ( 6, 4)

(d) ( 4, 6)

(b) ( 5, 4)
(d) (0, 5)

9. log x 0 . 5 > 2

x2 + 6 1
5x

(a)

(a) ( , 3)
(b) ( , 3) ( 3, )
(c) R
(d) ( , 3] [ 2, 0) (0, 2] [ 3, )

FG
H

IJ
K

1
,1
2

(b) ( , 1) (c) ( 1, 0) (d) ( 1, 1)

10. log x ( x + 7 ) < 0

(a) (0, 1)
(c) ( 1, 0)

is

when x 1
which is only possible, if 0 < x < 1
Case II. When x = 1.

Work Book Exercise 1.2

Solve for x
1. | x + 4 | > 5
(a) ( , 1) (b) ( , 9)
2. | x + 2 | < 4
(a) ( 6, 2)
(b) ( 6, 0)
3. (x 1)2 > 9
(a) ( , 2) ( 4, )
(c) ( , 2)

...(i)

Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

(vii) For x > 0, a > 0, 1

(a) log

0< x < ap

loga x > p

a 0, 1, x > 0

= x;

CHAPTER 1

Inequality

(b) ( , 1)
(d) ( 1, 1)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

3a 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 3c2
<
<
3c
a+b+c
3a

1.5 Basic Inequalities

We shall learn about some elementary properties of
inequalities which will be used in the subsequent discussion.
1. If a, b, c are real numbers such that a > b and b > c, then
a > c.
More generally, if a1, a2, a3,..., an1 , an are real numbers such that a1 > a2 > a3 > a4 > ...> an1 > an, then

1.6 Arithmetico-Geometric Mean

Inequality

a1 > a n .
2. If a, b are real numbers, then
a > b a + c > b + c,
for all c R
3. If a, b are two real numbers, then
a b
a > b ac > bc and > for all c > 0, c R
c c
a b
Also, a > b ac < bc and < for all c < 0, c R
c c

If a1, a2,...., an are n distinct positive real numbers, then

a1 + a2 +.....+ an
> ( a1a2 .... an )1/ n
n
ie, AM > GM
AM > GM > HM
If a1 = a 2 =.... = a n, then AM = GM. Thus, equality occurs,
when all quantities are equal.

4. If a > b > 0, then

1.7 Weighted AM, GM Inequality

5. If a1 > b1, a2 > b2, a3 > b3,..., an > bn, then

a1 + a2 + a3 +...... + an > b1 + b2 + b3 +....+ bn
6. If a 1, a 2,..., a n and b 1, b 2,..., b n are positive real numbers
such that
a 1 > b 1, a 2 > b 2,...., a n > b n, then
a 1a 2a 3....a n > b 1b 2 b 3....b n
7. If a, b are positive real numbers such that a < b and if n is
any positive rational number, then
(a) an < bn
(b) an > bn
(c) a1/n < b1/n
8. If 0 < a < 1 and n is any positive rational number, then
(a) 0 < an < 1
(b) an > 1
9. If a > 1 and n is any positive rational number, then
(b) 0 < an < 1
(a) an > 1

If a 1, a 2,..., a n are n positive real numbers and m1, m2,...,

mn are n positive rational numbers, then
m1a1 + m2 a 2 + ....+ mn a n
> a1m1 . a 2m2 ... a nmn
m1 + m2 + ....+ mn
ie, Weighted AM > Weighted GM

FG
H

FG
IJ
H
K
F
I
H
K
F 1 + 1 + 1I 9
(c) (a + b + c)
H a b cK
F 1 + 1 + 1I 9
(d ) (a + b + c)
H a b cK

am > an
(a)
(b) m < n
11. If a > 1 and m, n are positive rational numbers, then

Solution We have, AM > GM

(a) m > n
am > an
(b) m < n
a m < an
eg, If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that
a < b < c, show that
a 2 a 2 + b 2 + c2 c2
<
<
c
a+b+c
a
Solution We have,

1 1 1
+ +
a+b+c
1
1/ 3

> ( abc)
and a b c >
3
3
abc

FG IJ
H K

a <b<c

3a < a + b + c < 3c

Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

...(i)

and

a <b <c

1/ 3

c2 > b 2 > a 2 > 0

c>b>a >0

IJ
K

distinct
positive real
1a12Q> Example
1 three
1
3
12 13 If1c 2a, b,1 c are
+1mb<21a+n1.11
m
n1+a c2 a>
<c) 1/ +
b<
>
(aa+<+<
bnumbers,
+ c ) 3 ( abc
+then
< and> 9 + +
1
/
3
3
c
a
+
b
+
c
3
a
a b c
ac b a + ba+ c b ca
( abc)
1 1 1
+ + >9
(a) (a + b + c)
a b c
1 1 1
<9
(b) (a + b + c)
+ +
a b c

10. If 0 < a < 1 and m, n are positive rational numbers, then

Now,

IJ FG
K H

1
m1 + m 2 + ... + m n

3a < a + b + c < 3c

...(ii)

CHAPTER 1

Example 1.12 If a, b, c, d are distinct positive real numbers

such that 3s = a + b + c + d, then
(a) abcd > 81( s a) ( s b) ( s c ) ( s d )

Inequality

(b) abcd 81( s a ) ( s b) ( s c) ( s d )

(c) abcd < 81( s a ) ( s b) ( s c) ( s d )
(d ) abcd 81( s a ) ( s b) ( s c) ( s d )
Solution Using, AM > GM, we have

3s (b + c + d ) > 3 {( s b) ( s c) ( s d )}1/ 3

a > 3 {( s b) ( s c) ( s d )}1/ 3
Similarly, we have

FG
H

b1a1m + b2 a 2m + ...+ bn a nm
b a + b2 a 2 + ...+ bn a n
< 1 1
b1 + b2 + ...+ bn
b1 + b2 + ....+ bn

Example 1.13 If the equation x 4 4x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 1 = 0

has four positive roots, then a, b are
(a) a = 4, b = 6
(b) a = 4, b = 6
(c) a = 2, b = 3
(d ) a = 6, b = 4
Solution Let , , and be four roots of the given equation.
Then, + + + = 4 and = 1

[Q + + + = 4 also + + + + + = a,
+ + + = b]
x 4 4 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 1 = x 4 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 4 x + 1

Hence, (d) is the correct answer.

If a, b, c are distinct positive integers, then
is
(b) R
(d ) < (a + b + c)

a 1p + q + r + a 2p + q + r + . . . . + a np + q + r
n
p
p
p
a1q + a 2q +...+ anq
> a1 + a 2 +...+ a n

FG
H

FG
H

IJ FG
KH

FG
H

IJ
K

a m + a 2m + ....+ a nm
a + a 2 + ...+ a n
(i) 1
> 1
,
n
n
if m < 0 or m > 1

CHAPTER 1

IJ FG a
KH

r
1

+ a2r +.... a nr
n

IJ
K

IJ
K

F
H

I
K

1m + 2 m + 3m + ..... + n m
n+1
<
n
2
m
m
m
m
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
(c)
1
n
1m + 2 m + 3m + ..... + n m
(d )
1
n
Solution We know that for m > 1,
AM of mth powers > mth power of AM

(b)

FG
H

1m + 2 m + 3m +....+ n m
1 + 2 + 3....+ n
>
n
n

FG
H

IJ
K

1m + 2 m + 3m +....+ n m
n +1
>
n
2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

If a1, a2,..., an are n positive distinct real numbers, then

IJ
K

m
m
b=
bama+
c c)=

a
b ...

AM
a(aax
1=+

1,b
+1cc=
,xm=
baaca2+
=,++)....
=41ca(+aGM

>
+ an
2=cx
n,(1bm
ax
+and
xbb6acof
+(bx
bx
+cx
1x3b+
>of
b+,+)ca+c,1ba)n(+c +aac12)++ac....
1+
n()a+
a+
(a)
> {>x{(
) ( x )(ba (bx)a}1b/ a)+cb}+1/c a +b + c
xbc>
n
2
a a+ +b b++cc

1.8 Two Important Inequalities

Example 1.15 If m > 1 and n N , then

Hence, (c) is the correct answer.

if 0 < m < 1
If a 1, a 2, a 3,..., a n are distinct positive real numbers and p, q, r are natural numbers, then

2.

1.

IJ
K

if m < 0 or m > 1

and,

and, d > 3 {( s a ) ( s b) ( s c)}1/ 3

Multiplying all these, we get
abcd > 81 (s a) (s b) (s c) (s d )
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.

(a) > 2 (a + b + c)
(c) > (a + b + c)
Solution We have,

FG
H

c > 3 {( s a ) ( s b) ( s d )}1/ 3

Example 1.14

b1a1m + b2 a 2m + ...+ bn a nm
b a + b2 a 2 + ...+ bn a n
> 1 1
b1 + b2 + ...+ bn
b1 + b2 + ....+ bn

b > 3 {( s c) ( s d ) ( s a )}1/ 3

IJ
K

if 0 < m < 1
ie, the arithemetic mean of the mth powers of n positive
quantities is greater than mth power of their arithmetic
mean except when m is a positive proper fraction known
as mth power mean.
(iii) If a1, a2,..., an and b1, b2,..., bn are rational numbers
and m is a rational number, then

( s b ) + ( s c) + ( s d )
> {( s b) ( s c) ( s d )}1/ 3
3

FG
H

a1m + a 2m + ....+ a nm
a + a 2 + ...+ a n
< 1
n
n

(ii)

IJ
K

1.9 Some Other Standard

Inequalities
1. Weierstrass Inequality If a 1, a 2,..., a n are n positive real
numbers, then for n 2

Inequality

If a 1, a 2 ,.., a n are positive numbers less than unity,

then (1 a1 ) (1 a 2 )....(1 a n ) > 1 a1 a 2 .... a n
2. Cauchy-Schwartzs Inequality If a 1, a 2,...., a n and b1,
b 2,...., b n are 2n real numbers, then

(a) (a12 + a22 + .... + an2 ) (b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 )

(b) (a12 + a22 + .... + an2 ) (b12 + b22 + .... + bn2 )
(c) > (a12 + a22 + .... + an2 ) (b12 + b22 + .... + bn2 )
(d ) < (a12 + a22 + .... + an2 ) (b12 + b22 + .... + bn2 )
Solution By Cauchy-Schwartzs inequality, we have

(a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + an bn ) 2

(a12 + a22 + ... + an2 ) (b12 + b22 + .... + bn2 )
with the equality holding if and only if
a1 a 2
a
=
= .... = n
b1
b2
bn

( a1b11 + a 2 b21 +....+ a n bn1 ) 2

(a12 + a22 +...+ an2 ) (b12 + b22 + ....+ bn2 )

3. Tchebychefs Inequality If a1, a2,..,an and b1, b2,..., bn

are real numbers such that
a1 a2 a3 ... an and b1 b2 .... bn , then

( a 12 + a 22 + ....+ a n2 )

n ( a 1b1 + a 2 b2 + ....+ a n b n )
( a1 + a 2 + ... + a n ) (b1 + b2 + .... + bn )

a 1b1 + a 2 b 2 + ....+ a n b n
n
a + a2 +...+ an
1
n

or

FG
H

Hence, (b) is the correct answer.

Q

IJ FG b + b +....+b IJ
KH n K
1

1.10 Application of Inequalities to

Find the Greatest and Least
Values
1. If x 1, x 2,..., x n are n positive variables such that
x1 + x2 + ... + xn = c (constant), then the product
x1 x 2.......x n is greatest when

FG IJ
HK

x1
x
x
x + x +....+ xn
= 2 = ..... = n = 1 2
m1 m2
mn m1 + m2 +...+ mn

FG a
Hb

a
a
+ 2 + ..... + n
b2
bn

IJ
K

is

CHAPTER 1

1
b 22

+ ...+

1
b n2

I
JK

Example 1.17 The greatest value of x2 y 3 when

3x + 4y = 5, is
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d ) None of these
8
Solution Let P = x 2 y 3. Clearly, P is the product of 5
factors such that two of them are equal to x and the
remaining 3 are equal to y.
Now,
3x + 4y = 5

2 31 / 51/ 5
2 23
n

Example 1.16 If none of b1, b2 ,......., bn is zero, then

2
1

3x 3x 4 y 4 y 4 y
F
+ 1/=55
FG526316
a 32Fx16
a33xx IJ Iy4+y3I+FG 4ay IJI+= 52 +
+
G
y K+J....
321KJ3 x 3 34 y 33
2 J+
H
3
2
H1655b3 2GH+xHUsing
K
K

b K
b3
weighted
2 AM 3 GM
5
inequality
1

c
c
.
x 1 = x 2 = ....= x n = and the greatest value is
n
n
2. If x1, x2 ,....., x n are positive variables such that
x 1 x 2 ... x n = c (constant), then the sum x1 + x2 + ... +
xn is least when x1 = x2 =...= xn = c1/n and the least
value of the sum is n (c1/n ).
3. If x1, x2,......, xn are variables and m 1, m 2,...., m n are
positive real numbers such that x1 + x2 + .... + x n = c
(constant), then x1m1 x 2m2 ..... x nmn is greatest, when

F1
GH b

x2 y3

3
16

3
16
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
2 3
or maximum of x y =

Inequality

Work Book Exercise 1.3

1. If a, b, c are all positive real numbers, which one of the
following is true ?
(a) (b + c) (c + a) (a + b) 8abc
(b) (b + c) (c + a) (a + b) < 8abc

(a)

FG 1 + 1 IJ < 4
H a bK

(b)

(d) 1 +

jdb

2
1

+ b2 2 + ....+ bn 2

(b)
(c) < ( a14 + a24 + ...... + an4 ) (b1 2 + b2 2 + .... + bn 2 )

a +b +c
(a + b + c ) (a + b + c )
>
3
9

(d) > ( a14 + a24 + ...... + an4 )(b1 2 + b2 2 + .... + bn 2 )

2 4
2 4
6
5. If a x + b y = c , then the greatest value of xy is

bc
ca
ab
1
+
+
< ( a + b + c)
b+c c+a a+b 2
2
2
2
1 1 1
+
+
< + +
(d)
b+c c+a a+b a b c
3. If a and b are two positive quantities whose sum is ,
(c)

then the minimum value of

(c) 1 +

I
JK

(a) a 4 + a 4 + ....+ a n4
1
2

(a) 2 ( a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) bc( b + c ) + ca ( c + a ) + ab ( a + b )
3

F
GH

2. Which of the following is true (a, b, c > 0) ?

3

(b)

4. If a 1, a 2 , ......, a n and b 1 , b 2, ....., b n be any two sets of positive

real numbers, then
2
a12
a2
a2
+ 2 + .....+ n
b1
b2
bn

(c)
(d) ( a + b )

FG 1 + 1 IJ FG 1 + 1 IJ
H aK H bK

(a)
(c)

(d)

2 ab

c3
4ab
c3
2 ab

an3
an
...................................
...................................
( x1 x 2 x 3 ) = ( 1) 3

1. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a b b c ca
We have to remember this property as the expression on
LHS is non-negative and zero when a = b = c.
2. Sum of first n natural numbers may be given as
n ( n + 1)
n = 1 + 2 + 3 + .......+ n =
2
3. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers may be given
n 2 = 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + ...... + n 2
as
n ( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
6
4. Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers may be given as

5.
n (n + 1) (2n + 1) (3n 2 + 3n 1)
30
6. A general polynomial equation of degree n is given by
=

a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + a n 2 x n 2 + ....... + a 0 = 0
If roots of this equation are x 1, x 2, ....., x n ; then n
relations between the roots are given by
a
x1 = ( 1) n 1
an
a
( x1 x2 ) = ( 1) 2 n 2
an

(b)

is

1.11 Some Important Results

= n

c3
2 ab
c3

CHAPTER 1

a
x1 x 2 x 3 ........ x n = ( 1) n 0
an 2
44c +( 0
(ax(n1
0)a12
,4 +)3fa4n4+) (g.....
a 44,b+
......
b 2 ++nb42 2 3+ ....
+ b ) + 1) 2
= n+137.
[(=a=+(i)
13b+The
)+222e+3++(+
b 3+3c+) 21......
)=2 which
] nn( n the
value
of
x n afor
algebric expression
<+ 9( c+
e2 f g
a isb defined
c
2
(x)
is called as domain
of the expression.

FG
H

IJ FG
KH

IJ
K

RS
T

UV
W

eg,
(a) f ( x ) = 1 x is not defined for x > 1 hence its
domain is ( , 1]
(b) Domain of sin1x is [1, 1]

1
is R {0}
x
(d) Domain of log x is (0, )
(e) Domain of
is [0, )
(ii) Set of all the values obtained from the expression
f (x) for any value of x is called as range of f (x)
eg,
(a) The range of expression f (x) = x2 is [0, )
(b) Range of x2 + 1 is [1, )
(c) Range of sin x is [1, 1]
(d) Range of x is [0, )
1
(e) Range of
is
or R {0}
x
(f) Range of | x | is [0, )
(g) Range of loge x is ( , )
3
,
(h) Range of x2 + x + 1 is
4
5
(i) Range of x 2 + x + 1 is ,
4

(c) Domain of

LM
N

Inequality

F
H

I
K

OP
Q