Additions to the Acanthaceae of Panama

Author(s): Thomas F. Daniel and Lucinda A. McDade

Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 82, No. 4 (1995), pp. 542-548
Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2399835 .
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Thomas F. Daniel2 and

ADDITIONS TO THE
ACANTHACEAE OF PANAMA' LucindaA. McDade:
ABSTRACT
Nine species of Acanthaceaeare added to the knownfloraof Panama, includingthe newlydescribedspecies
Aphelandrakuna. Range extensionsintoPanama are reportedforA. scolnikae,Justiciaephemera,OdontonemacuspiRevised keys to all Panamanianspecies of Aphelandra,
Sanchezia lutea, and S. parvibracteata.
datum,0. rubrum,
lutea and Justiciabetonica,are also
and Sancheziaare provided.Two cultivatedspecies, Pachystachys
Odontonema,
recordedfromPanama forthe firsttime.

A NEW SPECIES OF APHELANDRA

changes and new

ed a numberof nomenclatural
taxa thathad been recognizedin the genus since
Durkee's(1978) publication.D'Arcy (1987) listed
a totalof 19 species. McDade (1984) has argued
thattwoof thesedo notactuallyoccurin Panama.
The two Panamanianspecimenscited by Durkee
knownonly
(1978) as A. crenataLeonard(otherwise
fromSouth America) are readilyreferableto A.
campanensisDurkee(Wedel2501) and A. hartwegiana Nees (Allen5094). These threespecies are part
of a lineage withbranchedpedunculateinflorescences, obtusebracts,falcatebracteoles,and distinctivepollen (see McDade, 1984); the Central
Americantaxa should be viewed as provisional
pendingrevisionoftheentiregroup.Durkee(1978)
identified
a numberofplantsfromtheridgesofthe
low,centralPanamanianrangesas A. pilosa Leonard.Aphelandra
pilosa is a SouthAmericanspecies
with profuselybranching inflorescences,short
bracts(5-6 mm),and relativelyshortcorollas(ca.
60 mm).It is unlikeanyAphelandrathatoccur in
and
CentralAmerica.On the basis of morphology
McDade (1984) arexperimentalhybridizations,
gued thatspecimenstreatedby Durkee (1978) as
A. pilosa are likelyto be hybridsbetweenA. sinclairiana Nees and A. gracilisLeonard.Withthe
removalofA. crenataand A. pilosa and the additions(see below)ofa newspecies and a geographic
rangeextension,thereare a totalof 19 species of
Aphelandrain Panama and one putativehybrid.

About 175 species are currentlyrecognized in

the whollyneotropical genus Aphelandra (Wasshausen, 1975; McDade, 1984; Daniel, 1991). The updated checklist forPanama (D'Arcy, 1987) includ-

Aphelandra kuna T. F. Daniel & McDade, sp. nov.

TYPE: Panama. Panama: El Llano-Cartf
Hwy.,ca. 12 km N ofEl Llano, 19 July1974,

The treatmentof Acanthaceae for the Flora of

Panama (Durkee, 1978) is now 17 years old. It
serves as an extremelyhelpful facilitatorfor recognizing additions to the acanthaceous floraof Panama. Most of the new taxa and distributionalrecords discovered since 1978 have been in regions
remote fromthe well-collected provinces of central
Panama. Dari6n Province and the Comarca de San
Blas in eastern Panama (adjacent to Colombia) and
the Caribbean slope of western Panama (which is
becoming increasingly accessible via new roads)
have yielded most of the additions of Acanthaceae
to the Panamanian flora. Furtherdiscoveries are to
be expected in these regions as they become more
thoroughlyexplored. On the otherhand, because of
abundant "geographic taxonomy"in the Neotropics,
some species undoubtedly will be combined with
othersas more collecting and studymake geographic patterns apparent.
In this paper, we add nine species to the Acanthaceae knownfromPanama. These include the description of a new species of Aphelandra; documentation and discussion of six species in four
genera that are newly reported fromPanama; and
notes on the occurrence of two species that are cultivated in Panama. We also provide revised keys to
all Panamanian species of Aphelandra, Odontone-

ma, and Sanchezia.

' We are gratefulto S. Myersforrenderingthe line drawing,D. Ubick forSEM assistance,and the curatorsof
facilitated
by G. McPhersonand H.
in Panama was generously
herbariacited in the textforloans. Daniel's fieldwork
was supportedby the NationalGeographicSociety(grantto W. Starnes).
Herrera.McDade's fieldwork
2 Department
94118, U.S.A.
ofBotany,CaliforniaAcademyofSciences,GoldenGate Park,San Francisco,California
Biologyand Herbarium,University
of Arizona,Tucson,Arizona85721,
3Department of Ecologyand Evolutionary
U.S.A.
ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD.

82: 542-548. 1995.

Volume 82, Number4

1995

R. Dressler 4667
DUKE). Figure 1.

Daniel & McDade

Acanthaceae of Panama

(holotype, US;

isotype,

543

funnelform,1 mm long. Capsule and seeds not

seen.

Distributionand habitat. Known only fromthe

Herbae perennesusque ad 1.3 m altae. Folia opposita,
petiolata,laminae ellipticaevel obovato-ellipticae,
125- vicinityof the type locality in northeasternPanama
240 mmlongae,48-91 mmlatae, 2.2-2.9-plo longiores (Panama and Comarca de San Blas), in the Serrania
quam latiores.Spicae dense bracteatae,60-100 mmlon- de San Blas; plants occur along streams in a region
gae. Bracteae subroseae,ovatae vel ligulatae,erectae,
of tropical wet forest at elevations from 300 to
(26-)30-49 mmlongae, 10-17 mm latae, marginedentatae dentibusutroquelatere3-4. Corollaatropurpurea, 400 m.
43-45 mmlonga,extusdense sericea. Staminainclusa,
Phenology. Flowering: June-July, September,
4.5-5.5 mm longa, thecae 2.8-3.5 mm longae, apice
November.
pubescentes.
Monocaulous perennial herbs to 1.3 m tall.
Young stems subquadrate (often somewhat collapsed in dried specimens) or flattened, sparsely
pubescent with appressed eglandular trichomes to
1 mm long or nearly glabrate. Leaves opposite, petiolate, petioles to 50 mm long, blades elliptic to
obovate-elliptic, 125-240 mm long, 48-91 mm
wide, 2.2-2.9 times longer than wide, gradually attenuate to decurrent along petiole at base, acuminate at apex, the surfaces sparsely pubescent with
appressed eglandular trichomes or becoming glabrate on adaxial surface. Inflorescence a terminal,
sessile to short-pedunculate (peduncles to 5 mm
long), densely bracteate spike, 60-100 mm long
(excluding flowers), 32-45 mm wide (excluding
flowers)near midspike, rachis pubescent with antrorselyappressed eglandular trichomes 0.4-1 mm
long (sericeous). Bracts pinkish green to pinkish
purple, ovate to strap-shaped, erect, (26-)30-49
mm long, 10-17 mm wide, attenuate to long-attenuate at apex, abaxial surface sericeous with eglandular trichomes,lacking nectariferousglands, margin conspicuously dentate (except forproximalmost
bracts) with 3-4 teeth per side, the teeth 1.5-7 mm
long. Bracteoles lance-subulate, stronglycondupiicate, 19-31 mm long, 1.6-3 mm wide, pubescence
similar to bracts. Calyx 5-lobed, 8-10 mm long,
lobes lanceolate to subulate, unequal in size (i.e.,
one conspicuously longer and wider than others,
the remaining lobes subequal to unequal in size),
6-9.7 mm long, 0.4-1 mm wide, abaxial surface
sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous. Corolla dark
purplish with white on lower lip, 43-45 mm long,
externally densely sericeous (especially the tube),
upper lip 8-10 mm long, bilobed with rounded to
acute lobes 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide,
lower lip 11-12 mm long, deeply trilobed, lateral
lobes linear-elliptic,8.5-11.5 mm long, 2.5-4 mm
wide, lower central lobe elliptic, 9-12 mm long,
4.2-7.2 mm wide. Stamens inserted in distal 1/3 of
corolla tube, included, 4.5-5.5 mm long, thecae
2.8-3.5 mm long, apically pubescent; staminode 1
mm long. Style 32 mm long, stigma asymmetrically

Paratypes. PANAMA.Panama: El Llano-CartiRd.,

10-12 km fromEl Llano, 12 Nov. 1974, P Maas & R.
Dressler1706 (U, US). Comarca de San Blas: El LlanoCartifRd., 18 km fromInteramericanHwy., 9'19'N,
78055'W,7 Sep. 1984, G. de Nevers3876 (CAS); Km 16.7
of El Llano-CartiRd., 9'19'N, 78055'W,16 June1985,
G. de Nevers5906 (DUKE).
Two of the known collections of Aphelandra
kuna were identified as A. tridentata Hemsl., a
species known only from Costa Rica that bears a
superficial resemblance. Using keys to species of
Aphelandra in southern Central America (Durkee,

1978, 1986), one mightmistakeA. kuna foreither

A. tridentata or A. aurantiaca (Scheidw.) Lindl. It

differsfromthe formerby its pinkish(vs. green)

bractswith3-4 (vs. 1-2) teethper side, 19-31
(vs. 11-12) mmlong bracteolesthatare strongly
(vs. slightly,if at all) conduplicate,purplish(vs.
red) corollasthatare externallydenselysericeous
(vs. pubescentwithflexuosetrichomes)and have
a deeply (vs. shallowly)trilobedlower lip with
lobes 8.5-11.5 (vs. up to 1) mmlong,included(vs.
exserted from mouth of corolla) stamens with
smooth(vs. papillose) filaments,
and thecae 2.83.5 (vs. 5.2-6.5) mm long. Aphelandra tridentata

is presentlyknownonlyfromcentraland northern
Costa Rica. Aphelandrakuna can be distinguished
fromthe wide-ranging
A. aurantiaca by its eglandular (vs. glandular)pubescentbracts with 3-4
(vs. 5-15) marginalteethper side, eglandular(vs.
glandular)bracteolesthatvaryfrom19 to 31 (vs.
7-15) mmin length,purplish(vs. orangishor red)
corollas thatvaryfrom43 to 45 (vs. 50-63) mm
in length,included (vs. exsertedfrommouthof
corolla)stamens,and thecae2.8-3.5 (vs. 4-5) mm
long.Aphelandrakuna mightalso be mistakenfor
A. dolichantha Donn. Sm. (cf. "dolicantha" in
Durkee,1978, and D'Arcy,1987), an unusualspecies that also occurs near the crest of the El
Llano-Cartf Road. Aphelandra dolichantha can be

readilydistinguished
by its entirebractssubtending flowerswithminutecalyxlobes and whitecorollas. Furtherelucidationof relativeswithinthe
genus mustawait a detailed subgenerictreatment

544

Annals of the
MissouriBotanical Garden

1 mm

FIGURE 1. Aphelandrakuna T. F. Daniel & McDade. A. Habit (Dressier 4667). B. Bract (Maas & Dressier
1706).
C. Bracteole(Maas & Dressier 1706). D. Base ofone bracteoleand calyx(Maas & Dressier 1706). E. Apex
of bractand corolla(Dressier4667). F. Anthers(Dressier 4667). G. Distal portionofstyle(Dressier 4667). Drawnby

Sheva Myers.

Volume 82, Number4

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Daniel & McDade

Acanthaceae of Panama

545

ofAphelandra.None of the South Americanspe- several passes in the mountains surroundingMecies examined by us or treatedby Wasshausen dellfn, Antioquia Province, Colombia. Until re(1975) is likely to be confusedwithA. kuna. A cently,the species was known only fromthis region.
revised key to all of the Panamanian species is A collection fromPanama (Dari6n: Cerro Mali, ca.
providedbelow.
22 km E of Pucuro, 1250-1500 m, 20-26 Oct.
Pollen of Aphelandra is generally3-colpate 1987, G. de Nevers et al. 8475, CAS, MO) extends
(Wasshausen,1975; McDade, 1984; Daniel, 1991). the range of this unusual species considerably.
Pollen ofA. kuna (i.e., Maas & Dressler1706) was Aphelandra scolnikae is a member of the A. pulobservedwitha scanningelectronmicroscope.All
cherrima (Jacq.) Kunth complex (McDade, 1984);
pollen was eitherpartiallycollapsed or otherwise
within that group, it is a member of the lineage
degraded.Althoughthe numberand typeof apermarked by patches of numerous small (less than
turesfromthiscollectioncould notbe determined,
0.1 mm in diameter) extrafloralnectaries on the
theexinesurfaceis reticulateas in someotherspefloral bracts. Plants of A. scolnikae can be distincies of the genus.
The specificepithetis derivedfromthe Kuna guished fromothers in this lineage by their suffrupeople who live in the regionwherethis species tescent to treelethabit (vs. monocaulous herbs), reloccursand whoare makingconcertedefforts
topre- atively small leaves (up to about 22 cm long vs. up
servenativeplantcommunities
in the Serranfade to 40 cm long in other species), and densely pubescent (vs. glabrous to puberulent) floral bracts
San Blas.
APHELANDRASCOLNIKAE LEONARD

with comparatively few extrafloral nectaries per

glandular patch (mean of about 50 vs. more than
100 in other species).

This species was describedby Leonard (1953)

fromplantscollectedat 1700-2500 m elevationin

of Aphelandra now known to occur in Panama:

SPECIES NEWLY REPORTED FROM PANAMA

The following
all ofthespecies
keydistinguishes

la. Floralbractsmarginally
toothed.
2a. Floralbractswithpairedlateralpatchesof nectariferous
glands.
3a. Floralbractsapicallyobtuse,14-20 mmwide,usuallyentire,rarelywith2-3 pairsofminutemarginal
teetheach less than1 mmlong;corolla65-71 mmlong-A.
sinclairianaNees
3b. Floralbractsapicallyattenuate,
6-9 mmwide,with2-4 pairsofwell-developed
marginalteetheach
1-2 mmlong.
4a. Corolla36-41 mmlong,thecae3-4 mmlong;plantsoflowlanddeciduousforestsand edges
. scabra (Vahl) Sm.
------ --- - --- --- - --- --- - --- --- --- - --- --- - --- --- - --- --- --- - --- --- - --- --- - --- --- AA
4b. Corolla55-70 mmlong;thecae4-5 mmlong;plantsofcloud forests
A. panamensisMcDade
2b. Floralbractslackingnectariferous
glands.
5a. Floralbractsless than15 mmlong;corollasless than20 mmlong.
6a. Maturecauline leaves less than10 cm long;floralbractsimbricate,
ovate,with2-3 well-developed teethon each side ofmargin
-A.
seibertiiLeonard
6b. Maturecauline leaves greaterthan10 cm long;floralbractslax, lanceolate,teethminute(occasionallylacking).
7a. Leaves glabrousto sparselypubescent,apicallyacute; corollared or pink A. arnoldiiMildbr.
7b. Leaves hispid,withtrichomesexceeding1 mm long, usually slightlyattenuateapically;
corollawhiteto purplish
-A.
tonduziiLeonard
5b. Floralbractsgreaterthan20 mmlong;corollagreaterthan40 mmlong.
8a. Floralbractspubescentwithglandulartrichomes,
marginalteeth5-15 per side; bracteolesglandular,7-15 mmlong;corollaorangishor red,50-63 mmlong;stamensexsertedfrommouthof
corolla,thecae4-5 mmlong-A.
aurantiaca(Scheidw.)Lindl.
8b. Floralbractspubescentwitheglandulartrichomes,
marginalteeth3-4 perside; bracteoleseglandular,19-31 mmlong;corollapurplish,43-45 mmlong;stamensincludedin corollatube,thecae
2.8-3.5 mmlong-A.
kuna T. F. Daniel & McDade
lb. Floralbractsentire.
9a. Floralbractswithpairedlateralpatchesof nectariferous
glands.
10a. Nectariferous
glandsnumerous(at least 50, usuallymorethan100) per patchand minute(each ca.
0.1 mmdiam.).
lla. Floral bractsmorethan 30 mm long,apically roundedand reflexed;calyx segmentsmuch
shorterthanfloralbracts;capsules ca. 35 mmlong-A.
darienensisWassh.
lib. Floralbractsless than20 mmlong,apicallyobtuseto acute to acuminate,notreflexed;calyx
segmentsequalingor longerthanfloralbracts;capsules to 30 mmlong.
12a. Floralbractsdistantly
spaced alongrachis,lax-A.
laxa Durkee
12b. Floralbractscloselyadjacentor imbricate,
rachisnotvisibleduringanthesis.

Annals of the
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546

widthno morethan2/3 oflength.

narrow,
13a. Floralbractsrelatively
Leonard
14a. Plantsrarelytallerthan1.5 m; corolla55-60 mmlong -- A. lingua-bovis
corollalongerthan60 mm.
14b. Plantstallerthan1.5 m whenreproductive;
floralbractssparselyand minutely
tetrangular;
15a. Spikes sessile, strongly
-A.
leonardiiMcDade
puberulous
15b. Spikes pedunculate,nearlyteretein crosssection;floralbractsconspicscolnikaeLeonard
uouslypubescent-A.
broad,widthexceeding3/4 of length.
13b. Floralbractsrelatively
falcate,7-10 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; corolla usually
16a. Bracteolesstrongly
hartwegianaNees
yellow(rarelyorange);capsules 28-31 mmlong-A.
16b. Bracteolesslightlyfalcate,11-13 mm long,2-3 mm wide; corolla orange;
campanensisDurkee
capsules 20-24 mmlong-A.
glands10 or fewerper patch,each > 0.2 mmdiam.
lOb. Nectariferous
ovateto ovate,to 7 mmwide.
narrowly
17a. Floralbractsgreento occasionallydull brown-orange,
visibleinternodes7-10 mm
18a. Leaves glabrous;floralbracts5-8 mmlong,notimbricate,
gracilisLeonard
long-A.
denseston veins;floralbractslongerthan8 mm,slightly
18b. Leaves pubescentwithtrichomes
notvisibleduringanthesis.
internodes
to closelyimbricate,
19a. Trichomesof distal stemserect;floralbractsslightlyimbricate,apically obtuse;
of tube exceeding0.5 mmlong
corollapubescentwithtrichomes
---- --- --------- --- --------------------- ---------------------A. gracilis X sinclairiana
apicallyacute; corolla
19b. Trichomesofdistalstemsappressed;floralbractsimbricate,
oftubeless than0.2 mmlong
withtrichomes
puberulent
minutely
izlcensisMcDade
. golfod
------------------------------------------------------------A
17b. Floralbractsorange,broadlyovate,8-20 mmwide.
20a. Distal stems,leaves, and bractssparselypubescent;floralbracts10-12 mmlong,8-10
Standl.
terryae
mmwide; corolla57-62 mmlong-A.
20b. Distal stems,leaves, and bractspilose; floralbracts15-20 mmlong,14-20 mmwide;
sinclairianaNees
corolla64-71 mmlong-A.
glands.
9b. Floralbractslackingnectariferous
fleshy;floralbractslongerthan30 mm;calyxreducedto minute,hyaline
21a. Stemsand leaves somewhat
dolichanthaDonn. Sm.
lobes ca. 1 mmlong;corollalongerthan30 mm,white-A.
21b. Stemsand leaves notfleshy;floralbractsless than10 mmlong;calyxwell developed,lobes ca. 5
mmlong;corollaless than20 mmlong,red,pink,purplish,or white.
A. arnoldiiMildbr.
22a. Leaves glabrousto sparselypubescent,apicallyacute; corollared or pink22b. Leaves hispid withtrichomesgreaterthan 1 mm long,usually slightlyattenuateapically;
-A.
tonduziiLeonard
corollawhiteto purplish
JUSTICIAEPHEMERA LEONARD

ODONTONEMACUSPIDATUM (NEES) KUNTZE

Justicia is both the largest genus of Acanthaceae

and the most species-rich in Panama with 23 species (Daniel & Wasshausen, 1990). With more than
70 species of Justicia known fromneighboringColombia and given the still rudimentaryknowledge
of the eastern Panamanian flora, additional range
extensions and new species are to be expected. A
recent Panamanian collection of J. ephemera (Darie6n:Rfo Pirre, near El Real, 1-2 km upstream of
water intake stationfortownof El Real, Feb. 1985,
L. McDade 687, DUKE, MO, PMA) representsjust
such an extension. Justicia ephemerawas previously known fromnorthwesternColombia (near Turbo
in the department of Antioquia, Leonard, 1958).
The Panamanian collection is not distinguishable
fromthis species and shares with it a number of
distinctive features: pandurate leaves with auriculate bases, bifariously pubescent stems with retrorsetrichomes,densely floweredverticillateinflorescences, and short white corollas. This
combinationof character states is not shared by any
other species of Justicia in Panama.

ofPanHere and below,we bringthetreatment

amanian Odontonemainto accord with those of
Baum (1982) and Daniel (1995), and we provide
a key to the species. Durkee (1978) recognized
fivespecies of Odontonemain Panama. Three of
these,O. flagellum(Oerst.)Kuntze,0. longifolium
(Oerst.) Kuntze,and 0. strictum(Nees) Kuntze,
of 0. tubaeforme
were included in the synonymy
(Bertol.)Kuntzeby Baum (1982, as "tubiforme")
and were similarlytreated by D'Arcy (1987).
Odontonemacallistachyum(Schltdl. & Cham.)
Kuntze, a species restrictedin distributionto
Mexico,Belize, and Guatemala,is neitherknown
with0. tubaeforme
fromPanama norsynonymous
(cf. D'Arcy, 1987). Odontonemacuspidatumhas
been reportedfromMexico and the West Indies
(Baum, 1982; Daniel, 1995) and is much cultivated throughouttropical regions. A collection
fromcentralPanama (Panama: Cerro Azul, near
GoofyLake, 17 July1962, J. Dwyer2076B, MO,
WIS) representsthis species and the firstreport

Volume 82, Number4

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Daniel & McDade

Acanthaceae of Panama

of its occurrence in Panama. Collection notes indicate that the plant grew in a thicket. It is not
known whether the occurrence of 0. cuspidatum
at this locality represents an indigenous population, naturalized plants, or a remnant from cultivation. The specimen was annotated by Durkee
and cited in the Flora of Panama (Durkee, 1978)

zuela. Our understanding

of this species (and of
othertaxa withrangesincludingbothPanama and
Colombia)will benefitgreatlyfromadditionalcollectingin the poorlyknownareas of easternPanama and adjacentColombia.
Odontonemarubrumhas been collectedin the
Canal Area, Col6n, Darien,Panama, and the Comarcade San Blas. Representative
specimensof0.
rubrumfromPanama include:

ODONTONEMARUBRUM(VAHL) KUNTZE

forest
of Q. Ancha,18 Dec.
Canal Area: drowned
1934,C. Dodge& J. Steyermark
17043 (MO). Colon:
RfoBoquer6n,
nearPeluca,27 Jan.1973,R. Dressler
4263 (MO).Darien: between
upperRfoMembrillo
and
Camp7 on roadto San Blas,J.Duke10915 (MO,US).
Panama: 25 kmNE ofCerroAzulon RfoPedras,25
3471 (MO).Comarca
Nov.1974,S. Mori& J.Kallunki
17Jan.1967,J.Duke
de San Blas: lowerRfoAiligandi,
9321 (MO).

as 0. callistachyum.

Baum (1982) cited collections of 0. rubrumfrom

Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela. We have studied these and other specimens of 0. rubrumfrom
Panama and concur that this species is distinct
fromother Panamanian Odontonema. However, as
noted by Baum (1982: 73), plants fromthe western
portionof the range of 0. rubrum(i.e., eastern Panama and northwesternColombia) are rather different fromplants fromeastern Colombia and Vene-

547

Species of Odontonemain Panama can be distinguishedby thefollowing

key:

Durkee
microphyllum
la. Plantsoftendecumbent;maturecauline leaves less than50 mmlong-0.
lb. Plantserect;maturecauline leaves greaterthan50 mmlong.
nodes;rachispubescentwithflexuose
2a. Dichasia sessile,at least some(oftenmost)whorledat inflorescence
in 2 or morelines
usuallyconcentrated
0.2-1 mmlong,trichomes
to appressedtrichomes
to retrorse
0. tubaeforme
---------------------------------------------------------------------------O(Bertol.)Kuntze
nodes;rachisevenlypubescentwitherectto
2b. Dichasia pedunculate,alternateor oppositeat inflorescence
flexuoseto antrorsetrichomes
0.05-0.3(-0.5) mmlong.
tube abruptlyexpandednear the midpoint
pubescentwitheglandulartrichomes,
3a. Corollaexternally
--throat,bentat pointofexpansion,upperlip 6-13 mmlong;pollen3-aperturate
intoa prominent
0. rubrum(Vahl)Kuntze
-- -----------------------------------------------------------------------3b. Corolla externallyglabrous,tube barelyor graduallyexpanded distallyinto a t distinctthroat,
-0.
cuspidatum(Nees) Kuntze
straight,
upperlip 2-5 mmlong;pollen4-aperturate
SANCHEZIALUTEA LEONARD

Leonard& Smith(1964) recognized59 species

of Sanchezia. Most of these are endemicto Peru.
The onlyspecies previouslyreportedfromPanama
is S. pennellii Leonard (Durkee, 1978; D'Arcy,
1987). Recent collectionsfromeastern Panama
have resultedin the additionof twootherspecies
of Sanchezia to the floraof Panama. A collection
Rio Pirre,trailup river
ofSanchezialutea (Darie6n:
fromhouse of Bartolo,16 Mar. 1973, H. Kennedy
2883, TEX, US) was so annotatedby Durkee in
1975, butneitherthenamenorthecollectionwere
subsequentlylisted by him (Durkee, 1978). Anothercollectionfromthesame generalregion(Darien: along Rfo Pirrejust above Choc6 village of
Pijibasal, 23 Feb. 1985, L. McDade 804, DUKE,
MO) also representsthis species. Sanchezia lutea
knownonlyfromvariouslocalities
was heretofore
in Colombia (Leonard & Smith,1964). The dis-

tinctionsamong the species of Sanchezia now

knownfromPanama are discussed below.
SANCHEZIA PARVIBRACTEATASPRAGUE & HUTCH.

This species was described fromplants cultivated at the Royal BotanicGardensat Kew without referenceto its place of origin.It is widely
cultivatedin the tropicsand underglass in temperate regions. Among the specimens cited by
Leonard & Smith(1964), all appear to represent
cultivatedmaterialexcept fora collection(Cuatrecasas11231, US) from"banks of the Rio Guamu6s" fromthe Intendenciade Putumayoin Colombia. A recent Panamanian collection of S.
parvibracteata(Darien:RfoCocalito,6 Feb. 1982,
C. Whitefoord
& A. Eddy 60, BM), presumably
froman indigenouspopulation,was also collected
on a riverbank.
The Panamanian species of Sanchezia can be
distinguishedby the followingkey:

548

Annals of the
MissouriBotanical Garden

la. Bracts30-60(-75) mmlong,20-50 mmwide,the pair at a node fusedfrombase forup to 35 mmtoward

apex therebyforming
cuplike involucresalong the rachis;bracteolesand calyxconcealed by bracts;corolla
externally
glabrous
- S. pennelli
-------lb. Bracts6-20 mmlong,1.8-16 mmwide,freeto base, notforming
cuplike involucres;bracteolesand calyx
surpassingbracts,clearlyvisible;corollaexternally
pubescentdistally.
2a. Bractsacute at apex; thecae 5-7 mmlong --S.
parvibracteata
2b. Bractsgraduallyacuminateat apex; thecae3.5-4.5 mmlong
- S. lutea
----CULTIVATED SPECIES

In treatingthe Acanthaceaeof Panama,Durkee

(1978) made an admirableattemptto includecultivatedspecies as well as nativeand naturalized
taxa. NumerousadditionalcultivatedAcanthaceae
in Panamabeyondthe
are likelyto be encountered
twoadditionsnotedbelow.

Florida and underglass elsewherein the United

States. In Panama, plants are cultivatedin yards
(Coclh: La Mesa along road betweenEl Valle de
Antonand CerroGaital,24 Feb. 1988, F Almeda
et al. 5927, CAS). It is knownto becomenaturalized in some tropicalregions(e.g., Hawai'i) and
maydo so in Panama.

PACHYSTACHYSLUTEA NEES

Literature
Cited

This species, a nativeof Peru, is widelycultiin the Americantropicsand in

vatedforornament
temperate
regionsunderglass. The shrubsare recognizable by theirerect, quadrangularspikes of
large(up to 25 mmlong),brightyellowbractssubtendingwhiteflowers.In Panama,plantsoccur in
cultivationoutdoors(Canal Zone: westernedge of
Panama Citynear Smithsonian
TropicalResearch
Institute,22 Feb. 1988, T Daniel et al. 5455,
CAS). Thereare no reportsof theseplantsbecoming naturalizedin Panama.

Bailey Hortorium.1976. HortusThird.MacMillan,New

York.
Baum,V. M. 1982. A revisionofthe genusOdontonema
(Acanthaceae).M.Sci. Thesis,University
of Maryland.
Daniel, T. F. 1991. A revisionof Aphelandra(Acanthaceae) in Mexico.Proc. Calif.Acad. Sci. 47: 235-274.
. 1995. A revisionof Odontonemain Mexico.
Contr.Univ.MichiganHerb. 20: 147-171.
& D. C. Wasshausen. 1990. Three new species
of Justicia(Acanthaceae)fromPanama. Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. 46: 289-297.
D'Arcy,W. G. 1987. Flora of Panama Checklistand Index, Part 1: The Introduction
and Checklist.Monogr.
Syst.Bot. MissouriBot. Gard. 17.
Durkee,L. H. 1978. Acanthaceae.In: Flora of Panama.
Ann. MissouriBot. Gard.65: 155-248.
. 1986. Acanthaceae. In: Flora Costaricensis.
Fieldiana,Bot.,n.s. 18: 1-87.
Leonard,E. C. 1953. The Acanthaceaeof Colombia,II.
Contr.U.S. Natl. Herb. 31, pt. 2: 119-322.
. 1958. The AcanthaceaeofColombia,III. Contr.
U.S. Natl. Herb. 31, pt. 3: 323-781.
& L. B. Smith. 1964. Sanchezia and related
AmericanAcanthaceae.Rhodora66: 313-343.
McDade, L. A. 1984. Systematicsand reproductive
biologyof the CentralAmericanspecies of theAphelandra pulcherrima
complex(Acanthaceae).Ann.Missouri
Bot. Gard.71: 104-165.
Wasshausen,D. C. 1975. The genusAphelandra(AcanContr.Bot. 18: 1-157.
thaceae).Smithsonian

JUSTICIABETONICA L.

This species is a nativeof the Indian subcontinentand easterntropicalAfrica.Justiciabetonica

is a shrubdistinguishable
fromall otherspecies of
Justiciain Panama by its long (up to 16 cm), lax
spikes with white to pinkish (with dark purple
markings)corollas subtendedby relativelylarge
(ca. 10 mm long) bractsthatare whitewithdark
green venation.It is sometimescultivatedas a
hedgeorgardenplantin warmtropicalregions,and
althoughnot listedin HortusThird(Bailey Hortorium,1976), is cultivatedin shelteredlocationsin