Geomatics Engineering for Transportation (GET)

Assignment # 01:

Submitted To:
Engr. Bilal Zia Malik
Submitted By:
Abdul Azeem
(2011-TE-43)

Department of Transportation Engineering and Management UET,

Lahore

Contents
What is Regression? ............................................................................................................................................ 2
What are Types of Regression? ....................................................................................................................... 2
What is the difference between dependent and independent variables? ..................................................... 2
What is Root Mean Square (RMS) error?............................................................................................................ 2
What is Buffer Zone? ........................................................................................................................................... 3
What are different types of Data?....................................................................................................................... 3
References:.......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Assignment # 01

Abdul Azeem (2011-TE-43)

What is Regression?
A statistical measure that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between one
dependent variable (usually denoted by Y) and a series of other changing variables (known as
independent variables).
What are Types of Regression?
There are two basic types of regression
1. Linear Regression
Linear regression uses one independent variable to explain and/or predict the outcome of dependent
Variable.
General form:
Y = a + bX + u
2. Multiple Regression
Multiple regression uses two or more independent variables to predict the outcome of dependent
variable.
General form:
Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + B3X3 + ... + BtXt + u
Where:
Y= the variable that we are trying to predict
X= the variable that we are using to predict Y
a= the intercept
b= the slope
u= the regression residual.
In regression, the R2 coefficient of determination is a statistical measure of how well the regression
line approximates the real data points. An R2 of 1 indicates that the regression line perfectly fits the
data.
What is the difference between dependent and independent variables?
In any phenomenon or experiment, the dependent variable is the one which value depends upon some
other variable known as independent variables which on the other hand do not depend upon the
dependent variables. In any case of observations there can be more than one independent variables
while there is chosen only one dependent variable for observational purposes.
The dependent variable is plotted on Y axis, while the independent variable is plotted against X axis.

What is Root Mean Square (RMS) error?

A kind of average sometimes used in statistics and engineering, often abbreviated as RMS. To find
the root mean square of a set of numbers, square all the numbers in the set and then find the arithmetic
mean of the squares. Take the square root of the result. This is the root mean square.
IN GIS TERMS:
Acronym for root mean square error. A measure of the difference between locations that are known
and locations that have been interpolated or digitized. RMS error is derived by squaring the differences

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Assignment # 01

Abdul Azeem (2011-TE-43)

between known and unknown points, adding those together, dividing that by the number of test points,
and then taking the square root of that result.
Significance and Example:
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) (also known as Root Mean Square Deviation) is one of the most
widely used statistics in GIS. RMSE can be used for a variety of geostatistical applications.
RMSE measures how much error there is between two datasets. RMSE usually compares a predicted
value and an observed value. For example, a LiDAR elevation point (predicted value) might be
compared with a surveyed ground measurement (observed value).

Predicted value: LiDAR elevation value

Observed value: Surveyed elevation value

Root mean square error takes the difference for each LiDAR value and surveyed value. You can swap
the order of subtraction because the next step is to take the square of the difference. (The square of a
negative or positive value will always be a positive value). Divide the sum of all values by the number
of observations. This is how RMSE is calculated.

What is Buffer Zone?

A buffer is an area defined by the bounding region determined by a set of points at a specified
maximum distance from all nodes along segments of an object.
A buffer in GIS is a zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time. A buffer is
useful for proximity analysis.
These zones or buffers can be used in queries to determine which entities occur either within or outside
the defined buffer zone.
Buffer zones can also be used to check the proximity of different spatial points on the map.

What are different types of Data?

There are two basic data types of data:
1. Qualitative data
2. Quantitative data
There are also some types of data such as

Categorical data
Ordinal data

1. Qualitative Data:
It is the data that is not given numerically. It shows the qualities of the objects
e.g. the color of the geographical data collected of a region
2. Quantitative Data:
These data have meaning as a measurement, such as a persons height, weight, IQ, or blood pressure;
or theyre a count, such as the number of stock shares a person owns, how many teeth a dog has, or
how many pages you can read of your favorite book before you fall asleep.
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Assignment # 01

Abdul Azeem (2011-TE-43)

Quantitative data has further two types:

2.1. Discrete Data:
It represent items that can be counted; they take on possible values that can be listed out. The list of
possible values may be fixed (also called finite); or it may go from 0, 1, 2, on to infinity (making
it countably infinite).
Discrete data in GIS can be the number of local roads in a given patch of land under observation
2.2. Continuous Data:
Continuous data represent measurements; their possible values cannot be counted and can only be
described using intervals on the real number line. For example, the exact amount of gas purchased at
the pump for cars with 20-gallon tanks would be continuous data from 0 gallons to 20 gallons,
represented by the interval [0, 20], inclusive. You might pump 8.40 gallons, or 8.41, or 8.414863
gallons, or any possible number from 0 to 20.
Continuous data can be represented by the total length of the roads in a given project.

References:
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regression.asp
http://libraries.mit.edu/files/gis/regression_presentation_iap2013.pdf
http://www.mathwords.com/r/root_mean_square.htm
http://support.esri.com/en/knowledgebase/GISDictionary/term/RMS%20error
http://gisgeography.com/root-mean-square-error-rmse-gis/
www-users.cs.umn.edu/~npramod/pramod_enc_bib.doc
http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book7/bk7i11/bk7_11i1.htm
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/types-of-statistical-data-numerical-categorical-an.html

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