BothofthesecranialnervesprovideinnervationformotormovementsoftheeyesMidBrain

Activation.Thedarklypigmentedsubstantianigracontainsalargenumberofdopamineproducing
neuronsarelocated.Itistheoutermostportionthatcanbedividedintothefourlobesofthebrain.
Dorsallyitispartlyseparatedfromthegraysubstanceofthequadrigeminalbodiesbythefibersofthe
lemniscusventraltoitarethemediallongitudinalfasciculusandtheformatioreticularisofthe
tegmentum.Itisprotectedfromtheexternalenvironmentbythreebarriers:skullmeningesand
cerebralspinalfluid.ThebrainstemismadeupoftheMidbrainponsandmedullaoblongata.The
cerebralhemispheresarepartiallyseparatefromeachotheralongthemidlinebytheinterhemispheric
fissurethefalxcerebriPosteriorlythereisatransversefissurethatseparatesthecerebralhemisphere
fromthecerebellumandcontainsthetentoriumcerebellum.Thearterialbloodsupplytothespinal
cordisderivedfromtwobranchesofvertebralarterytheanteriorandtwoposteriorspinalarteries
whichrunthelengthofthespinalcordandformanirregularplexusaroundit.Thedescending
reticularformationisinvolvedinpostureandequilibriumaswellasautonomicnervoussystem
activity.TheyarisefromthecerebralhemispheresIandIIfromtheMidbrainIIIandIVfromthe
ponsVVIVIIandVIIIandfromthemedullaIXXXIandXII.
Theanteriorcommissureafiberbundleconnectingtherightandleftfrontallobescanbeseen
decussating.Thecerebralcortexistheouterlayerofthebrainandisjustafewmillimetresthick.
SensoryaxonsincludingthoseofthespinothalamictractalsoascendalongthefrontoftheMidbrain
behindthemotortracts.Itconsistsofthethalamusandhypothalamuswhichliedeepinthecerebral
hemispheres.Itiswhereourconsciousthoughtsandactionstakeplace.Anysensoryinformationthat
comesintooutbodiessighthearingtouchandtastegotoourThalamusfirstandtheThalamussends
theinformationtotherightpartsofourbraintogetprocessedexceptforsmellMidBrainActivation
ForAdults.Theyemergefromtheuppersurfaceoftheponsoneoneithersideofthemiddlelineand
divergingastheypassupwardandforwarddisappearintothesubstanceofthecerebralhemispheres.
Thetermsrostralandanteriorrefertoadirectiontowardsthefacenose.Thelateralfissureseparating
thefrontalandparietallobesfromthetemporallobebeginsinferiorlyinthebasalsurfaceofthebrain
andextendslaterallyposteriorlyandupwardseparatingthefrontalandparietallobesfromthe
temporallobe.Forexamplethecerebellumhelpscontrolposturebalanceandthecoordinationof
voluntarymovements.
Thehippocampusisimportantinmemoryandlearningwhilethelimbicsystemitselfiscentralinthe
controlofemotionalresponses.TransverseSectionthroughthePons.Someresearchersconsiderthe
amygdalatobepartofthebasalganglia.TheCerebellum:Thecerebellumorlittlebrainissimilarto
thecerebruminthatithastwohemispheresandhasahighlyfoldedsurfaceorcortex.Transverseor
crosssectionsofthespinalcordofhumansaretakeninaplaneperpendiculartothevertical.Instead
thecerebellumservestomodifythesesignalsandmakemotormovementsaccurateanduseful.
Becauseoftheareasizeofthegraymatterfittingitintotheskullcausesfolds.Inferomedialtothe
inferiortemporalgyrusaretheoccipitotemporalandtheparahippocampalgyriwhichareseparatedby
thecollateralsulcus.TheonlystructureyouhavetoknowintheMidbrainiscalledtheReticular
Formation.Thefourthventricleisanexpansionofthecentralcanalofthemedullaoblongata.
Thesecontrolcentersrelaytheinformationtheyreceivetothethalamuswhichinturnsendsittothe
cerebralcortexMidBrainActivation.Thesuperiorcolliculiarepartofthevisualsystemrelaying
inputfromtheoptictracttothelateralgeniculatebodiesofthethalamus.Themetencephalonand
myelencephalontogethercomposetherhombencephalonwhichdividesintoponsandmedulla
oblongata.Itisalsoquiteimportanttoswallowing.Itisdividedintoananteriorandaposterior
sectionbytheAqueductofSylviuswhichconnectsthethirdandfourthventricles.Thesethree
vesiclesfurtherdifferentiateintofivesubdivisions:telencephalondiencephalonmesencephalon
metencephalonandthemyelencephalon.TheroofplateoftheMidbrainisformedbytwopaired
roundedswellingsthesuperiorandinferiorcolliculiMidBrainActivation.Theinferiorsurfaceof
thetemporalloberestsonthetentoriumcerebelli.Thesurfaceofthetwohemispheresiscoveredbya
largebutthinlayerofnervecellscalledgraymatterMidBrainActivationForAdults.The
cerebrospinalfibersderivedfromthecellsofthemotorareaofthecerebralcortexoccupythemiddle

threefifthsofthebasetheyarecontinuedpartlytothenucleiofthemotorcranialnervesbutmainly
intothepyramidsofthemedullaoblongata.
Eachbumponthesurfaceofthebrainisknownasagyruswhileeachgrooveisknownasasulcus
MidBrainActivationForAdults.Itconsistsoftheamygdalatheseptumandthehippocampus.The
postcentralgyruscomprisestheprimarysomatosensorycortexwhichisconcernedwith
somatosensoryreceptionintegrationandprocessingsensoryinformationfromthesurfaceofthebody
andfromthevisceraandisimportantfortheformulationofperception.Theupperpartofthenerve
innervatesthemusclesoffacialexpressionincludingtheeyelidsforeheadandthelipsThelowerpart
innervatesthevoluntarymusclesofthefacebelowtheeyelids.Theinferiorfrontalgyrusiscomprised
ofthreeparts:theorbitalthetriangularandopercularMidBrainActivationForAdults.Thegreater
partofthemediallemniscusontheotherhandisprolongedthroughthetegmentumandmostofits
fibersendinthethalamusprobablysomearecontinueddirectlythroughtheoccipitalpartofthe
internalcapsuletothecerebralcortex.Theleftcerebralhemisphereisassociatedwithanalyticthought
logicandlanguage.LimbicSystem:Thelimbicsystemoftenreferredtoastheemotionalbrainis
foundburiedwithinthecerebrum.Inpursuitofthatgoalparentsmakeenormoussacrificesandgoto
greatlengthsMidBrainActivationForAdults.Everyparentwantstheverybestfortheirchildren.
TherednucleiconnecttheMidbraintothecerebellumandtotheinnerear.Theponsconnectsthe
medullatothecerebellumandhelpscoordinatemovementoneachsideofthebody.Largenumbersof
fiberspasstoorfromthesubstantianigra.Ifaskedtoexplainwhatistheverybestmostparentswould
say:Wewanttogivetheverybesteducation.Theadulthumanbrainweighsbetween1200to1500g
andcontainsaboutonetrillioncells.Thediencephalonislocatedbetweenthecerebrumand
Midbrain.TheouterlayerthecerebralcortexismadeofnervefiberscalledgraymatterMidBrain
ActivationForAdults.Anotherstrongpieceofevidenceisthatthesubstantianigrawheremost
dopamineisproducedhasbeenseentoundergostructuralandcellularchangesinapersonwith
schizophrenia.Notealsothattheoldestpartsofthebraintendtodealwiththemostbasicfunctions
suchasbreathingandheartrateandtheyaretheleastsusceptibletodamage.AccordingtoHeldfibers
fromtheposteriorcommissurecanbetracedintotheposteriorlongitudinalbundleandaccordingto
thesameauthormanyofthedescendingfibersariseinthesuperiorcolliculusandafterdecussatingin
themiddlelineendinthemotornucleioftheponsandmedullaoblongata.
Thereissomeevidencethattheinsularcorticalareasareinvolvedinnociceptionandregulationof
autonomicfunctionMidBrainActivation.Themedullaliesbetweentheponsrostrallyandthespinal
cordcaudally.Thisareaofthebrainconsistsoftheparscompactaandtheparsreticulate.CNVorthe
trigeminalsendsmotormessagestothejawandreceivessensorymessagesfromtheteethtongueand
partsofthefaceMidBrainActivation.Thereticularformationisasetofinterconnectednucleithat
arelocatedthroughoutthebrainstem.ThetectumisthedorsalorroofpartoftheMidbrainand
controlsvisualandauditoryreflexes.Sometimestherighthemisphereisassociatedwithcreativityand
thelefthemispheresisassociatedwithlogicabilities.Thesurfaceofthecerebrumismadeupofgyri
andsulci.Theboundariesoftheparietallobearenotpreciseexceptforitsrostralborderthecentral
sulcus.Thetemporallobeliesventraltothelateralsulcusandonitslateralsurfaceitdisplaysthree
diagonalorientedconvolutionsthesuperiormiddleandinferiortemporalgyri.