Propiedades de los Gases

Ing. William Navarro

Introduction

A gas is a homogeneous fluid

No definite volume
Completely fills the vessel in which it is
contained
Behaviour vital to petroleum engineers
Simple gas laws straightforward
Hydrocarbon gases at reservoir conditions are
more complicated.

Ideal Gases




Assumptions
Volume of molecules are insignificant with
respect to the total volume of the gas.
There are no attractive or repulsive forces
between molecules or molecules and
container walls.
No internal energy loss when molecules
collide

Ideal Gases

Boyles Law
1
V
P

or

PV = cons tan t

T is constant
P = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature

Ideal Gases

Charles Law

V T

or

V
= cons tan t
T

P is constant
Pressure and temperature in both laws are in
absolute units

Absolute Units

Temperature
Kelvin K = oC + 273
Rankin oR = oF + 460

Avogadros Law

Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure

equal volumes of all ideal gases contain the same number of
molecules.
That is; one molecular weight of any ideal gas occupies the
same volume as the molecular weight of another ideal gas.
2.73 x 1026 molecules/lb.mole of ideal gas
1 lb.mole of any ideal gas at 60oF and 14.7 psia. occupies
379.4 cu.ft.
1 gm.mole at 0oC and atmos. pressure occupies 22.4 litres

lb.mole

One lb.mol of methane CH4 = 16 lb.

One kg.mole of methane CH4 = 16 kg.

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Equation of State

Combining Boyles Law and Charles
Law gives an equation relating P,T & V

PV
= cons tan t
T
Constant is termed R when quantity of gas is one mole
R is termed Universal Gas Constant

Universal Gas Constant

cu.ft.psia
R = 10.73
o
l b.mol. R

R = 10.73

psfta

cu.ft.psia
l b.mol.o R

The Ideal Equation of State

For n moles equation becomes

PV = nRT
A useful equation to compare conditions at two
conditions 1 & 2

PV
n=
RT

therefore

P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2

Density of an Ideal Gas

m
g = weight / volume =
V

g is the gas density

For 1 mole m = MW

MW= molecular weight

RT
V=
P

MW.P
g =
RT

Standard Conditions

Oil and gas occur under a whole range of temperatures and

pressures
Convenient to express volumes at a reference condition.
Common practice to relate volumes to surface conditions.
14.7 psia and 60oF

Pres Vres PSC VSC

=
Tres
TSC

res - reservoir conditions

SC - standard conditions

This equation assumes ideal behaviour. This is NOT the case

for real reservoir gases

Mixtures of Ideal Gases

Petroleum gases are mixtures of gases - Daltons Law

and Amagats Law

Daltons
Law
of
Partial
Pressures
Total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures

P = PA + PB + PC + PD + .........
Therefore

RT
RT
RT
RT
P = nA
+ nB
+ nC
+ ..... i.e. P =
nj

V
V
V
V
Therefore

Pj
P

nj
n

= yj

yj =mole fraction of jth component

Amagats Law
States that the volume occupied by an ideal gas mixture is equal
to the sum of the volumes that the pure components would
occupy at the same temperature and pressure.
Law of additive volumes.

V = VA + VB + VC + ....
RT
RT
RT
V = nA
+ nB
+ nC
+ ...
P
P
P

Vj
V

nj
n

RT
nj

i.e. V =
P

= yj

For ideal gas, volume fraction is equal to mole fraction

Apparent Molecular Weight

A mixture does not have a molecular weight.

It behaves as though it has a molecular weight.
Called Apparent Molecular Weight. AMW

AMW = y jMWj
MWj is the molecular weight of component j.
AMW for air = 28.97

Specific Gravity of a Gas

The specific gravity of a gas is the ratio of the density of the gas
relative to that of dry air at the same conditions.

g =

g
air

Assuming that the gas and air are ideal

Mg P
Mg Mg
RT
g =
=
=
M air P M air 29
RT
Mg = AMW of mixture, Mair = AMW of air