01 - CH 1 (F5 Wave)

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.
2007
CHAPTER
Waves
1.1 Understanding Waves
motor
load
(b) Vibration of a loaded

spring
(a) Vibration of a plastic bob

on water
Examples
of vibration
Waves
(c) Vibration of a tuning fork
Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5
(d) Oscillation of a simple

pendulum
Waves transfer
energy
Sound wave
Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007
CHAPTER
Waves
Displacement Graphs of Waves

Displacement time
Displacement distance
x/cm
x/cm
xo
T
a
t/s
-a
distance/cm
-a
-xo
-xo
xo
Amplitude, a
= maximum displacement, Xo
Amplitude, a
= maximum displacement, Xo
Period, T
= time taken for one complete
wave
Wave length,
= distance travelled by a
complete wave
Frequency, f
= number of complete waves
in one second
Velocity of wave, v
v = f =
T
CHAPTER
Waves
Type of Waves
Transverse wave
Longitudinal wave
Direction of
vibration
Direction of
vibration
Direction of
propagation
Direction of
propagation
Directions of
vibrating particles
Direction of wave
Direction of wave
C
R
compression
Direction of vibration
rarefaction
Propagation of waves
Direction of wave
Direction of wave
Direction of wave
Direction of wave
Examples
Water waves, light waves,
electromagnetic waves, etc.
Sound waves, impulses along a

slinky spring, etc.
CHAPTER
Waves
Polarisation of Transverse Wave
polarised
wave
single slit
cross-slit
Transverse
wave
y
X
polarised
X
turned
90o
no wave
is formed
y
X
polaroid
Transverse
wave
y
polarised
turned
180o
Bright
image
Too
dark
to see
Less
bright
image
polaroid
sunglasses
CHAPTER
Waves
Resonance
Same frequency
Forcing
agent transfering
energy
Forced
vibration of
maximum
amplitude
Forced
object
Resonance
Experiment to show resonance

y
X
A
weight
B
E
C
X
Q
Q
Pendulums E and B have

the same natural
frequency.
E vibrates with high
energy/amplitude.
E loses energy to A, B, C
and D but B gains more
energy.
B vibrates with high
amplitude.
B vibrates in resonance.
CHAPTER
Waves
Damping Oscillations
Without damping
With damping
displacement/cm
displacement/cm
t/s
t/s
Compare
Constant
Amplitude (energy)
Decreasing
Constant
period, T
frequency, f
speed, v
Constant
Loss of energy in damped oscillations
External damping
Internal damping
Work done against

external force
Work done by vibrating

atoms or molecules
CHAPTER
Waves
1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves
Ripple Tank
lamp
stroboscope
motor
transparent tray
spherical bob
sponge
wooden bar
water
white paper
drain
hose
plane wave
circular wave
Proper adjustments
Constant water depth
to ensure constant speed/wavelength
Sponge
to reduce reflection of water waves
Speed of motor
to adjust the speed of water waves
Height of lamp
for illumination and focussing of image
Stroboscope
to freeze the wave pattern

CHAPTER
Waves
to ensure constant speed/wavelength

to reduce reflection of water waves
to adjust the speed of water waves
for illumination and focussing of image
to freeze the wave pattern
CHAPTER
Waves
Formation of Light Fringes of Water Ripple
planes
of light
water
ripples
white
paper
B
B acting as
convex lens
Bright fringes
(image)
Bright Dark
Bright
Dark
Bright
Effect of Motor Speed

motor speed q f1q 1p
motor speed p f2 p 2q
speed of wave is
constant
22
11
vv11
vv22 ==vv11
CHAPTER
Waves
Reflection of waves
circular wave
plane wave
plane reflector
reflected
waves
N (normal)
incident
waves
N (normal)
reflected
waves
i r
i=
concave
reflector
10
reflected
waves
convex
reflector
N N
CHAPTER
Waves
I Image
reflected
waves
N (normal)
incident
waves
reflected
waves
N (normal)
reflected
waves
i r
reflected
waves
i=
N
F
reflected
waves
11
N N
CHAPTER
Waves
1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves
Refraction of Waves
Examples of refraction
1
N
N
v1
deep
water
shallow
water
Deep
water
shallow
water
N
deep
water
N
shallow
water
shallow
deep water water
12
deep
water
shallow
water
deep
water
shallow
water
deep
water shallow
water
Special case
wavelength is
speed v is also
deep
water
deep
shallow
water
water
direction of waves
deep
water
CHAPTER
Waves
N
v1
deep
water
v2
shallow
water
Deep
water
N
deep
water
N
shallow
deep water water
deep
water
shallow
water
deep
water
13
deep
water
shallow
water
deep
water shallow
water
wavelength is decreased
speed v is also decreased
deep
water
deep
shallow
water
water
direction of waves does not

change : No refraction
CHAPTER
Waves
Refraction of Water Waves Near a Beach
R
P
X (cape)
Y (sea bay)
14
Position Depth of water

P
Q
R
Movement of water
Amplitude Condition
CHAPTER
Waves
R
P
X (cape)
15
(Sea bay)
Decreasing
Converging at P
Highest
Very rough
Shallow
Spreading out
Low
Calm
Deep
Straight
High
Rough
CHAPTER
Waves
Effect of Water Depth on Waves
water
motor
switched
on
(vibrating)
16
glass
(transparent)
A
water
waves
Position
Depth of water
3.0 cm
same
long
fast
2.0 cm
same
shorter
slower
1.0 cm
same
shortest
slowest

17
CHAPTER
Waves
same
long
fast
same
shorter
slower
same
shortest
slowest
CHAPTER
Waves
1.4 Analysing Interference of Waves
Interference of Waves
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
Resultant a
amplitude
Resultant
amplitude
Water waves
2a
a
a
cork
-a
-a
a cork
-a
-2a
Standing waves
18
a
+
+
2a
-a
a=0
cork
a=0
CHAPTER
Waves
Interference of Water Waves

Production of coherent waves
Vibrating
Coherent waves
same frequency
same amplitude
same phase or constant phase
difference
Wave pattern of interference

trough
crest
AN
N
S1
19
AN
a
S2
n=1
Antinodal line
Constructive interference
Nodal line
Destructive interference
n=0
N
x
AN
=
ax
D
n=1
D
CHAPTER
Waves
Youngs Double-Slit Experiment
colour
filter
screen
4 metres
double slit
screen
n=2
double slit
S1
a
S2
monochromatic
light source
AN
n=1
AN
x
n=0
n=1
D
20
bright fringes
n=2
dark fringes
Formula is
= ax
D
where = wavelength
a = distance between two slits
x = distance between fringes
(n = 0 and n = 1)
D = distance between the slits
and the screen
CHAPTER
Waves
Fringe patterns
(a) Single source small wavelength
S1
(b) Single source bigger wavelength
21
S1
CHAPTER
Waves
Fringe patterns
(c) Double sources small wavelength
S2
(d) Double sources bigger wavelength
22
S2
CHAPTER
Waves
1.5 Analysing Diffraction of Waves
Pattern of Waves By Diffraction

1 Straight obstacle
Short obstacle
Long obstacle
Interference occurs nearer to the shorter obstacle

2 Effect of slit size ( stays the same)
Narrow slit
Wide slit
Diffraction angle 1 > 2

Narrow slit produces better diffraction
3 Effect of wavelength (slit size stays the same)

Small
Big
The bigger the wavelength, the better the diffraction
23
24
Waves
CHAPTER
2
1
interference
interference
CHAPTER
Waves
Diffraction of Light
n=2
n=1
n=0
n=1
n=2
single slit
screen
Monochromatic light source
single slit
pin hole
Diffraction
instrument
Fringe patterns
bright
fringes
25
dark
fringes
n=3 n=2
n=1
n=0
n=1
n=2 n=3
Characteristics
For fringe n = o, : broadest and brightest

As nq, width/brightness of fringe p
CHAPTER
Waves
Diffraction With Diffraction Grating
Diffraction grating
3 000 lines cm1
bright fringes
D
lamp
set
Formula is
cylindrical
convex lens
n = d sin
d= 1
N
26
n = order of diffraction
= wavelength of light
d = distance between two slits in
a grating
= angle of diffraction
N = density of lines/slits
Fringe patterns
Monochromatic source
White light source
V RV
spectrum of white light

white light
CHAPTER
Waves
1.6 Analysing Sound Waves
Sound Waves
Longitudinal wave
Requires a medium for
transmission
Properties
Higher loudness
Higher pitch
Amplitude,a
increased
Frequency,f
increased
Original sound
Phenomena
Reflection
Refraction
CRO
microphone
CRO
55
60
50
10
45
15
40
20
35
30
25
stopwatch
microphone
Diffraction
Interference
Loud
weak
Loud
radio
27
CO2
weak
Loud
CHAPTER
Waves
Some Uses of Sound Waves

1 Using sonar to detect a school of fish or to determine the depth of water
transmitter
detector
d
water
fish
Depth of water
d = v( t )
2
where v = velocity of ultrasonic in water
t = to and fro time
2 For diagnosis of the human foetus

in
28
out
ultrasonic
probe
foetus
Ultrasonic used is safe

Size of foetus can be estimated
Picture taken is not very clear
CHAPTER
Waves
AM and FM Waves
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Frequency modulation (FM)
microphone
Radio wave
Audio wave
Amplifier
AM modulator
low
amplitude
Radio frequency
generator
Amplifier
FM modulator
high
amplitude
carrier lower
higher
wave frequency frequency
carrier wave
AM waveform
29
FM waveform
CHARACTERISTICS
AM
Amplitude of radio wave is
modulated
Frequency of audio wave and
radio wave is not changed
Subjected to loss and
interference
FM
Amplitude of radio wave is
constant
Frequency of radio wave is
modulated
Minimum loss
Minimum interference
CHAPTER
Waves
Radio Waves (AM/FM) Transmitter
Radio frequency
generator
Radio wave
Amplifier
Modulator
Amplifier
Audio
wave
Transmitter
Mode of Transmission
Satelite
ionosphere
Relay-station
30
Satelite
station
TV
Local
Radio
transmitter
Long-range
transmitter
CHAPTER
Waves
Simple Receiver For Radio Wave
Block Diagram
aerial
Filter for radio
frequency
Demodulator
Tuner
Amplifier
Loud speaker
Circuit Diagram
A
L
T
B
C1
D
C
Earthed
Components
31
Functions
A : aerial
To receive all types of radio signals
I : inductor
C1 : variable
capasitor
To tune the receivers frequency

In resonance with received frequency
Amplitude of wave received is increased
D : diode
To separate the audio frequency from the

radio frequency
C : capacitor
To filter and earth the radio frequency
T : transistor
To amplify the audio frequency
L : loudspeaker
To convert audio signal into sound
CHAPTER
Waves
1.7 Analysing Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves
vertical electrical field
90
horizontal magnetic field
Electromagnetic Waves Spectrum

Visible
light
Gamma
X-ray
rays
MicroInfrared waves
Radio
waves
Ultra
violet
1023 1022 1021 1020 1019 1018 1017 1016 1015 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108 107 106
1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101
32
Infrared rays
Ultraviolet rays
Gamma rays
Xray
Visible light
105
101 102 103 104
Frequency
Frequency
f/ Hz
f/Hz
Wave
length
/ m
Radio waves
UHF
VHF
SW
MW
LW
Microwaves
SW MW LW
UHF
VHF

01 - CH 1 (F5 Wave)

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Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd.

1.1 Understanding Waves

(b) Vibration of a loaded

(a) Vibration of a plastic bob

(d) Oscillation of a simple

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.1 Understanding Waves

Displacement Graphs of Waves

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.1 Understanding Waves

Sound waves, impulses along a

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.1 Understanding Waves

Polarisation of Transverse Wave

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.1 Understanding Waves

Experiment to show resonance

Pendulums E and B have

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.1 Understanding Waves

Loss of energy in damped oscillations

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Work done against

Work done by vibrating

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

Constant water depth

to ensure constant speed/wavelength

to reduce reflection of water waves

to adjust the speed of water waves

for illumination and focussing of image

to freeze the wave pattern

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

to ensure constant speed/wavelength

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

Formation of Light Fringes of Water Ripple

Effect of Motor Speed

motor speed p f2 p 2q

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

direction of waves does not

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves

Refraction of Water Waves Near a Beach

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Position Depth of water

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves

Longman Project! Overhead Transparencies Physics Form 5

Pearson Malaysia Sdn.Bhd. 2007

1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves