KIWALAN, GRE-ANN

YOUTUBE
YouTube is
a video-sharing website
headquartered
in San
Bruno, California,United States. The service was created by three
former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was
bought by Google for US$1.65 billion.[4] YouTube now operates as one of
Google's subsidiaries.[5]The site allows users to upload, view, and share
videos, and it makes use of WebM,H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash
Video
technology
to
display
a
wide
variety
of usergenerated and corporate media video. Available content includes video
clips, TV clips, music videos, and other content such as video blogging,
short original videos, and educational videos.
Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, but
media corporations including CBS, the BBC, Vevo, Hulu, and other
organizations offer some of their material via YouTube, as part of the
YouTube partnership program.[6]Unregistered users can watch videos, and
registered users can upload videos to their channels. Videos considered to
contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users
affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old.

HISTORY
YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, who
were all early employees of PayPal.[7]Hurley had studied design at Indiana
University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer
science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[8]
According to a story that has often been repeated in the media, Hurley
and Chen developed the idea for YouTube during the early months of
2005, after they had experienced difficulty sharing videos that had been
shot at a dinner party at Chen's apartment in San Francisco. Karim did not
attend the party and denied that it had occurred, but Chen commented
that the idea that YouTube was founded after a dinner party "was probably
very strengthened by marketing ideas around creating a story that was
very digestible".[9]

Karim said the inspiration for YouTube first came from Janet Jackson's role
in the 2004Super Bowl incident, when her breast was exposed during her
performance, and later from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Karim could
not easily find video clips of either event online, which led to the idea of a
video sharing site.[10] Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for
YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been
influenced by the website Hot or Not.[11][12]
YouTube began as a venture-funded technology startup, primarily from a
$11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and
April 2006.[13] YouTube's early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria
and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California.[14] The domain
name www.youtube.com was activated on February 14, 2005, and the
website was developed over the subsequent months.[15]
The first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed
Karim at the San Diego Zoo.[16] The video was uploaded on April 23, 2005,
and can still be viewed on the site.[17]
YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005, six months
before the official launch in November 2005. The site grew rapidly, and in
July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos
were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100
million video views per day.[18] According to data published by market
research company com Score, YouTube is the dominant provider of online
video in the United States, with a market share of around 43% and more
than 14 billion views of videos in May 2010.[19]
In 2014 YouTube said that 300 hours of new videos were uploaded to the
site every minute,[20] three times more than one year earlier [21] and that
around three quarters of the material comes from outside the U.S. [22][23]
[24]
The site has 800 million unique users a month. [25] It is estimated that in
2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in
2000.[26] Alexa ranks YouTube as the third most visited website on the
Internet, behind Google and Facebook.[2]
The choice of the name www.youtube.com led to problems for a similarly
named website, www.utube.com . The site's owner, Universal Tube &
Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006
after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal
Tube has since changed the name of its website to www.utubeonline.com .
[27][28]

In October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for
$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,
2006.[29]
Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and
YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory
filing.[30] In June 2008, aForbes magazine article projected the 2008
revenue at $200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. [31] In January
2012, it was estimated that visitors to YouTube spent an average of 15
minutes a day on the site, in contrast to the four or five hours a day spent
by a typical U.S. citizen watching television.[25]
YouTube entered into a marketing and advertising partnership with NBC in
June 2006.[32] In November 2008, YouTube reached an agreement
with MGM, Lions Gate Entertainment, andCBS, allowing the companies to
post full-length films and television episodes on the site, accompanied by
advertisements in a section for US viewers called "Shows". The move was
intended to create competition with websites such as Hulu, which features
material fromNBC, Fox, and Disney.[33][34] In November 2009, YouTube
launched a version of "Shows" available to UK viewers, offering around
4,000 full-length shows from more than 60 partners. [35] In January 2010,
YouTube introduced an online film rentals service,[36] which is available
only to users in the US, Canada and the UK as of 2010. [37][38] The service
offers over 6,000 films.[39]

In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, including

60 cricket matches of the Indian Premier League. According to YouTube,
this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting
event.[40]
On March 31, 2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the
aim of simplifying the interface and increasing the time users spend on
the site. Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented: "We
really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter." [41] In May
2010, it was reported that YouTube was serving more than two billion
videos a day, which it described as "nearly double the prime-time
audience of all three major US television networks combined". [42] In May
2011, YouTube reported in its company blog that the site was receiving
more than three billion views per day. [23] In January 2012, YouTube stated
that the figure had increased to four billion videos streamed per day.[22]

In October 2010, Hurley announced that he would be stepping down as

chief executive officer of YouTube to take an advisory role, and that Salar
Kamangar would take over as head of the company.[43]
In April 2011, James Zern, a YouTube software engineer, revealed that 30%
of videos accounted for 99% of views on the site.[44]
In November 2011, the Google+ social networking site was integrated
directly with YouTube and the Chrome web browser, allowing YouTube
videos to be viewed from within the Google+ interface.[45]
In December 2011, YouTube launched a new version of the site interface,
with the video channels displayed in a central column on the home page,
similar to the news feeds of social networking sites.[46] At the same time, a
new version of the YouTube logo was introduced with a darker shade of
red, the first change in design since October 2006.[47]
In May 2013, YouTube launched a pilot program to begin offering some
content providers the ability to charge $0.99 per month or more for
certain channels, but the vast majority of its videos would remain free to
view.[48][49]
In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically
for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental
controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and will initially be
available on Google's Android devices only.[50]

Video technology
Playback
Previously, viewing YouTube videos on a personal computer required the Adobe
Flash Player plug-in to be installed in the browser.[51]
In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the
built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard.
[52]
This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any
other plug-in to be installed. [53][54] The YouTube site had a page that allowed
supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported
HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all
videos on the site were available.[55][56]

On January 27, 2015, YouTube announced that HTML5 will be the default playback
method on supported browsers. Supported browsers include Google Chrome, Safari
8, and Internet Explorer 11.[57]
YouTube experimented with Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEGDASH), which is an adaptive bit-rate HTTP-based streaming solution optimizing the
bitrate and quality for the available network. [58] Currently they are using Adobe
Dynamic Streaming for Flash.[59]

Uploading
All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who
have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be
offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying
the account, normally through a mobile phone. [60] When YouTube was launched in
2005, it was possible to upload long videos, but a ten-minute limit was introduced in
March 2006 after YouTube found that the majority of videos exceeding this length
were unauthorized uploads of television shows and films. [61][62] The 10-minute limit
was increased to 15 minutes in July 2010. [63] If an up-to-date browser version is
used, videos greater than 20 GB can be uploaded.[64]

FACEBOOK
Facebook is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo
Park, California. Its website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark
Zuckerberg with
his
college
roommates
and
fellow Harvard
University students Eduardo
Saverin, Andrew
McCollum, Dustin
[8]
Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The founders had initially limited the
website's membership to Harvard students, but later expanded it to
colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. It
gradually added support for students at various other universities and
later to high-school students. Since 2006, anyone who is at least 13 years
old is allowed to become a registered user of the website, though the age
requirement may be higher depending on applicable local laws. [9] Its name
comes from a colloquialism for the directory given to it by American
universities students.[10]
After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile, add other
users as"friends", exchange messages, post status updates and photos,
share videos and receive notifications when others update their profiles.
Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by

workplace, school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their

friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends". Facebook
had over1.44 billion monthly active users as of March 2015.[7] Because of
the large volume of data users submit to the service, Facebook has come
under scrutiny for their privacy policies. Facebook, Inc. held its initial
public offering in February 2012 and began selling stock to the public
three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of
$104 billion. As of February 2015 Facebook reached a market
capitalization of $212 Billion.[11]

GOOGLE
Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in
Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising
technologies, search, cloud computing, and software.[8] Most of its profits
are derived from AdWords,[9][10] an online advertising service that places
advertising near the list of search results.
Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they
were Ph.D.students at Stanford University. Together they own about 14
percent of its shares but control 56 percent of the stockholder voting
power through super voting stock. They incorporated Google as a
privately held company on September 4, 1998. Aninitial public
offering followed on August 19, 2004. Its mission statement from the
outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally
accessible and useful,"[11] and its unofficial slogan was "Don't be evil".[12]
[13]
In 2004, Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View,
California, nicknamed the Googleplex.[14]
Rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products,
acquisitions and partnerships beyond Google's core search engine. It
offers online productivity software including email (Gmail), a cloud storage
service(Google Drive), an office suite (Google Docs) and a social
networking service(Google+). Desktop products include applications for
web browsing, organizing and editing photos, and instant messaging. The
company leads the development of the Android mobile operating
system and the browser-only Chrome OS[15] for a netbook known as a
Chromebook. Google has moved increasingly into communications
hardware: it partners with major electronics manufacturers [16] in the
production
of
its
"high-quality
low-cost"[17]Nexus devices
and

acquired Motorola Mobility in May 2012.[18] In 2012, a fiber-optic

infrastructure was installed in Kansas City to facilitate a Google Fiber
broadband service.[19]
The corporation has been estimated to run more than one million servers
in data centers around the world (as of 2007).[20]It processes over one
billion search requests[21] and about 24 petabytes of user-generated data
each day (as of 2009).[22][23][24][25] In December 2013, Alexa listed
google.com as the most visited website in the world. Numerous Google
sites in other languages figure in the top one hundred, as do several other
Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger.[26] Its market dominance
has led to prominent media coverage, including criticism of the company
over issues such as search neutrality, copyright, censorship, and privacy.[2

TWITTER
Twitter is a social networking and microblogging service. Users use mobile phones or computers
to send and to read messages, called "tweets". Tweets can be up to 140 characters long. They
appear on the user's profile page. Tweets can usually be read by anyone, but senders can also
keep messages private. Private tweets only go to their list of friends. Users may subscribe to
tweets from other people. This is called following, and subscribers are known as followers. As of
late 2009, users can also follow lists of authors.[4][5]
All users can send and receive tweets using the Twitter website. They can also use other
applications that work with Twitter on smartphones. Twitter by Short Message Service(SMS) is
available in certain countries.[6] Using Twitter is free, but sending or getting tweets by SMS may
cost money. The website is based inSan Francisco, California. Twitter also has servers and
offices in San Antonio, Texas and Boston, Massachusetts, and soon in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Twitter has become very popular worldwide since Jack Dorsey created it in 2006. It now has
more than 100 million users.[7] It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the Internet.

HISTORY
Jack Dorsey's drawing of an idea for an SMS-based social network in around 2006.

Twitter started at a podcasting company Odeo. The company board members had a "daylong
brainstorming session." During the meeting, Jack Dorsey introduced the idea of one person
using an SMS service to communicate with a small group. At first, they called this project "twttr".

It fit the five character length of American SMS short codes and sounded like Flickr. At first, the
developers planned to use "10958" as a short code. Later they changed it to "40404" because it
was easier to remember and type.[9] Dorsey sent the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific
Standard Time (PST) March 21, 2006. The first tweet was, "just setting up my twttr."[10]
[W]e came across the word "twitter," and it was just perfect. The definition was "a short burst of
inconsequential information," and "chirps from birds." And thats exactly what the product was.
Jack Dorsey[11]
The first version of Twitter was only for Odeo employees to use. They opened the full version for
anyone to use on July 15, 2006. In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other
members of Odeo started a new company called Obvious Corporation. Obvious Corporation
bought Odeo and all of its propertyincluding Odeo.com and Twitter.comfrom the investors
and shareholders.[12] Twitter became its own separate company in April 2007.[13]
Twitter started becoming very popular after the 2007 South by Southwest (SXSW) festival.
During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.[14] The Twitter
company set up two very large computer screens in the hallways at the conference. These
screens only showed Twitter messages. Hundreds of people at the conference checked on what
each other were doing by looking at the many tweets. Panelists and speakers talked about
Twitter. Bloggers at SXSW described it to others in a very positive way.[15]
Reaction at the festival was very good. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed]"
SXSW. Social software researcher Danah Boyd said Twitter "own[ed]" the festival. [16]Twitter staff
won the festival's Web Award prize. They said, "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less.
And we just did!"[17]
On September 14, 2010, Twitter change asd the site design and added a new logo. [18]