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Uni
Syste
m
SI
Magic No
meter
Elevati
on
distan
ce
Meter
Meter
Nautical mile
3.2
British system
american
foot
1000
3.26*
*
KM
FT
FT
6080
KM
Weight
/mass
Volum
e
/capac
ity
Tempe
rature
Force
pressu
re
speed
M
KG
L
1.6
*1850
2.2
Weight =mass a see level
but as we go far away
4.5
from earth toward space
1M^3=1000L
the weight become less
because W is the GF
M
NM
LBS
GAL
33
N
ATM
7.2
inches of 29.92
mercury
PDL
HG
Knots
Knots
Knots
600/
*600
0.51*
machMach
Meter per second
Meter2
10.76*
areea
area
Square ft
Force
Force/ is either a push or pull , we have to types of force contact
force (there gonna be touch ) and non contact force like gravity
Inertia/ is the resistance of object to outside force ,inertia is
the first law of newton which say every object stay in the
same condition in less if it had been effected by outside force
and sa the mass of object is bigger as much the inertia is
Momentum / is the second law of newton which has relation
ship between mass and velocity (acceleration) F=M*A
as you increase mass as u reduce the velocity so the relation
Description the force on aircraft
ship between M and A is inverse
As the aircraft on the runway is under two downward forces
gravity and atmosphere pressure we need to a positive net
force upward which generated by wings at the moment
when aircraft lift the net force is up ward now
(gravity=weight=mass only at ground surface as you go
Is it true
/ Mathematic
/Density
L=CL*(D*V^2/2)
*A
Dry airD:p/(T+273)*287.05
L=lift
CL= coefficient
Liquid
density
=Kg/m
*3
Motion equation
D=density
KG/m*3
With constant
V=acceleration
Acceleration
S=UT+AT^2 -3
V=U+AT
-1
S=VT+AT^2 -4
V^2=U^2+2AS -5
S=1/2(V+U)t -2
Impuls equation
F=MA
A=F/M
V=U+AT
V=U+T*F/M
FT=Mv-Mu
Boyle's law----P---V---inverse---as you increase volume pressure decrease increase space air molecules will have more space to be
free opposite is true
Charles law ----T----V----proportional-----increase temperature the volume will increase because temperature energies air molecules
and star expanding opposite is true
pressure law ----T----P----proportional-----as you increase temperature the pressure increase because air molecules expand
from each other
Airspeed
Angles
AOA/ the anglebetween cord line
and RW
AOI/ the anglebetween cord line
and the longitudinal
axis of the aircraft
pitch angle / theangle between the
cord line and the
horizon
Is the thicker
point in the
camber and
from that point
to the leading
edge is around
30 per cent
from the cord
line length and
Is the radius of
circle the joining
the upper and
lower surface
curve and center
with a line
tangential to the
leading edge
What does P0
?? mean
Is it true
???
Wing terminology
wing span B/ the distance from tip to tipwing area S/is the aircraft surface area of the wing S=B*C average chord C/is the geometric average aspect ration/B/C is the proportional of wing span and average chord if the C is difficult to be determined we
follow this equation B^2/S play a role in the aerodynamic
characteristic and structural weight and it around 12 for
high speed air transport aircraft for jet fighters it is 3
Root chord Cr-tip chord CtTaper ratio is the ration of Cr to CtSweep angel /is the angel between the quarter chord line
and the lateral axis of the aircraft which effect in the
minimum lift compressibility and stall characteristic
mean aerodynamic center /MAC is a line pass through the center of the wing
Wake turbulence
Those wake turbulence extend behind aircraft
tangential speed to those vortices is around 90m/s -300ft/sec they can extend to 9 nmthey drift downward and level at 500ft to 1000ft from the aircraft flight path level
the distance between the two vortex is 3/4 of the aircraft wing span
weight .high AOA .low speed those are a critical element in the strength of vortex
vortex decay in decay in strong atmospheric pressure faster than a call atmospheric condition
wind direction and its speed play a big role in expecting the potential location of those vortex
as we know when the air craft is around 1000ft from ground or by 2wingspan of the aircraft the direction of vortices deflects
outward when they touch ground they move within the lateral
axis of the aircraft with 5 kts of curse cross wind play a role
the position of the tail planeThe position of the tail plane ply a big role in the pitching
moment a high mounted tail plane will not have any effect but a
low mounted tail plane will have many effect which I am going to
demonstrate here
Basically the shape of the camber do not play a role in changing
the pitching moment but the position of the tail plane and the
ground effectdownwash angel are influencing the pitching moment generally
you increase
down
wash
nosethe
up strength
pitching moment
As theasaircraft
approach
from
thethe
ground
for wing
increase
due
to
increasing
the
download
force
by
reducing
tip vortex vanish because it is epact with the ground and can the
not
effective
of down
attachwash
.the which
opposite
will be
true
get bigger which
in turnangel
reduce
reduce
induce
drag and increase the efficiency of the aircraft which effect it
changing in downwash is not only caused by ground effect longitudinal stability ,pitching moment because of changing the
there is the operation of flaps and the shockwaves which
effective angle of attack and CP
generated on wings when flying higher the Mcrit (mach critical
) faster
than sound
the impact of the ground number
effect star
appearing
when by
the330knots
aircraft is at an altitude equal to the product of the aircraft wingspan
length and as it get closer the the effect increase
how to definite RAF the relative airflow had 3 characteristic magnitude / the speed of the aircraft is the TAS direction/ parallel and opposite to the direction of the aircraft Condition / the unaffected by the presence of the aircraft
The airflow which come behind wing is all ready had dynamic
pressure so it had been effected by the presence of the aircraft
and is no more parallel with the A/C due to the downwash so we
call it effective airflow and the aingle between the chord line and
the EAF we call it EAOA
Ground effect
Lift formula
L=1/2*p*V^2*CL*S
Lift
L=lift
P=air density KG/M^3
V=true air speed Knots or NMPH
CL= shape of the wing and AOA
S= wing area m^3
Dynamic pressure (IAS)=1/2*p*V^2
CL=2*W/p*V^2*S
CL=Cle*@+CLo
AOA=@
CLo=CL at 0 AOA
Cle= longitudinal stability
W/p*V^2*s-CLo*(1/Cle*2=@
to keep A/C at straight and level flight L most equal W So an increase in a level of flight will reduce the density
which reduce the wing efficiency in generating lift due to
reduction in air molecules so an increase in air speed is an
essential for example flying at FL 400 the air density droop
to of the air density value at MSL the air airspeed will
increase to 4 time due to V^2
a nother point is keeping the air craft at the same level #
flight but with an increase in air speed will require a
decrease in AOA to reduce the CL for example if u doubled
your air speed the Dynamic pressure will doubled to 4 times
and IAS double the CL most be drooped down to
Is a matter of calculating the angel in a right angled triangle
Angel of descend
Airstream
lyers one stop the other slow down , the thickness from 1 inch at 2
leading edge to 12 inch at trailing edge in B747
Laminar/smooth les friction drag not satiable drop down suddenly
Densty
Airfoil
Increase the
camber
(curvature )
which increase
cord line length
in turn small
AOA with more
efficiency
You can use area
or change the
design of air foil
flaps slotted
deflect down
ward fowler
deflect back
ward
Leading edge
Momentum
effects
Distribution of
Pressure of air foil