Ap D

APPENDIX D Compendium of Reference Stress Solutions
(Jan, 2000)
D.1
General
D.1.1
Overview
D.1.1.1
This appendix contains reference stress solutions for many crack geometries which are likely to occur
in pressurized components. Reference stress solutions are used in the assessment of crack-like
flaws, see Section 9.
D.1.1.2
A summary of the reference stress solutions in this appendix is contained in Table C.1 of Appendix C.
These reference stress solutions are recommended for most applications based on consideration of
accuracy, range of applicability and convenience.
D.1.1.3
Reference stress solutions not included in this appendix may be obtained from publications (for
example, see references [D.14.1] and [D.14.2]) if the tabulated solutions correspond to the
component and crack geometry, and the loading condition. Otherwise, the reference stress should
be computed using a numerical approach such as the finite element method.
D.1.1.4
The reference stress solutions for plates can be used to approximate the solutions for cylinders and
spheres by introducing a surface correction (Folias or bulging) factor. This is an approximation that is
supported by experimental results.
D.1.1.5
An identifier has been assigned to each reference stress solution in this appendix (see Table C.1 of
Appendix C). This identifier is a set of alpha-numeric characters that uniquely identifies the
component geometry, crack geometry, and loading condition. The identifier can be used to
determine the associated stress intensity factor solution to be used in an assessment of crack like
flaws (see Section 9). For example, if a flat plate with a through-wall crack subject to a membrane
stress and/or bending stress is being evaluated, the reference stress solution is RPTC and the
associated stress intensity factor solution to be used is KPTC.
D.1.2
Symbol Definitions
D.1.2.1
The following symbols defined below are used in this appendix.
a
A
Ao
c
dn
d1
=
=
=
=
=
Crack depth parameter (mm:in),

2
2
Cross-sectional area of the flaw (mm :in ),
2
2
Cross-sectional area of the component computed for the flaw length (mm :in ),
Crack length parameter (mm:in),
Mean nozzle diameter (see Figure C.26) (mm:in),
F
M
Ms
Mt
p
Pij
Pij ,m
=
=
=
Distance from plate surface to the center of an embedded elliptical crack (see
Appendix C, Figure C.3) (mm:in),
Net section axial force acting on a cylinder (N:lbs),
Resultant net-section bending moment acting on a cylinder (N-mm:in-lbs),
Surface correction factor for a surface crack,
=
=
Surface correction factor for a through-wall crack,

Pressure (MPa:psi),
Primary stress component being evaluated,
Equivalent primary membrane stress for a stress component,
Pij ,b
Equivalent primary bending stress for a stress component,

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D-2
API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 579
Jan, 2000
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Pl
Ply
Generalized loading parameter, such as applied stress, bending moment or pressure,
Value of the generalized loading parameter evaluated for the component with a crack-
Pm
Pb
P0
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
t
tn
Ri
Rm
Ro
Rth
x
xg
like flaw at the yield stress,

Primary membrane stress component (MPa:psi),
Through-Wall primary bending stress component (MPa:psi),
Uniform coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),
Linear coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),
Quadratic coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),
Third order coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),
Fourth order coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),
Net-section primary bending stress about the x-axis (MPa:psi),
=
=
=
Net-section primary bending stress about the y-axis (MPa:psi),

Plate or shell thickness (mm:in),
Nozzle thickness (see Appendix C, Figure C.26) (mm:in),
Cylinder inside radius (mm:in),
Cylinder mean radius (mm:in),
Cylinder, round bar, or bolt outside radius, as applicable (mm:in),
=
=
=
Root Radius of a threaded bolt (mm:in),

Radial local coordinate originating at the internal surface of the component,
Global coordinate for definition of net section bending moment about the x-axis,
yg
W
l
G
I ref
I ys
Global coordinate for definition of net section bending moment about the y-axis,
=
=
=
=
Distance from the center of the flaw to the free edge of the plate (mm:in),
Shell parameter used to determine the surface correction factors,
Half-angle of the crack (degrees),
Reference stress (MPa:psi), and
Yield stress (MPa:psi), see Appendix F.
D.1.2.2
The above symbols are also defined for different component and crack geometrys in Appendix C,
Figures C.1 through C.32.
D.2
Stress Analysis
D.2.1
Overview
D.2.1.1
A stress analysis using handbook or numerical techniques is required to compute the state of stress
at the location of a crack. The stress distribution to be utilized in determining the stress intensity
factor is based on the component of stress normal to the crack face. The distribution may be linear
(made up of membrane and/or bending distributions) or highly nonlinear based on the component
geometry and loading conditions.
D.2.1.2
The stress distribution normal to the crack face resulting from primary loads should be determined
based on service loading conditions and the uncracked component geometry. If the component is
subject to different operating conditions, the stress distribution for each condition should be evaluated
and a separate fitness-for-service assessment should be performed.
D.2.1.3 In this appendix, the variable P is used for I to signify that stress calculations and the resulting
stress distributions used to determine the reference stress and the Lr ratio for the assessment of a
crack-like flaw using the FAD (see Section 9) are categorized as primary stress (see Appendix B).
Jan, 2000
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR FITNESS-FOR-SERVICE
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The reference stress based on the secondary and residual stress distributions is required to
determine the plasticity interaction factor, . , used in the assessment of crack-like flaws (see Section
9). In this case, the variable variable P can be used to represent the primary and/or residual stress.
D.2.2
Stress Distributions
D.2.2.1
Overview The reference stress solutions in this appendix are formulated in terms of the coefficients
of a linear stress distribution (membrane and bending stress). Therefore, it is necessary to derive
these coefficients from the results obtained from a stress analysis.
D.2.2.2
General Stress Distribution A stress distribution through the wall thickness at the location of a
crack-like flaw can be determined using an elastic solution or a numerical analysis technique such as
the finite element method. In some cases, the stress distribution normal to the crack face may be
highly non-linear. Statically equivalent membrane and bending stress components can be
determined from the general stress distribution using the following equations; the integration is
performed along a line assuming a unit width, see Appendix B.
D.2.2.3
z
z
Pij ,m =
1 t
Pij dx
t 0
Pij ,b =
6
t2
Pij
(D.1)
FG t - xIJ dx
H2 K
(D.2)
Fourth Order Polynomial Stress Distribution The fourth order polynomial stress distribution can be
obtained by curve-fitting a general stress distribution to obtain the coefficients of the best-fit fourth
order polynomial. The equivalent membrane and bending stress distributions for use in the reference
stress solutions in this appendix can be obtained directly from the coefficients of this polynomial.
a.
The general form of the fourth order polynomial stress distribution is as follows:
F xI F xI
P( x ) = P + P G J + P G J
HtK HtK
o
b.
F xI
+PG J
HtK
(D.3)
The equivalent membrane and bending stress distributions for the fourth order polynomial
stress distribution are:
Pm = P0 +
Pb = D.2.2.4
F xI
+PG J
HtK
P1 P2 P3 P4
+ + +
2
3 4
5
(D.4)
P1 P2 9 P3 6 P4
- 2 2
20 15
(D.5)
Fourth Order Polynomial Stress Distribution With Net Section Bending Stress This distribution is
used to represent a through-wall fourth order polynomial stress and a net section or global bending
stress applied to a circumferential crack in a cylindrical shell.
F xI F xI F xI
P( x , x , y ) = P + P G J + P G J + P G J
HtK HtK HtK
F x IJ + P FG y IJ
PG
H R +tK H R +tK
2
F xI
+PG J
HtK
4
+
(D.6)
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D.2.2.5
Membrane and Through-Wall Bending Stress Distribution The membrane and bending stress
distribution is linear through the wall thickness and represents a common subset of the general stress
distribution (see paragraph D.2.2.2). Attributes of this stress distribution are discussed in Appendix
C, paragraph C.2.2.5. The components of this stress distribution can be used directly in the
reference stress solutions in this appendix.
D.2.3
Surface Correction Factor
D.2.3.1
A surface correction (also referred to as the Folias or bulging factor) is used to quantify the local
increase in the state of stress at the location of a crack in a shell type structure which occurs because
of local bulging. The magnified state of stress is then used together with a reference stress solution
for a plate with a similar crack geometry to determine the reference stress for the shell. Surface
correction factors are typically only applied to the membrane part of the reference stress because this
represents the dominant part of the solution.
D.2.3.2
The surface correction factors for through-wall cracks in cylindrical and spherical shells subject to
membrane stress loading are normally defined in terms of a single shell parameter, l, given by the
following equation:
l=
1818
. c
Ri t
(D.7)
However, recent work indicates that the surface correction factors for cylindrical shells are also a
function of the shell radius-to-thickness ratio [D.14.9].
a.
Cylindrical shell Longitudinal through-wall crack

1.
Data fit from references [D.14.10] and [D.14.11] (recommended for use in all
assessments):
F 102
. + 0.4411l + 0.006124l I
=G
J
. (10 ) l K
H 10. + 0.02642l + 1533
2
Mt
2.
-6
M t = 0.01936l2 + 3.3
0.5
for l 9.1
for l > 9.1
0.5
(D.9)
(D.10)
(D.11)
General expression for membrane stress loading is given by the following equation
where the coefficients Amm and Amb can be calculated using the equations in Appendix
C, paragraph C.5.1. This expression is considered to be the most accurate and it
includes an Ri t ratio dependency which can be significant.
gb
M t = max Amm + Amb , Amm - Amb

b.
(D.8)
Upper bound expression from reference [D.14.14]:
M t = 1 + 0.4845l2
4.
Approximate expression from references [D.14.12] and [D.14.13]:
M t = 1 + 0.3797l2 - 0.001236l4
3.
0.5
Cylindrical shell Circumferential through-wall crack
(D.12)
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1.
Data fit from reference [D.14.15] ] (recommended for use in all assessments):
F 10078
+ 0.10368l + 3.7894(10 ) l I
.
=G
J
.
(10 ) l K
H 1.0 + 0.021979l + 15742
-4
Mt
2.
-6
(D.13)
gb
(D.14)
Spheres Circumferential through-wall crack

1.
Data fit from references [D.14.10] and [D.14.11] (recommended for use in all
assessments):
Mt =
2.
10005
.
+ 0.49001l + 0.32409l2
10
. + 0.50144l - 0.011067l2
3.
(D.15)
Approximate expression [D.14.16]:
M t = 1 + 0.427l2 + 0.00666l3
0.5
(D.16)
C, paragraph C.6.1.
gb

D.2.3.3
0.5
C, paragraph C.5.2.

c.
(D.17)
The surface correction factors for surface cracks can be approximated using the results obtained for
a through-wall crack by using one of the following methods. In all of these methods, the equations for
M t are provided in paragraph D.2.3.2.
a.
Cylindrical or Spherical Shell The following is an empirical equation which does not produce
consistent results when the crack approaches a through-wall configuration, see reference
[D.14.14]. The factor C in the equation is used to define a model for the cross sectional area
. corresponds to a
of the surface crack to be included in the analysis. A value of C = 10
rectangular model and a value of C = 0.67 is used to model a parabolic shape. Experimental
results indicate that a value of C = 0.85 provides an optimum fit to experimental data [D.14. 7],
[D.14.8]. The results from this equation are usually associated with a local limit load solution;
the superscript L in the following equation designates a local limit load solution.
FG a IJ FG 1 IJ
H t KH M K
F aI
1 - CG J
HtK
1- C
M sL =
(D.18)
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b.
Cylindrical or Spherical Shell This equation is based on a lower bound limit load solution and
produces a consistent result as the crack approaches a through-wall configuration, see
reference [D.14.17].
1.
M t ( l c ) signifies that Mt is evaluated using the

equations cited for a through-wall crack with the l a shell parameter as opposed to the
l shell parameter (compare Equation (D.7) with Equation (D.20)). The results from this
equation are usually associated with a net section limit load solution; the superscript NS
In the following equation, the term
in the following equation designates a net section limit load solution.

.
M sNS =
FG
H
1
a a
1- +
t t M t (l a )
IJ
K
(D.19)
where,
la =
1818
. c
Ri a
2.
In reference [D.14.17], the crack area is idealized as an equivalent rectangle with a area
equal to the elliptical crack area. In this appendix, this approximation is not used and the
area chosen to evaluate Mt is a rectangular area based on the component thickness
and the full length of the crack. If desired, the equivalent elliptical area approximation
can be introduced into the assessment by multiplying Equation (D.20) by F 4 .
3.
Equation (D.19) is written in terms of the component thickness and maximum depth of
the flaw. If the flaw shape is characterized by a nonuniform thickness profile, Equation
(D.19) can be written in terms of areas as follows:
M sNS =
c.
(D.20)
1
1
A
A
1+
Ao Ao M t ( l a )
FG
H
IJ
K
(D.21)
The results from equations (D.18) and (D.19) are approximately the same for flaws up to
a t 0.5 . Above this value, the use of Equation (D.18) to compute M s will produce values
which significantly exceed those obtained using Equation (D.19). This will result in
conservatism in the computation of the stress intensity ratio ( Kr ), if the stress intensity factor
is a function of M s , and the load ratio ( Lr ) in the FAD assessment for a given material
toughness and yield stress. Experimental results indicate that Equation (D.19) produces
consistent results for a t > 0.5 . Therefore, Equation (D.19) is recommended for use to
compute the stress intensity factor (numerator in
Kr ) factor and reference stress (numerator
in Lr) unless additional conservatism is desired in the assessment. In summary, the following
values can be used to compute the surface correction factor:
M s = M sL
M s = M sNS
assessment based on local ligament criteria
(D.22)
assessment based on net section collapse recommended (D.23)
Jan, 2000
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D.2.4
Load Ratio and Reference Stress
D.2.4.1
The load ratio is the horizontal coordinate on the failure assessment diagram (see Section 9), and is
defined as
Pl
Ply
Lr =
D.2.4.2
(D.24)
Alternatively, the load ratio can be written in terms of a reference stress:
Lr =
I ref
(D.25)
I ys
with,
F P II
GH P JK
I ref =
(D.26)
ys
ly
D.2.4.3
This Appendix contains reference stress solutions for selected configurations. The solutions in
paragraph D.2.4.2 can be converted into a yield load solution by rearranging equation (D.26). The
limit load can be inferred by replacing the yield strength with an appropriate flow stress, see Appendix
F.
D.2.5
Plastic Collapse In The Assessment Of Crack-Like Flaws
D.2.5.1
The position of an assessment point
b K , L g on the FAD represents a particular combination of

r
flaw size, stresses and material properties. This point can be used to demonstrate whether the flaw
is acceptable and an associated in-service margin can be computed based on the location of this
point. If the flaw is unacceptable, the location of the assessment point on the FAD can indicate the
type of failure which would be expected.
a.
The failure assessment diagram can be divided into three zones as illustrated in Figure D.1. If
the assessment point lies in Zone 1, the predicted failure mode is predominantly fracture
controlled and could be associated with brittle fracture. If the assessment point lies in Zone 3,
the predicted failure mode is collapse controlled with extensive yielding resulting in large
deformations in the component. If the assessment point lies in a Zone 2 the predicted failure
mode is elastic plastic fracture.
b.
The significance of the Lr parameter in a FAD assessment can be described in terms of

crack-tip plasticity. If fracture occurs under elastic plastic conditions, the
Kr value defined by
the failure assessment line at the corresponding Lr value represents the elastic component of
the crack driving force. The limiting value of Kr reduces from unity as
Lr increases. Thus
b1- K g represents the enhancement of the crack driving force due to plasticity. Therefore,
r
the value of the Lr parameter represents a measure of the crack tip plasticity as long as the
Lr parameter is less than the maximum permitted or cut-of value (see paragraph D.2.5.2.b).
D.2.5.2
The value of
a.
Lr depends on the type of plastic collapse load solution utilized in the assessment.
Plastic collapse solutions can be defined in three ways:
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b.
1.
Local Collapse Plastic collapse of the remaining ligament adjacent to the flaw being
assessed. The reference stress solutions shown for plates in paragraphs D.3 and D.4
are based on a local collapse solutions. The reference stress solutions shown for
cylinders and spheres which utilize the plate ligament equations (see paragraph D.3)
with a surface correction factor, M s , based on a local limit load (see paragraphs D.2.3.3
and C.2.3.3 of Appendix C) are also considered to be local collapse solutions.
2.
Net Section Collapse Plastic collapse of the structural section containing the flaw. The
reference stress solutions shown for cylinders and spheres which do not utilize the plate
ligament formulas of paragraph D.3 are considered to be net section collapse solutions.
In addition, the reference stress solutions shown for cylinders and spheres which utilize
the plate ligament equations (see paragraph D.3) with a surface correction factor, M s ,
based on a global limit load (see paragraphs D.2.3.3) are also considered to be net
section collapse solutions. The reference stress solutions for bars and bolts in
paragraphs D.11 are net section collapse solutions.
3.
Gross Collapse Plastic collapse of the structure by unconstrained or gross straining

throughout the structure. This occurs when a plastic collapse mechanism is formed in
the structure and may be unaffected by the presence of the crack.
It is acceptable to use the local plastic collapse solution to determine the reference stress
when computing the value of Lr . However, this may be excessively conservative for
redundant structures. If the structure or component has degrees of redundancy, plasticity at
the cracked ligament may be contained by the surrounding structure until conditions for gross
collapse are reached. In such cases, it may be possible to use more appropriate estimates
of Lr based on modified lower bound collapse solutions which are based on the response of
the entire structure. For this approach to be adopted, it is essential to confirm by analysis that
the plasticity at the cracked section is contained sufficiently by the remaining structure, so that
the use of the standard assessment diagram gives conservative results. In ferritic steels, care
must also be exercised to ensure that local constraint conditions are not sufficient to induce
brittle fracture by a cleavage mechanism. Where global collapse can be shown to occur after
the attainment of Lr b max g the Lr b cut - off g can be extended to the value relating to global collapse
as described.
c.
If the assessment point falls outside the acceptable region, then recategorization of the flaw
being evaluated can be undertaken and a reassessment made (see Section 9). In general, the
recategorization procedures described in Section 9 will only be effective if the assessment
point falls within the elastic plastic fracture controlled zone or beyond Lr b max g (in the collapse
controlled zone).
D.2.5.3
The reference stress solutions in this appendix are based on the assessment of a single flaw.
Multiple flaws which interact should be recategorized according to Section 9. However, multiple flaws
which do not interact according to Section 9 may still effect the plastic collapse conditions, and
allowances should be made to the collapse solutions to accommodate these effects.
D.2.5.4
It is recommended that a gross collapse assessment be performed to ensure that the applied
stresses derived for local conditions do not cause failure of the structure in other regions.
a.
In many cases a simple calculation can be performed to identify the highest applied stress
condition which will result in the attainment of the flow strength on a significant cross section.
In certain structures, gross collapse may occur in regions away from the flaw being assessed
because of thinned areas, or where design conditions cause yielding of the general structure
prior to collapse of the local regions.
b.
To facilitate understanding of the relative importance of local, net section and gross collapse
loads, it is useful to calculate the minimum collapse load for regions away from the cracked
Jan, 2000
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section, as well as that involving the cracked section and determining the Lr parameter for
both conditions. The minimum ratio of the gross collapse load for regions away from the
cracked section to the local or net section collapse load at the cracked section represents a
maximum value or cut off on the Lr -axis. The cut off limit may be less than one and in such
cases the assessment diagram is effectively restricted by this cut-off. The failure assessment
diagram is generally limited at higher values of Lr to a cut-off at Lr b max g which is based on
material properties rather than structural behavior. In displacement controlled applications, the
assessment diagram may be extended beyond the Lr b max g limit to the structural cut off limit.
D.3
Reference Stress Solutions For Plates
D.3.1
Plate Through-Wall Crack, Through-Wall Membrane And Bending Stress (RPTC)
D.3.1.1
The Reference Stress is [D.14.3]:
I ref =
Pb + Pb2 + 9 Pm2
b g
0.5
(D.27)
3 1- =
where,
==
D.3.1.2
c
W
(D.28)
Notes:
a.
See Figure C.1 for the component and crack geometry.
b.
See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb .
D.3.2
Plate Surface Crack, Infinite Length, Through-Wall Fourth Order Polynomial Stress Distribution
(RPSCL1)
D.3.2.1
The Reference Stress is given by Equation (D.31) with the following definition of
==
D.3.2.2
D.3.3
=:
a
t
Notes:
a.
See Figure C.2(b) for the component and crack geometry.
b.
Plate Surface Crack, Infinite Length, Through-wall Arbitrary Stress Distribution (RPSCL2)
(D.29)
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D.3.3.1
The Reference Stress in paragrapgh D.3.2 can be used.
D.3.3.2
Notes: see paragraph D.3.2.2.
D.3.4
Plate Surface Crack, Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-wall Membrane And Bending Stress
(RPSCE1)
D.3.4.1
The Reference Stress is [D.14.3], [D.14.18]:

With bending restraint:
I ref =
b g + 9 P b1 - = g
3b1 - = g
gPb + gPb
2
m
2 0.5
(D.30)
With negligible bending restraint (e.g. pin-jointed):
I ref =
g + 9 P b1 - = g
3b1 - = g
Pb + 3 Pm= + Pb + 3 Pm=
2
m
2 0.5
(D.31)
where
FaI
g = 1 - 20G J
H 2c K
a
== t
t
1+
c
==
D.3.4.2
D.3.5
0.75
=3
(D.32)
b g
for W c + t
FG a IJ FG c IJ
H t K HWK
(D.33)
b g
for W < c + t
(D.34)
Notes:
a.
See Figure C.2(a) for the component and crack geometry.
b.
c.
The normal bending restraint solution can be obtained by setting
d.
If
g = 10
. [D.14.18].
a > c , compute g based on a 2c = 0.5 .
Plate Surface Cracks, Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth Order Polynomial Stress
Distribution (RPSCE2)
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D.3.5.1
The Reference Stress in paragraph D.3.4 can be used.
D.3.5.2
Notes: see paragraph D.3.4.
D.3.6
Plate Surface Crack, Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-wall Arbitrary Stress Distribution (RPSCE3)
D.3.6.1
D.3.6.2
Notes: see paragraph D.3.4.
D.3.7
Plate Embedded Crack, Infinite Length, Through-Wall Fourth Order Polynomial Stress Distribution
(RPECL)
D.3.7.1
L
R
P + 3 P = + Mb P + 3 P = g + 9 P Sb1 - = g
T
N
=
4
d
=
OP
L
3Mb1 - = g +
t Q
N
2
I ref
2
m
4 d=
+
t
UVOP
WQ
0.5
(D.35)
where,
d = d1 - a
==
D.3.7.2
(D.36)
2a
t
(D.37)
Notes:
a.
See Figure C.3(b) for the component and crack geometry.
b.
D.3.8
Plate Embedded Crack, Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Membrane and Bending Stress (RPECE1)
D.3.8.1
The Reference Stress is given by Equation (D.35) with following definitions of
d = d1 - a
2a
== t
t
1+
c
d and = :
(D.38)
b g
for W c + t
(D.39)
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==
D.3.8.2
FG 2a IJ FG c IJ
H t KHW K
b g
for W < c + t
(D.40)
Notes:
a.
b.
D.3.9
Plate Embedded Crack, Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth-Order Polynomial Stress Distribution
(RPECE2)
D.3.9.1
D.3.9.2
Notes:
a.
b.
D.4
Reference Stress Solutions For Plates with Holes
D.4.1
Plate With Hole Through-Wall Single Edge Crack, Through-Wall Membrane And Bending Stress
(RPHTC1)
D.4.1.1
==
D.4.1.2
=:
at
t a+t
b g
(D.41)
Notes:
a.
b.
D.4.2
Plate With Hole Through-Wall Double Edge Crack, Through-Wall Membrane And Bending Stress
(RPHTC2)
D.4.2.1
==
D.4.2.2
2at
t 2a + t
Notes:
a.
=:
(D.42)
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b.
D.4.3
Plate With Hole Surface Crack, Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Membrane Stress (RPHSC1)
D.4.3.1
The Reference Stress is:
L
R
3 P = + Mb3 P = g + 9 P Sb1 - = g
T
N
=
4 d= O
L
3Mb1 - = g +
t PQ
N
2
I ref
2
m
4 d=
+
t
UVOP
WQ
0.5
(D.43)
where,
D.4.3.2
d = t -c
(D.44)
2c
== t
t
1+
a
(D.45)
Notes:
a.
b.
See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm .
D.4.4
Plate With Hole, Corner Crack, Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Membrane and Bending Stress
(RPHSC2)
D.4.4.1
==
D.4.4.2
2ac
t 2a + t
=:
(D.46)
Notes:
a.
b.
D.5
Reference Stress Solutions For Cylinders
D.5.1
Cylinder Through-Wall Crack, Longitudinal Direction, Through-Wall Membrane and Bending Stress
(RCTCL)
D-14
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.5.1.1
The Reference Stress is [D.14.1], [D.14.3]:
I ref =
D.5.1.2
Pb + Pb2 + 9 M t Pm
qj
2 0.5
(D.47)
Notes:
a.
b.
See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb . For internal pressure loading:
PRi
t
Pm =
(D.48)
LM
MN
FG IJ
H K
pR
t 3 t
Pb = 2 o 2
Ro - Ri Ri 2 Ri
c.
See paragraph D.2.3 to determine
FG IJ OP
H K PQ
9 t
+
5 Ri
(D.49)
M t for a through-wall crack in a cylinder.
D.5.2
Cylinder Through-Wall Crack, Circumferential Direction, Through-Wall Membrane and Bending

Stress (RCTCC1)
D.5.2.1
I ref =
l qj
Pb + Pb2 + 9 ZPm
2 0.5
(D.50)
where,
Z=
c
h
b2 - J gR t b2= - G g
(D.51)
t
Ro
(D.52)
F Ro2 - Ri2
o
J=
FG sin G IJ
H 2K
= = arccos
(D.53)
c
Rm
(D.54)
G=
D.5.2.2
Notes:
a.
Jan, 2000
D-15
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
b.
See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb . For internal pressure with a net section
axial force:
Pm =
pRi2
F
+
2
2
2
Ro - Ri F Ro - Ri2
(D.55)
Pb = 0.0
(D.56)
D.5.3
Cylinder Through-Wall Crack, Circumferential Direction, Pressure With Net Section Axial Force and
Bending Moment (RCTCC2)
D.5.3.1
I ref =
LM
MN 2I
OP
PQ
M
I ys
2
3
ys Rm t 2 cos > - sin G - 2 pRm cos >
(D.57)
where,
F
2
>=
2I ys Rmt - pRm2
I ys RmtG +
G=
D.5.3.2
(D.58)
c
Rm
(D.59)
Notes:
a.
b.
If the net-section bending moment is zero, the solution in paragraph D.5.2. must be used.
D.5.4
Cylinder Surface Crack, Longitudinal Direction Infinite Length, Internal Pressure (RCSCLL1)
D.5.4.1
The Reference Stress [D.14.1], [D.14.3]:
I ref =
Pb + Pb2 + 9 M s Pm
3
2 0.5
(D.60)
where,
Ms =
D.5.4.2
Notes:
10
.
10
. -
a
t
(D.61)
D-16
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
a.
b.
See paragraph D.5.1.2.b for determination of Pm and Pb .
D.5.5
Cylinder Surface Crack, Longitudinal Direction Infinite Length, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCSCLL2)
D.5.5.1
D.5.5.2 Notes: see paragraph C.5.4.2.
D.5.6
Cylinder Surface Crack, Longitudinal Direction Infinite Length, Through-wall Arbitrary Stress
Distribution (RCSCLL3)
D.5.6.1
D.5.6.2 Notes: see paragraph C.5.4.2.
D.5.7
Cylinder Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Pressure With Net Section Axial
Force And Bending Moment (RCSCCL1)
D.5.7.1
I ref
FG
H
Mr
M r2
2
=
+ Nr +
2
4
IJ
K
0.5
(D.62)
For an inside surface crack
Nr =
Pm Ro2 - Ri2
Ro2 - Ri + a
(D.63)
LM
MN
3F
Ro4 - Ri4
16 Ro4 - Ro Ri + a
M r = Pbg
OP
g PQ
3
(D.64)
For an outside surface crack
Nr =
Pm Ro2 - Ri2
b R - ag - R
OP
3F L
R -R
=P
M
16 MN R b R - a g - R PQ
2
2
i
Mr
4
o
bg
4
i
3
4
i
(D.65)
(D.66)
Jan, 2000
D-17
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.5.7.2
Notes:
a.
b.
Pm and Pb are determined using the following equations:
Pm =
Pbg =
pRi2
F
+
2
2
2
F Ro - Ri2
Ro - Ri
h c
MRo
0.25F Ro4 - Ri4
(D.67)
(D.68)
D.5.8
Cylinder Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCSCCL2)
D.5.8.1
I ref =
l qj
Pb + Pb2 + 9 ZPm
2 0.5
(D.69)
where,
L F 2 - 2J + xJ IJ OP
Z = M1 - x G
N H 2 -J KQ
D.5.8.2
-1
(D.70)
J=
t
Ro
(D.71)
x=
a
t
(D.72)
Notes:
a.
b.
D.5.9
Cylinder Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Through-wall Arbitrary Stress
Distribution (RCSCCL3)
D.5.9.1
D.5.9.2
Notes: see paragragh D.5.8.2.
D-18
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.5.10
Cylinder Surface Crack, Longitudinal Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Internal Pressure

(RCSCLE1)
D.5.10.1 The Reference Stress is [D.14.3], [D.14.6]:
I ref =
b g + 9b M P g
gPb + gPb
2 0.5
s m
(D.73)
g is given by Equation (D.32) with the following definition of = :
where
a
== t
t
1+
c
(D.74)
D.5.10.2 Notes:
D.5.11
a.
b.
c.
M s for a surface crack in a cylinder.
Cylinder Surface Crack, Longitudinal Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCSCLE2)
D.5.11.1 The Reference Stress in paragraph D.5.10.1 can be used.

D.5.11.2 Notes: see paragrapgh C.5.10.2.
D.5.12
Cylinder Surface Crack, Longitudinal Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-wall Arbitrary

Stress Distribution (RCSCLE3)

D.5.12.2 Notes: see paragrapgh C.5.10.2.
D.5.13
Cylinder Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Internal Pressure and
Net-Section Axial Force (RCSCCE1)
D.5.13.1 The Reference Stress is [D.14.2]:
I ref =
where,
l qj
Pb + Pb2 + 9 ZPm
3
2 0.5
(D.75)
Jan, 2000
D-19
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pm =
pRi2
F
+
2
2
2
Ro - Ri F Ro - Ri2
(D.76)
Pb = 0.0
(D.77)
L 2= - xG FG 2 - 2J + xJ IJ OP
Z=M
N F F H 2 -J KQ
= = arccosb A sin G g
L b1 - J gb2 - 2J + xJ g + b1 - J + xJ g OP
A = xM
MN 2m1 + b2 - J gb1 - J gr PQ
-1
(D.78)
(D.79)
(D.80)
J=
t
Ro
(D.81)
x=
a
t
(D.82)
G=
Fc
4 Ri
for an internal crack
(D.83)
G=
Fc
4 Ro
for an external crack
(D.84)
D.5.13.2 Notes:
D.5.14
a.
b.
This solution can be used for any applied through-wall stress distribution if paragraph D.2.2.3
is used to determine of Pm and Pb .
Cylinder Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth

Order Polynomial Stress Distribution With Net Section Bending Stress (RCSCCE2)
I ref =
where,
a
F
I
2 R t G 2 sin > - sin G J
H
K
t
2
m
(D.85)
D-20
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
>=
If
LM FG IJ FG a IJ - b P + P g OP
MN H K H t K I PQ
F
G
1F
2
(D.86)
ys
G=
Fc
4 Ri
for an internal crack
(D.87)
G=
Fc
4 Ro
for an external crack
(D.88)
bG + > g > F ,
I ref =
M
a
2 Rm2 t 2 - I ys sin >
t
FG
H
IJ
K
(D.89)
where,
F
GH
F 1>=
P + Pb
a
- m
t
I ys
a
2t
gIJ
K
(D.90)
D.5.14.2 Notes:
D.5.15
a.
b.
c.
The inclusion of the term Pb in Equation (C.90) will produce conservative results.
d.
If the net section bending moment is zero, the solution in paragraph D.5.13 can be used with
F = 0.0 and Pb equal to the value determined in subparagraph b above.
Cylinder Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-wall Arbitrary

Stress Distribution (RCSCCE3)

D.5.15.2 Notes:
a.
b.
Jan, 2000
D-21
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.5.16
Cylinder Embedded Crack, Longitudinal Direction Infinite Length, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCECLL)
D.5.16.1 The Reference Stress in paragraph D.3.7 can be used.

D.5.16.2 Notes:
D.5.17
a.
b.
Cylinder Embedded Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCECCL)

D.5.17.2 Notes:
D.5.18
a.
b.
Cylinder Embedded Crack, Longitudinal Direction Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCECLE)
D.5.18.1 The Reference Stress is given by Equation (D.35) with the following definitions for
d and = :
d = d1 - a
(D.91)
2a
== t
t
1+
c
(D.92)
D.5.18.2 Notes:
D.5.19
a.
b.
Cylinder Embedded Crack, Circumferential Direction Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RCECCE)

D.5.19.2 Notes:
a.
D-22
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
b.
D.6
Reference Stress Solutions For Spheres
D.6.1
Sphere Through-Wall Crack, Through-Wall Membrane and Bending Stress (RSTC)
D.6.1.1
The Reference Stress solution in paragraph D.5.1. can be used.
D.6.1.2
Notes:
a.
b.
See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb . For internal pressure loading only:
2
pR
Pm = 2 i 2
Ro - Ri
3
(D.93)
LM F I F I
MN GH JK GH JK
3 t
3 t
pR
Pb = 3 o 3
2 Ri
Ro - Ri 4 Ri
c.
FG IJ OP
H K PQ
9 t
+
4 Ri
(D.94)
M t for a through-wall crack in a sphere.
D.6.2
Sphere Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Internal Pressure (RSSCCL1)
D.6.2.1
D.6.2.2
Notes:
a.
b.
c.
M s for a surface crack in a sphere.
D.6.3
Sphere Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RSSCCL2)
D.6.3.1
D.6.3.2
D.6.4
Sphere Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Through-wall Arbitrary Fourth
Order Polynomial Stress Distribution (RSSCCL3)
Jan, 2000
D-23
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.6.4.1
D.6.4.2
D.6.5
Sphere Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Internal Pressure

(RSSCCE1)
D.6.5.1
The Reference Stress in paragraph D.5.10. can be used.
D.6.5.2
Notes:
a.
b.
c.
M s for a surface crack in a sphere.
D.6.6
Sphere Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth

Order Polynomial Stress Distribution (RSSCCE2)
D.6.6.1
D.6.6.2
D.6.7
Sphere Surface Crack, Circumferential Direction Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-wall Arbitrary

Stress Distribution (RSSCCE3)
D.6.7.1
D.6.7.2
D.6.8
Sphere Embedded Crack, Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RSECCL)
D.6.8.1
D.6.8.2
Notes:
a.
b.
D.6.9
Sphere Embedded Crack, Circumferential Direction Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall Fourth Order
Polynomial Stress Distribution (RSECCE)
D.6.9.1
D-24
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.6.9.2
D.7
Notes:
a.
b.
Reference Stress Solutions For Elbows And Pipe Bends

The reference stress solutions for cylinders can be used for elbows and pipe bends if the equivalent
membrane and bending stress at the location of the crack is determined considering the bend
geometry and applied loads. A discussion regarding the stress analysis for elbows is provided in
Appendix C, paragraph C.7.
D.8
Reference Stress Solutions For Nozzles And Piping Tees
D.8.1
Nozzle Corner Crack, Radial Direction, Quarter-Circular Shape, Membrane Stress At The Corner
(RNCC1)
D.8.1.1
I ref
F 2.5t + lq - r qt I
=PG
H 2.5t + lq - r qt - 0.25Fa JK
2
n
2
n
(D.95)
where,
q = max 2rn , rn + t n + t
rn =
D.8.1.2
dn - tn
2
(D.96)
(D.97)
Notes:
a.
See Figure C.25 (Crack labeled G) and Figure C.26 for the component and crack geometry.
b.
Pm is the primary membrane stress at the nozzle, the effects of the stress concentration are
neglected in the calculation of the reference stress because this stress is localized.
D.8.2
Nozzle Corner Crack, Radial Direction, Quarter-Circular Shape, Cubic Polynomial Stress
Distribution (RNCC2)
D.8.2.1
The Reference Stress is computed using equations in paragraph D.8.2 with an equivalent membrane
stress.
D.8.2.2
Notes:
a.
See Figure C.25 (Crack labeled G) and Figure C.26 for the component and crack geometry.
Jan, 2000
D-25
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
b.
D.8.3
See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm .
Surface Cracks At Nozzles General Solution

The reference stress solutions shown below can be used for nozzles if the equivalent membrane and
bending stress at the location of the crack is determined considering the nozzle geometry and applied
loads. A discussion regarding the stress analysis for nozzles is provided in Appendix C, paragraph
C.8.
Nozzle Neck or Branch (see Figure C.25)
Crack A Use KCTCC1, KCTCC2, KCSCCL3, KCSCCE3, KCECCL or KCECCE
Crack B Use KCTCL, KCSCLL3, KCSCLE3, KCECLL or KCECLE
Shell or Run Pipe (see Figure C.25)
Crack D & F Use KPTC, KPSCE3, KPECL, or KPECE2
Crack E & C Use KPTC, KPSCE3, KPECL, or KPECE2
Crack G Use the solutions in paragraph D.8
D.9
Reference Stress Solutions For Ring-Stiffened Cylinders
D.9.1
Ring-Stiffened Cylinder Internal Ring, Surface Crack At The Toe Of One Fillet Weld,
Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Pressure Loading (RRCSCCL1)
D.9.1.1
The Reference Stress in paragraph D.5.8 can be used with an equivalent membrane and bending
stress.
D.9.1.2
Notes:
a.
b.
See paragraph A.8.3 of Appendix A for determination of the equivalent membrane stress, Pm,
and bending stress, Pb based on the stress results at the inside and outside surface, or
Pm =
Pb =
D.9.2
I s , ID + I s ,OD
2
I s , ID - I s ,OD
2
Ring-Stiffened Cylinder Internal Ring, Surface Crack At The Toe Of Both Fillet Welds,
Circumferential Direction 360 Degrees, Pressure Loading (RRCSCCL2)
(D.98)
(D.99)
D-26
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.9.2.1
The Reference Stress in paragraph D.5.8 can be used with an equivalent membrane and bending
stress.
D.9.2.2
D.10
Reference Stress Solutions For Sleeve Reinforced Cylinders

The reference stress solutions shown below can be used for sleeve reinforced cylinders if the stress
at the location of the crack is determined considering the actual component geometry and applied
loads. A discussion regarding the stress analysis is provided for sleeve reinforced cylinders in
Cracks At Sleeve Reinforced Cylinders (see Figure C.28)
Crack A Use KCTCC1, KCTCC2, KCSCCL3, KCSCCE3, KCECCL or KCECCE
Crack B Use KCTCL, KCSCLL3, KCSCLE3, KCECLL or KCECLE
D.11
Reference Stress Solutions for Round Bars and Bolts
D.11.1
Round Bar, Surface Crack 360 Degrees, Membrane and Bending Stress (RBSCL)
D.11.1.1 The Reference Stress is:
I ref
FG
H
M
M2
= r + N r2 + r
2
4
IJ
K
0.5
(D.100)
where,
Nr =
Pm Ro2
b R - ag
OP
R
3F L
=P
M
16 MN R b R - a g PQ
2
(D.101)
Mr
4
o
bg
(D.102)
D.11.1.2 Notes:
a.
b.
The primary membrane and global bending stresses are computed using the following
equations:
Pm =
F
FRo2
(D.103)
Jan, 2000
D-27
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pbg =
D.11.2
4M
FRo3
(D.104)
Round Bar Surface Crack, Straight Front, Membrane and Bending Stress (RBSCS)
I ref =
FPm
F 1
+ sin 2 > + >
2 2
3FPgb
(D.105)
16M
where,
> = arcsin
FG R - a IJ
H R K
o
(D.106)
F a IJ
M = 10002
.
- 3.9927G
H 2R K
o
1.5
FG a IJ
+ 58491
.
H 2R K
2 .5
F a IJ
- 2.8550G
H 2R K
(D.107)
D.11.2.2 Notes:
D.11.3
a.
For the component and crack geometry see Figure C.30.
b.
The primary membrane and global bending stresses can computed using the equations in
paragrapgh D.11.2.b.
Round Bar, Surface Crack, Semi-Circular, Membrane and Bending Stress (RBSCC)

D.11.3.2 Notes:
D.11.4
a.
b.
The semi-elliptical flaw is evaluated as an equivalent to a straight front flaw.
Bolt, Surface Crack, Semi-Circular or Straight Front Shape, Membrane and Bending Stress (RBSC)
D.11.4.1 The Reference Stress in paragraph D.11.2 can be used by replacing Ro with Rth.
D.11.4.2 Notes:
a.
b.
The solution applies to a semi-circular or straight front surface crack.
D-28
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.12
Reference Stress Solutions For Cracks At Fillet Welds
D.12.1
Cracks at Fillet Welds Surface Crack At A Tee Joint, Semi-Elliptical Shape, Through-Wall
Membrane and Bending Stress (KFWSCE1)
D.12.1.1 The Reference Stress in paragraph D.3.4 can be used with an equivalent membrane and bending
stress.
D.12.1.2 Notes:
D.12.2
a.
b.
Cracks at Fillet Welds of Tee Junctions In Pressurized Components General Solution

The reference stress solutions shown below can be used for cracks at fillet welds in pressure
containing components if the stress at the location of the crack is determined considering the actual
component geometry and applied loads. A discussion regarding the stress analysis is provided in
Cracks At Fillet Welds of Tee Junctions In Pressurized Components (see Figure C.32)
D.13
Flat Plate Tee Junctions Use RPTC, RPSCE3, RPECL, or RPECE2
Longitudinal Tee Junctions in Cylinders Use RCTCL, RCSCLL3, RCSCLE3, RCECLL or

RCECLE
Circumferential Tee Junctions in Cylinders Use RCTCC1, RCTCC2, RCSCCL3, RCSCCE3,

RCECCL or RCECCE
Circumferential Tee Junctions in Spheres Use RSTC, RSSCCL3, RSECCL or RSECCE
Reference Stress Solutions For Cracks In Clad Or Weld Overlayed Plates And Shells
The reference stress solutions in this appendix can be use to evaluate clad or weld overlayed plate
and shell components. A discussion regarding the stress analysis for clad and weld overlayed plate
and shell components is provided in Appendix C, paragraph C.13.
D.14
References
D.14.1
Miller, A.G., Review of Limit Loads of Structures Containing Defects, International Journal of
Pressure Vessels & Piping, Vol. 32, 1988.
D.14.2
Zahoor, A., "Ductile Fracture Handbook", Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1989.
Jan, 2000
D-29
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
D.14.3
Willoughby, A.A. and Davey, T.G., Plastic Collapse in Part-Wall Flaws in Plates,Fracture
Mechanics: Perspectives and Directions (Twentieth Symposium), ASTM STP 1020, R.P. Wei and
R.P. Gangloff, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1989, pp. 390-409.
D.14.4
Bamford, W.H., Landerman, E.I., and Diaz, E., Thermal Analysis of Cast Stainless Steel, and its
Impact on Piping Integrity, Circumferential Cracks in Pressure vessels and Piping Vol. II, ASME
PVP Vol. 95, G.M. Wilkowski, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1984, pp. 137-172.
D.14.5
Bergman, M., Bjorn, B., Dahlberg, L., Nilsson, F., and Sattari-Far, I., A Procedure For Safety
Assessment of Components with Cracks Handbook, SA/FoU-Report 91/01, The Swedish Plant
Inspectorate, Stockholm, Sweden, December, 1991.
D.14.6
BSI, Draft Revision to PD6493 Fracture Assessment, TWI, March, 1996.
D.14.7
Kiefner, J.F. and Vieth, P.H., Project PR 3-805, A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining
Strength of Corroded Pipe, Battelle Report to the Pipeline Committee of the American Gas
Association, 1989.
D.14.8
Stephens, D.R., Krishnaswamy, P, Mohan, R., Osage, D.A., Sims, J.R., and Wilkowski, G., A
Review of Analysis Methods and Acceptance Criteria for Local Thinned Areas in Piping and Piping
Components, 1997 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Orlando, Florida, July, 1997.
D.14.9
Green, D. and Knowles, J., The Treatment of Residual Stress in Fracture Assessment of Pressure
Vessels, ASME, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 116, November 1994, pp. 345-352.
D.14.10 Folias, E.S., On the Effect of Initial Curvature on Cracked Sheets, International Journal of Fracture
Mechanics, Vol. 5, No. 4, December, 1969, pp. 327-346.
D.14.11 Sih, G.C., Handbook of Stress Intensity Factors, Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics, Lehigh
University, Bethlehem, Pa.
D.14.12 Kramer, G.S., Wilkowski, G.M., and Maxey, W.A., Flaw Tolerance of Spiral Welded Pipe, Battelle
NG-18 Report No. 154, January, 1987.
D.14.13 Kiefner, J.F. and Vieth, P.H., Project PR 3-805, A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining
Strength of Corroded Pipe, Battelle Report to the Pipeline Committee of the American Gas
Association, 1989.
D.14.14 Eiber, R.J., Maxey, W.A., Duffy, A.R., and Atterbury, T.J., Investigation of the Initiation and Extent of
Ductile Pipe Rupture, Battelle Report Task 17, June, 1971.
D.14.15 Murakami, Y., Stress Intensity Factors Handbook, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1987, pp. 1356-1358.
D.14.16 Tada, H., Paris, P.c. and Irwin, G.R, The Stress Analysis Of Cracks Handbook Second Edition,
Paris Productions Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, 1985.
D.14.17 Chell,G.G, Application of the CEGB Failure Assessment Procedure, R6, to Surface Flaws, Fracture
Mechanics: Twenty-First Symposium, ASTM STP 1074, J.P. Gudas, J.A. Joyce, and E.M. Hackett,
Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1990, pp. 525-544.
D.14.18 Sattari-Far, I., Finite Element Analysis of Limit Loads For Surface Cracks in Plates, Int. J. Pres. Ves.
& Piping, 57, 1994, pp. 237-243.
D.15
Tables and Figures
D-30
Jan, 2000
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure D.1
Failure Regions On The Failure Assessment Diagram
1.6
Zone 1
Fracture (Elastic)
Controlled
1.4
1.2
Unacceptable
Region
Kr
1.0
Zone 2
Fracture (Elastic-Plastic)
And Collapse Controlled
0.8
0.6
Acceptable
Region
0.4
0.2
Zone 3
Collapse Controlled
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Lr
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Lr(max)

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APPENDIX D Compendium of Reference Stress Solutions

The following symbols defined below are used in this appendix.

Crack depth parameter (mm:in),

Surface correction factor for a through-wall crack,

Primary stress component being evaluated,

Equivalent primary membrane stress for a stress component,

Equivalent primary bending stress for a stress component,

Generalized loading parameter, such as applied stress, bending moment or pressure,

like flaw at the yield stress,

Through-Wall primary bending stress component (MPa:psi),

Uniform coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),

Linear coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),

Quadratic coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),

Third order coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),

Fourth order coefficient for polynomial primary stress distribution (MPa:psi),

Net-section primary bending stress about the x-axis (MPa:psi),

Net-section primary bending stress about the y-axis (MPa:psi),

Cylinder inside radius (mm:in),

Cylinder mean radius (mm:in),

Cylinder, round bar, or bolt outside radius, as applicable (mm:in),

Root Radius of a threaded bolt (mm:in),

Yield stress (MPa:psi), see Appendix F.

Surface Correction Factor

Cylindrical shell Longitudinal through-wall crack

for l > 9.1

M t = max Amm + Amb , Amm - Amb

Upper bound expression from reference [D.14.14]:

Approximate expression from references [D.14.12] and [D.14.13]:

Cylindrical shell Circumferential through-wall crack

Spheres Circumferential through-wall crack

Approximate expression [D.14.16]:

M t = max Amm + Amb , Amm - Amb

M t = max Amm + Amb , Amm - Amb

M t ( l c ) signifies that Mt is evaluated using the

in the following equation designates a net section limit load solution.

Kr ) factor and reference stress (numerator

assessment based on local ligament criteria

assessment based on net section collapse recommended (D.23)

Load Ratio and Reference Stress

Alternatively, the load ratio can be written in terms of a reference stress:

Plastic Collapse In The Assessment Of Crack-Like Flaws

The position of an assessment point

b K , L g on the FAD represents a particular combination of

The significance of the Lr parameter in a FAD assessment can be described in terms of

Plastic collapse solutions can be defined in three ways:

Gross Collapse Plastic collapse of the structure by unconstrained or gross straining

Reference Stress Solutions For Plates

Plate Through-Wall Crack, Through-Wall Membrane And Bending Stress (RPTC)

The Reference Stress is [D.14.3]:

See Figure C.1 for the component and crack geometry.

See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb .

See Figure C.2(b) for the component and crack geometry.

See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb .

The Reference Stress in paragrapgh D.3.2 can be used.

Notes: see paragraph D.3.2.2.

The Reference Stress is [D.14.3], [D.14.18]:

With negligible bending restraint (e.g. pin-jointed):

See Figure C.2(a) for the component and crack geometry.

See paragraph D.2.2.3 for determination of Pm and Pb .

The normal bending restraint solution can be obtained by setting

a > c , compute g based on a 2c = 0.5 .

The Reference Stress in paragraph D.3.4 can be used.

Notes: see paragraph D.3.4.