Descriptive text type[edit]

something/someone is like

Based on perception in space. Impressionistic of landscapes or

persons are often to be found in narratives such as novels or short
stories. Example: About fifteen miles below Monterey, on the wild

waters of the ocean...

relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully

chosen adjectives and adverbs.

coast, the Sido family had their farm, a few sloping acres above the
cliff that dropped to the brown reefs and to the hissing white

aims to show rather than tell the reader what

is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add

something to the main purpose of the description.

Purpose
Description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid

Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create

impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to:

describe a special place and explain why it is special

describe the most important person in your life.

Descriptive writing is usually used to help a writer develop an

aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere
or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of
characters, places, objects etc.

sensory description - what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted.

images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the
acrid smell of rotting flesh.

strong development of the experience that "puts the reader

there" focuses on key details, powerful verbs and
precise nouns.

Narrative text type[edit]

Based on perception in time. Narration is the telling of a story; the

Features

succession of events is given in chronological order.

Description is a style of writing which can be useful for a variety of

Purpose

purposes:

to engage a reader's attention

to create characters

to set a mood

Language

The basic purpose of narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold a

readers' interest. However narratives can also be written to teach
or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions e.g. soap operas and
television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. Narratives
sequence people/characters in time and place but differ from
recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or
more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved.
The common structure or basic plan of narrative text is known as

the "story grammar". Although there are numerous variations of

Characters with defined personalities/identities.

Dialogue often included - tense may change to the present

the story grammar, the typical elements are:

Setting when and where the story occurs.

Characters the most important people or characters in

the story.

Conflict/goal the focal point around which the whole story

is organized.

Events one or more attempts by the main character(s) to

achieve the goal or solve the problem.

Descriptive language to create images in the reader's mind

and enhance the story.

Structure
Initiating event an action or occurrence that establishes a
problem and/or goal.

or the future.

Resolution the outcome of the attempts to achieve the

goal

The graphic representation of these story grammar elements is

called a story map. The exact form and complexity of a map
depends, of course, upon the unique structure of each narrative
and the personal preference of the teacher constructing the map.

In a Traditional Narrative the focus of the text is on a series of

actions:
Orientation
(Introduction) in which the characters, setting, and time of
the story are established. Usually answers who? When?
Where? E.g. Mr. Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark
gloomy night.
Complication or problem
The complication usually involves the main character(s)
(often mirroring the complications in real life).
Resolution
There needs to be a resolution of the complication. The
complication may be resolved for better or worse/happily or
unhappily. Sometimes there are a number of complications

Types of Narrative

that have to be resolved. These add and sustain interest and

There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual

suspense for the reader.

or a combination of both. They may include fairy

Further more, when there is plan for writing narrative

stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror

texts, the focus should be on the following

stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical

characteristics:

narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience.

Features

Plot: What is going to happen?

Setting: Where will the story take place? When will

Eleanor, by Barbara Cooney

the story take place?

A fable is a story that teaches a moral or a lesson. It often has

animal characters.

Characterization: Who are the main characters?

What do they look like?

Structure: How will the story begin? What will be the

problem? How is the problem going to be resolved?

Theme: What is the theme / message the writer is

The Tortoise and the Hare

Fantasy novels are often set in worlds much different from our own
and usually include magic, sorcery and mythical creature.
The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling

Expository text type[edit]

A folktale is a story that has been passed down, usually orally,

within a culture. It may be based on superstition and feature
supernatural characters. Folktales include fairy tales, tall tales,
trickster tales and other stories passed down over generations.

It aims at explanation, i.e. the cognitive analysis and

Hansel and Gretel

attempting to communicate?

subsequent syntheses of complex facts. Example: An

essay on "Rhetoric: What is it and why do we study it?"
Argumentative text type[edit]
Based on the evaluation and the subsequent subjective
judgement in answer to a problem. It refers to the
reasons advanced for or against a matter.

A legend is a story that has been handed down over generations

and is believed to be based on history, though it typically mixes
fact and fiction. The hero of a legend is usually a human.
King Arthur and the Roundtable
A myth is a traditional story that a particular culture or group once
accepted as sacred and true. It may center on a god or
supernatural being and explain how something came to be, such as
lightning or music or the world itself.

Types of Literature

The Greek story of the Titan Prometheus bringing fire to humankind

Here are some of the popular categories of books and stories in

literature.

Science fiction stories examine how science and technology

affect the world. The books often involve fantasy inventions that
may be reality in the future.

An autobiography is the story of a person's life written or told by

that person.

The Left Hand of Darkness, by Ursula Le Guin

Bill Peet: An Autobiography

A biography is the story of a person's life written or told by
another person.

Types of Literature

Ancient Literature

8. Physical Matter Properties - Chemical Matter

Properties

The Historical Dictionary Project has compiled all Hebrew compositions from 9.
the Elements
post-biblical
and
eraCompounds
to the end of the
geonic period.
10. Atomic Structure
> More on Ancient Literature
Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. Biologists are interested
Medieval Literature
incarbohydrates because they serve as energy storage and as
structural frameworks within cells. Simple carbohydrates consist
The first decades of the Historical Dictionary Project were primarily devotedoftoonly
collection
analysis or
of ancient
1 or 2and
monomers,
monosaccharide's, while complex
and Haskalah literature, leaving a seven-century gap, from the eleventh to the eighteenth centuries. The
carbohydrates, or polysaccharides, are chains of monomers.
has begun to fill this lacuna.
Some types of carbohydrates are sugars, starches and cellulose.
Plants manufacture carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
> More on Medieval Literature
Fats and lipids are large organic molecules which are used for
energy storage and which make up the which make up the lipid
bi-layer
of the plasma
of cells. Lipids have
Modern Hebrew writing constitutes an important building block in the formation
of modern
spoken membrane
Hebrew.
hydrophobic
which
are composed
of chains of hydrocarbons
processes sparked by the printing revolution that continued with the creation
of Mendeletails
Mokher
Seforims
style
and culminated in the renewal of Hebrew speech, laid the foundations for aand
modern
hydrophilic
secular heads
Hebrewwhich
language.
are composed of a carboxyl group.
A lipid monomer is either glycerol and fatty acids or a steroid
core. Types of lipids include triglycerides (fats) and phospholipids
(e.g. soap).
Chemical Basis of Life
Organic compounds are compounds composed of carbon,
The time-saving online video lessons in the Chemical Basis of
hydrogen and often oxygen or nitrogen. Organic
Life unit explore the chemical building blocks of biology on the
compounds are named so because they are associated with
atomic and molecular level. Topics include:
living organisms. Several important types oforganic
compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and
1. Chemistry Carbohydrates
proteins.
Modern Hebrew Literature

2. Fats and Lipids

3. Organic Compounds
4. Hydrogen Bonds
5. Enzymes
6. Proteins
7. Nucleic Acids

A hydrogen bond is an extremely strong bond between

molecules with a Hydrogen atom bonded to a Fluorine, Oxygen
or Nitrogen atom and a molecule with a Fluorine, Oxygen or
Nitrogen atom. Hydrogen bonds are notably found between the
bases in DNA.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by

facilitating the positioning of molecules. In biochemical
pathways, sequences of enzymes form a chain of chemical
reactions. Enzymes, like all catalysts, lower the activation
energy of a reaction.
Proteins, also known as polypeptide chains, are
macromolecules of linked amino acids. Proteins are types of
organic compounds that, among other things, store energy and
form enzymes. Proteins have several levels of structure. On
their primary structural level, they resemble neat chains, while
on their tertiary level they resemble tangled messes.
Nucleic acids are long chains of monomers (nucleotides) that
function as storage molecules in a cell. Nucleotides are
composed of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
ATP, DNA and RNA are all examples of nucleic acids.
Physical matter properties include color, odor, density,
melting point, boiling point and hardness. Physical properties are
divided into intensive and extensive properties. Intensive
properties are used to identify a substance and do not depend
upon the amount of substance (density). Extensive properties
depend on the quantity of the substance (mass,
volume). Chemical matter properties include flammability and
reactivity.
Elements and compounds are differentiated by their
composition. Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances. Compounds are composed of two or more elements,
but the chemical identities and properties of these elements
change when they form a compound. Mixtures on the other hand
are composed of elements which retain their chemical identities.
The Bohr model is a simple model of atomic structure. It is now
outdated, but is still useful at the basic level. An atom has a
central core called its nucleus which contains its protons
(positively charged particles) and neutrons (neutral particles).
The Bohr model depicts electrons, tiny negatively charged
particles, as orbiting the nucleus in concentric rings,

representing energy levels. However, the electrons reside

in atomic orbitals, which are more complicated.

A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created

by polymerization of smaller subunits. In biochemistry,
macromolecules are the three conventional biopolymers (nucleic
acids, proteins, and carbohydrates),[2] as well as non-polymeric
molecules with large molecular mass such
as lipids and macrocycles. The individual constituent molecules of
polymeric macromolecules are called monomers.

The attractive or repulsive interaction between any two charged

objects is an electric force. Like any force, its effect upon objects
is described by Newton's laws of motion. The electric force - Felect joins the long list of other forces that can act upon objects.
Newton's laws are applied to analyze the motion (or lack of motion)
of objects under the influence of such a force or combination of
forces. The analysis usually begins with the construction of a freebody diagram in which the type and direction of the individual
forces are represented by vector arrows and labeled according to
type. The magnitudes of the forces are then added as vectors in
order to determine the resultant sum, also known as the net force.
The net force can then be used to determine the acceleration of the
object.

In some instances, the goal of the analysis is not to determine the

acceleration of the object. Instead, the free-body diagram is used to

Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the

motion of a fluid across the surface of a body.

determine the spatial separation or charge of two objects that are

at static equilibrium. In this case, the free-body diagram is

Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the

combined with an understanding of vector principles in order to

elements making up a solid material while it

determine some unknown quantity in the midst of a puzzle

undergoes deformation.[3]

involving geometry, trigonometry and Coulomb's law. In this last

section of Lesson 3, we will explore both types of applications of
Newton's laws to static electricity phenomenon.

When surfaces in contact move relative to each other, the friction

between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal
energy. This property can have dramatic consequences, as
illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood

The tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string,

rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from
opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the
wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the
wire.

together to start a fire. Kinetic energy is converted to thermal

energy whenever motion with friction occurs, for example when
a viscous fluid is stirred. Another important consequence of many
types of friction can be wear, which may lead to performance
degradation and/or damage to components. Friction is a component
of the science of tribology.

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces,

Friction is not itself a fundamental force. Dry friction arises from a

fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

combination of inter-surface adhesion, surface roughness, surface

[1]

deformation, and surface contamination. The complexity of these

There are several types of friction:

interactions makes the calculation of friction from first

Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two

solid surfaces in contact. Dry friction is subdivided into static

principles impractical and necessitates the use of empirical

methods for analysis and the development of theory.

friction ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic

friction between moving surfaces.
Magnetism refers to physical phenomena arising from the force

Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of

a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other.[2][3]

Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where

a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces.

[4][5][6]

between magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or repel

other objects.
All materials experience magnetism, some more strongly than
others. Permanent magnets, made from materials such as iron,
experience the strongest effects, known as ferromagnetism. This is
the only form of magnetism strong enough to be felt by people.

Then there's paramagnetism, in which certain materials are

attracted by a magnetic field, and diamagnetism, in which

Sa Aking mga Kabata

materials are repelled by a magnetic field. Other, more complex,

forms include antiferromagnetism, in which the magnetic properties
of atoms or molecules align next to each other; and spin glass
behavior, which involve both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic
interactions.

Unang Tula ni Rizal. Sa edad 8, isunulat ni Rizal ang una niyang tula ng isinulat sa
katutubong wika at pinamagatang "SA AKING MGA KABATA".
Kapagka ang bayay sadyang umiibig
Sa langit salitang kaloob ng langit
Sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapi
Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid
Pagkat ang salitay isang kahatulan
Sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian

A centripetal force (from Latin centrum "center" and petere "to

seek"[1]) is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. Its
direction is alwaysorthogonal to the velocity of the body and
towards the fixed point of the instantaneous center of curvature of
the path. Isaac Newton described it as "a force by which bodies are
drawn or impelled, or in any way tend, towards a point as to a
centre."[2]
One common example involving centripetal force is the case in

At ang isang taoy katulad, kabagay

Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda
Kaya ang marapat pagyamanin kusa
Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala
Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,
Sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang anghel,
Sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin
Ang siyang naggagawad, nagbibigay sa atin.
Ang salita natiy tulad din sa iba

which a body moves with uniform speed along a circular path. The
centripetal force is directed at right angles to the motion and also
along the radius towards the centre of the circular path.[3][4] The
mathematical description was derived in 1659 by Dutch
physicist Christiaan Huygens.[5]

Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,

Na kaya nawalay dinatnan ng sigwa
Ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.