When you swallow foods and beverages the ______ moves upward and the

_______ tilts downward, directing swallowed materials into the esophagus.

Each lobe of the lungs is supplied by its own

When air passes through the airway, the air is
The layer of serous membrane that covers the outside of the lungs is called
the _______________, and the layer which lines the thoracic cavity is called
the ________________.
The muscles which contract to cause quiet inhalation are the _____________
and _______________. diaphragm . . . external intercostals

Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the airways leads to decreased

lumen diameter. This process is called _________________ and it results in
_______________. bronchoconstriction . . . . increased resistance to airflow

Inhalation occurs when intrapulmonary pressure (i.e., pressure in the lungs)

is less than atmospheric pressure

Tidal volume is the amount of air that flows in and out of the lungs during
quiet breathing.

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation
is called vital capacity

In the lungs, gas exchange occurs across a very thin barrier called the
respiratory membrane

Gas exchange in the peripheral tissues involves movement of CO2 from the
cells > interstitial fluid > blood of the systemic capillaries.

The respiratory membrane, which is the thin membrane across which gas
exchange occurs in the lungs, consists of the

Free hydrogen ions (H+) cannot get through the blood-brain barrier.
However, central chemoreceptors are very sensitive to changes in H+
concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Which of the following
correctly describes how the central chemoreceptors are activated by H+
changes?
When arterial blood PCO2 increases, more CO2 diffuses into the CSF,
causing more H2CO3 to form. H2CO3 dissociates H+ which activates central
chemoreceptors

The term dead space refers to regions of the airways (e.g., the trachea) and
the lungs which do not participate in gas exchange. true

A medication that is lipid soluble can pass through the blood brain barrier.
TRUE

While conducting a physical examination it is usual for a health care

provider to assess not only the minute respiration rate, but also the quality
of breathing
Which of the following correctly describes the pathway air follows as it flows
into the lungs
Each secondary bronchus supplies one lobe of a lung. Because you know
something about lung anatomy, you know this means there are ________
right secondary bronchi and ___________ left secondary bronchi.
During quiet breathing, inhalation is passive and exhalation is active.
Which of the following muscles contract to produce quiet inhalation?
The volume of air that flows into and out of the lungs in each breath during
quiet breathing is called
The movement of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is primarily
determined by
The movement of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane is primarily
determined by
Individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus are not able to normally
metabolize blood glucose and rely heavily on fats as a fuel. As a result, their
fat catabolism speeds and more ketones are produced. Ketones are a
______________ that can act on ________________________ to cause an increase
in respiration rate.

Here is the Case Study you will use to answer the remaining quiz questions.
I hope you enjoy the case!

Respiration Case Study

(Pneumonia)

Joan is a 72 year old women who lives alone. Her son, Paul, came over to
visit today and noticed she seemed short of breath during their
conversation. Joan admits to Paul that she has not been feeling well for
about 4 days and has been coughing, fatigued, and short of breath. Joan
smokes pack of cigarettes daily. She was diagnosed with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 9 years ago. She is currently on two
inhalers for her COPD, including Fluticasone (a corticosteroid) twice daily
and Albuterol (a bronchodilator) every 4 hours as needed for shortness of
breath. Typically the Albuterol helps her COPD symptoms, but the Albuterol
has not been helping to relieve the shortness of breath these past several
days.
Paul is concerned about his mothers symptoms, and together they decide
she should visit her physician. Joans physician obtains vital signs and
performs a physical exam. Joans vital signs are as follows: temperature 97.9
degrees F, blood pressure 128/76, heart rate 86 bpm, and respiratory rate
28 breaths per minute. Joan is not in pain. The physician auscultates Joans
lungs and hears rales (an abnormal bubbling/crackling lung sound) in the
right middle lobe region of the lung. Her heart sounds are normal (S1 and S2
no murmur). Because of her symptoms and the rales, the physician decides
to order a chest x-ray and some blood work. The chest x-ray shows a
consolidation (solid/firm/dense area) in the right middle lobe. Consolidation
is a common x-ray finding among people with pneumonia, and occurs
because affected alveoli fill with exudate (fluid containing cellular debris,
typically resulting from an inflammatory process). The blood work reveals an
elevated white blood cell (WBC) count, which indicates Joan likely has an
infection.

Joans physician makes a diagnosis of pneumonia. Joan has several risk

factors for developing pneumonia, including: COPD, smoking cigarettes, and
being over 65 years of age. Smoking destroys cilia and is also a primary risk
factor for the development of COPD.

The term "alveolar dead space" refers to the volume of air in alveoli that do
not participate in gas exchange.

alveoli that cease to participate in gas exchange.

inspired air that remains in the respiratory passages and is therefore
unavailable for gas exchange.
all inspired air that is unavailable to participate in gas exchange
Joan has a consolidation on her chest x-ray, reflecting the presence of
exudate in some of the alveoli in her right middle lobe. Exudate will impair
gas exchange in the effected alveoli, resulting in alveolar dead space.

Now, consider this equation:

AVR = Respiration rate X (Tidal volume Dead space).

How is Joans respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute related to her AVR?
A. If dead space increases, respiratory rate and/or tidal volume must
increase in order to maintain the same AVR.
B. If both dead space and respiratory rate increase, but tidal volume is
significantly reduced (i.e., rapid but shallow breathing), Joan may actually
have a lower AVR.
C. (A) and (B) are correct.
D. There is no relationship between AVR and respiration rate.

Joan is diagnosed with pneumonia and her temperature is 97.9 F (36.6 C).
Remember from last week that body temperature of approximately 98.6 F
(37 C) is considered "normal". Why does Joan not have a fever if she has an
infection?
Elderly people may not develop a fever in response to infection.
Joan was probably misdiagnosed and does not actually have pneumonia.
Her infection is not serious

Joan is being treated for COPD. As you know, patients with COPD have
impaired lung recoil. It is likely that Joan has to work harder than normal to

breathe, involving accessory muscles to accomplish ventilation. What

accessory muscles could be activated to assist with inhalation?
diaphragm, pectoralis major, trapezius
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, scalenes

What muscles could Joan be activating to assist with exhalation, given

impaired recoil of her lungs?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, internal &
external oblique, transverse abdominis)
diaphragm, internal intercostals, rectus abdominis
internal and external intercostals