Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Tony Siebert
Anders Troedson
Stephan Ebner
Member, IEEE
ABB Automation, Inc
P.O. Box 372P.O.
Milwaukee, WI 53201
USA
Member, IEEE
ABB Automation, Inc
Box 372
Milwaukee, WI 53201
USA
Member, IEEE
ABB Industrie AG
CH- 5300 Turgi
Switzerland
Agenda
Introduction
System Design Factors
Technology Assessment
Technology Comparison
Innovative Information Technology (IT) support
Conclusions
-2-
Rectifier History
1902 Invention of Semiconductor Diode (Crystal type)
1947 Invention of Transistor
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Contact Rectifier
Rectifier History
Introduction of Thyristor Technology
Introduction of Diode Technology
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Thyristor Rectifier
-4-
Diode Rectifier
2000
Rectifier History
Ongoing Development of Thyristor Rectifier Technology
Ongoing Development of Diode Rectifier Technology
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
2 Thyristor Rectifier
-5-
3 Thyristor Rectifier
4 Thyristor Rectifier
1990
2000
Rectifier History
Introduction of IGCT Technology
Introduction of GTO Technology
Introduction of IGBT Technology
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
-7-
System reliability
System efficiency
Reparability and diagnostics
Footprint and mechanical dimension
Process Ratings
-8-
Technology Assessment
Diode
Thyristor
Diode and DC/DC Converter
(Chopper)
Active Rectifier
-9-
6 puls circuit
6 puls circuit
LOAD
- 10 -
LOAD
t [seconds]
T *)
Step of current setpoint
Step of OLTC
Diode Rectifiers
24-Pulse Diode Rectifier
+7.5
- 12 -
Simplest Technology
Longest use
Used with On-Load-Tap-Changers
Used with saturable core reactors
(amplistats, voltage controlled reactors)
-7.5
Load
6 puls circuit
6 puls circuit
LOAD
- 13 -
LOAD
t [milliseconds]
T *)
Step of current setpoint
Thyristor Rectifiers
24-Pulse Thyristor Rectifier
+7.5
Load
Simple Technology
Widely Used
Can be used with On-Load-TapChangers
Relatively fast control of current
-7.5
- 15 -
6 puls circuit
LOAD
- 16 -
T off
Idc
[kA]
Tmod 2)
T 1)
Step of current setpoint
t [milliseconds]
Newer Technology
Relatively entering into Market
Merging of older (diode) and new
technology
Fast control of current
-7.5
- 18 -
6 puls circuit
LOAD
- 19 -
T off
Idc
[kA]
Tmod 2)
T 1)
Step of current setpoint
t [milliseconds]
- 21 -
Diode
Thyristor
Chopper
Active Rectifier
Seldom
Standard
Seldom
Future
Standard
Seldom
Not Acceptable
Distant Future
Seldom
Future
Graphitizing Furnace
Standard
Seldom
Future
Future
Zinc Electrolysis
Standard
Seldom
Future
Future
Copper Refining
Seldom
Standard
Seldom
Future
Traction Substation
Standard
Seldom
Future
Distant Future
Standard
Seldom
Not Applicable
Seldom
Standard
Seldom
Not Applicable
Seldom
- 22 -
Technology Share
Technology Share of Units > 10 kA
100%
90%
80%
70%
Chopper
Thyristor
Diode
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
- 23 -
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
0%
Technology Comparison
- 24 -
Power Factor
Efficiency
Harmonic Distortion
Reliability / Availability / Service Support
Space Requirements
System Cost
U Range
75 %
Chlorine
Zinc
50 %
Aluminium
Copper
25 %
I Range
- 25 -
100 %
Id
Power Factor
0.9600
0.9500
0.9400
0.9300
0.9200
0.9100
0.9000
0.8900
0.8800
Diode / DB
Thyristor / DB
10
11
Transformer Impedance
- 26 -
12
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
Ud
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
Id
0.45
0.40
250.00
Diode OLTC
- 27 -
300.00
Thyristor OLTC
350.00
Thyristor Uncompensated
400.00
Ud [V]
450.00
Thyristor Compensated
- 28 -
Diode
Thyristor
Diode and Chopper
Active Rectifier
Good
Low
Good
Best
Efficiency
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
0
200
400
- 29 -
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Voltage
AC-Power (12p-Transformer)
Power Factor without correction
Compensation up to PF=0.93
Compensation up to PF=0.98
Losses
Transformer (including harmonics)
Rectifier
Chopper
Line Filter (for PF=0.93)
Total
Relative Difference
Efficiency (for Components considered)
- 30 -
DC-Voltage:
DC-Current:
DC-Power:
500 V
70 kA
35 MW
Diode
System
39 MVA
0.91
3 MVAR
10 MVAR
Thyristor
System
41 MVA
0.86
8 MVAR
15 MVAR
Chopper
System
38 MVA
0.93
7 MVAR
430 kW
183 kW
450 kW
192 kW
400 kW
170 kW
250 kW
56 kW
669 kW
-151 kW
0.981
84 kW
726 kW
-94 kW
0.980
820 kW
0 kW
0.977
AC-Power (12p-Transformer)
Power Factor without correction
Compensation up to PF=0.93
Compensation up to PF=0.98
Losses
Transformer (including harmonics)
Rectifier
Chopper
Line Filter (for PF=0.93)
Total
Relative Difference
Efficiency (for Components considered)
- 31 -
DC-Voltage:
DC-Current:
DC-Power:
440 V
50 kA
22 MW
Diode
System
25 MVA
0.90
3 MVAR
10 MVAR
Thyristor
System
34 MVA
0.65
8 MVAR
15 MVAR
Chopper
System
24 MVA
0.93
7 MVAR
240 kW
105 kW
260 kW
120 kW
170 kW
100 kW
250 kW
56 kW
401 kW
-119 kW
0.982
84 kW
464 kW
-56 kW
0.979
520 kW
0.977
Efficiency Comparison
- 32 -
Diode
Thyristor
Diode and Chopper
Active Rectifier
High
Medium - High
Low
Medium - Low
Harmonic Comparison
20 kA, 200 V DC, 6 Pulse Rectifier
D i o d e a n d C h o p p e r ( 0 d e g r e e s ) a n d Thyristor
(variable d e p e n d i n g o n o u t p u t D C v o l t a g e )
16
14
12
10
AC Current in [kA]
8
6
4
2
0
0o
10o
20o
30o
40o
50o
60o
- 33 -
11
13
60o
17
19
23 25
Harmonic Number
40o
29
31
20o
35
37
41
0o
43
47
Harmonic Comparison
- 34 -
Diode
Thyristor
Diode and Chopper
Active Rectifier
Good
Lower
Good
Best
Reliability Comparison
Based Upon Component Count of
Rectifier Devices
- 35 -
Diode
Thyristor
Diode and Chopper
Active Rectifier
High
High
Low
Medium
- 36 -
Diode
Thyristor
Diode and Chopper
Active Rectifier
Low
Medium
High
High
Diode Rectifier
Thyristor Rectifier
Diode & Chopper
Active Rectifier
105%
100%
124%
115%
- 37 -
Space Comparison
Diode
Thyristor
Average
Larger
- 38 -
Larger
Average
Conclusions
Considerations
Total System Requirements
Future Provision of System
Requirements
Customers Experience / Background
Technology comparison for exact
project
All Technologies Will continue for near
future
- 39 -
- Thank You -