IsSustainableEnergyDevelopment

Possible?
(ItsNotEasyBeingGreen)

Allen,D.T.andShonnard,D.R.,2002,GreenEngineering:
EnvironmentallyConsciousDesignofChemicalProcesses,
PrenticeHall,p.65
Figure1

ThePollutionPreventionAct(PPA)states:
1. Pollutionshouldbepreventedorreducedatthe
sourcewheneverfeasible
2. Pollutionthatcannotbepreventedorreduced
shouldberecycled
3. Pollutionthatcannotbepreventedorreducedor
recycledshouldbetreated,and
4. Disposalorotherreleasesintotheenvironment
shouldbeemployedonlyasalastresort.

PrinciplesofGreenChemistry

Anastas,PaulT.;Warner,JohnC.
GreenChemistryTheoryandPractice;
OxfordUniversityPress:NewYork,1998

DefinitionofGreenChemistry
Thedesignofchemicalproductsand
processesthataremoreenvironmentally
benignandreducenegativeimpactsto
humanhealthandtheenvironment.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
1. Itisbettertopreventwastethantotreator
cleanupwasteafteritisformed.
2. Syntheticmethodsshouldbedesignedto
maximizetheincorporationofallmaterials
usedintheprocessintothefinalproduct.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
3.Whereverpracticable,synthetic
methodologiesshouldbedesignedtouse
andgeneratesubstancesthatpossesslittleor
notoxicitytohumanhealthandthe
environment.
4.Chemicalproductsshouldbedesignedto
preserveefficacyoffunctionwhilereducing
toxicity.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
5.Theuseofauxiliarysubstances(solvents,
separationagents,etc.)shouldbemade
unnecessarywheneverpossibleand,when
used,innocuous.
6.Energyrequirementsshouldberecognizedfor
theirenvironmentalandeconomicimpactsand
shouldbeminimized.Syntheticmethodsshould
beconductedatambienttemperatureand
pressure.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
7.Arawmaterialorfeedstockshouldbe
renewableratherthandepletingwhenever
technicallyandeconomicallypractical.
8.Unnecessaryderivatization (blockinggroup,
protection/deprotection,temporary
modificationofphysical/chemicalprocesses)
shouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
9. Catalyticreagents(asselectiveaspossible)
aresuperiortostoichiometric reagents.
10.Chemicalproductswouldbedesignedso
thatattheendoftheirfunctiontheydonot
persistintheenvironmentandinstead
breakdownintoinnocuousdegradation
products.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
11. Analyticalmethodologiesneedtobefurther
developedtoallowforrealtimeinprocess
monitoringandcontrolpriortotheformation
ofhazardoussubstances.
12.Substancesandtheformofasubstanceused
inachemicalprocessshouldbechosensoasto
minimizethepotentialforchemicalaccidents,
includingreleases,explosions,andfires.

12AdditionalPrinciplesfor
GreenChemistry.

Gonzales,M.A.,andR.L.Smith,2003
Environ.Prog.22,269

12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
1. Identifybyproducts;quantifyifpossible
2. Reportconversions,selectivities,and
productivities
3. Establishafullmassbalancefortheprocess
4. Quantifycatalystandsolventlosses

12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
5.Investigatebasicthermochemistry to
identifyexotherms (safety)
6.Anticipateotherpotentialmassandenergy
transferlimitations
7.Consultachemicalorprocessengineer

12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
8.Considertheeffectoftheoverallprocesson
choiceofchemistry
9.Helpdevelopandapplysustainable
measures
10.Quantifyandminimizeuseofutilitiesand
otherinputs

12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
11.Recognizewhereoperatorsafetyandwaste
minimizationmaybecompatible
12.Monitor,reportandminimizewastes
emittedtoair,water,andsolidsfrom
experimentsorprocesses

DefinitionofGreenEngineering
Abraham,M.,2004,Environ.Prog.23 (4),p.266.

Thedesign,commercialization,anduseof
processesandproducts,whicharefeasible
andeconomicalwhileminimizing(1)
generationofpollutionatthesourceand(2)
risktohumanhealthandtheenvironment.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
Anastas,P.andJ.B.Zimmerman,Environ.Sci.Techol.,vol 37(5),p.95A.

1. Designersneedtostrivetoensurethatall
materialandenergyinputsandoutputsare
asinherentlynonhazardousaspossible.
2.Itisbettertopreventwastethantotreator
cleanupwasteafteritisformed.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
3.Separationandpurificationoperations
shouldbedesignedtominimizeenergy
consumptionandmaterialsuse.
4.Products,processes,andsystemsshouldbe
designedtomaximizemass,energy,space,
andtimeefficiency.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
5.Products,processes,andsystemsshouldbe
outputpulled ratherthaninputpushed
throughtheuseofenergyandmaterials.
6.Embeddedentropyandcomplexitymustbe
viewedasaninvestmentwhenmaking
designchoicesonrecycle,reuse,orbeneficial
disposition.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
7.Targeteddurability,notimmortality,should
beadesigngoal.
8.Designforunnecessarycapacityorcapability
(e.g.,onesizefitsall)solutionsshouldbe
consideredadesignflaw.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
9.Materialdiversityinmulticomponent
productsshouldbeminimizedtopromote
disassemblyandvalueretention.
10.Designofproducts,processes,andsystems
mustincludeintegrationand
interconnectivitywithavailableenergyand
materialsflows.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
11.Products,processes,andsystemsshouldbe
designedforperformanceinacommercial
afterlife.
12.Materialandenergyinputsshouldbe
renewableratherthandepleting.

Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
TofullyimplementGreenEngineeringsolutions,
engineersusethefollowingprinciples:
1. Engineerprocessesandproductsholistically,use
systemsanalysis,andintegrateenvironmental
impactassessmenttools
2.Conserveandimprovenaturalecosystemswhile
protectinghumanhealthandwellbeing

Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
3.Uselifecyclethinkinginallengineering
activities
4.Ensurethatallmaterialandenergyinputs
andoutputsareasinherentlysafeand
benignaspossible
5.Minimizedepletionofnaturalresources

Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
6.Strivetopreventwaste
7.Developandapplyengineeringsolutions,
beingcognizantoflocalgeography,
aspirationsandcultures

Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
8.Createengineeringsolutionsbeyondcurrentor
dominanttechnologies;improve,innovate,and
invent(technologies)toachievesustainability
9.Activelyengagecommunitiesandstakeholders
inthedevelopmentofengineeringsolutions
ThereisadutytoinformsocietyofthepracticeofGreen
Engineering
Gonzalez,M.A.,andR.L.Smith,2003,Environ.Prog.22,269

DefinitionofSustainability
Brundtland Commission,1987,UnitedNations

Providingforhumanneedswithout
compromisingtheabilityoffuture
generationstomeettheirneeds.

Figure2.Relationshipbetweengreenchemistry,
greenengineering,andsustainability.

Sustainability

Green Engineering

Green Chemistry

Abraham,M.2003,Environ.Progress 23,261.

SustainabilityEngineeringPrinciples
Beloff,B.etal.Eds.2005,TransformingSustainability
StrategyintoAction:TheChemicalIndustry,
WileyInterscience,p.189

1. Engineerprocessesandproductsholistically,
usesystemsanalysis,andintegrate
environmentalimpactassessmenttools
2. Conserveandimprovenaturalecosystems
whileprotectinghumanhealthandwellbeing
3. Uselifecyclethinkinginallengineeringactivies

SustainabilityEngineeringPrinciples
4.Ensurethatallmaterialandenergyinputsand
outputsareasinherentlysafeandbenignaspossible
5.Minimizedepletionofnaturalresources.
6.Strivetopreventwaste.
7.Developandapplyengineeringsolutions,whilebeing
cognizantoflocalgeography,aspirations,and
cultures.

SustainabilityEngineeringPrinciples
8.Createengineeringsolutionsbeyondcurrentor
dominanttechnologies;improve,innovateand
invent(technologies)toachievesustainability
9.Activelyengagecommunitiesandstakeholders
indevelopmentofengineeringsolutions
Thereisadutytoinformsocietyofthepractice
ofsustainableengineering.

Figure3.Impactindicatorsusedinlifecycle
assessmentscreeningoffueladditives.
Curran,MaryAnn2003,Environ.Progress22,277.
AirEmissions(lb)
MetalsinAir(lb)
WaterEffluents(lb)
MetalsinWater(lb)
SolidWastelb)
FossilFuelUse(Btu)
NonFossilFuelUse(lb)
WaterUse(gal)
LandUse(acres)
Transportation(miles)
AgrochemicalUse(lb)
CO2 Uptake(lb)

Figure4.Someofthevaluesandbenefits
derivedfromcorporatesustainable
developmentprograms.

Licensetooperate
Riskreduction
Improvedproductivity/efficiency
Reductionofcostsrelatedtomanufacturingandcommercialsites
Stimulusforinnovation/newproductsandservices
Increasedmarketshare
Newalliances
Communitygoodwill
Enhancedreputation
Enhancedaccesstocapital/markets
Increasedshareholdervalue

Beloff,B.,Tanzil,D.,andM.Lines,2004,Environ.Prog.23,271.

CaseStudies
WorldSustainability
FossilFuelResources
Acetylene(CarbideBased)

WorldSustainabilityat2030
Figure5

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,ChelseaGreen
Publishing,Chapter8

World303ScenarioVariables&Scales
Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,
Appendix1,pp.285288
StateoftheWorld
Low Value

High Value

Population

Variable

12X109

TotalFoodProduction

6X1012

TotalIndustrialProduction

4X1012

IndexofPersistentPollution

40

NonrenewableResources

2X1012

World303ScenarioVariables&Scales
Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,
Appendix1,pp.285288
MaterialStandardofLiving
Variable

Low Value

High Value

FoodPerCapita

1,000

ConsumerGoodsPerCapita

250

ServicesPerCapita

1,000

LifeExpectancy

90

World303ScenarioVariables&Scales
Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,
Appendix1,pp.285288
HumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
Low Value

High Value

HumanWelfareIndicator

Variable

HumanEcologicalFootprint

IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
HumanWelfare isqualityoflifeofthe
averageglobalcitizeninitsbroadest
sense,includingbothmaterialand
immaterialcomponents.

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,Appendix2,pp.289293

IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
QuantitativelyHDI(byUnitedNations
DevelopmentProgram)
HumanDevelopment(HDI)isasummary
measureofacountrysaverage
achievement bythree(3)basic
dimensionsofhumandevelopment:

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,Appendix2,pp.289293

1. Alongandhealthylife,asmeasuredbylife
expectancyatbirth
2.Knowledge,asmeasuredbytheadult
literacyrate(2/3)andcombinedprimary,
secondaryandtertiarygrossenrollment
rate(1/3)
3.Adecentstandardofliving,asmeasuredby
GDPpercapita(inPPP$,purchasingpower
parityUSdollars)

IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
HumanEcologicalFootprint istotal
environmentalimpactplacedonthe
globalresourcebaseandecosystem
byhumanity.

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,Appendix2,pp.289293

IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
QuantitativelyEF(MathisWackernage,etal,1990s)
EF(EcologicalFootprint) Landareanecessaryto
provideforthecurrentwayoflife(w/average
hectacres)
Wherelandareaistotalcropland,grazingland,
forestland,and,fishinggrounds,andbuiltupland
neededtomaintainagivenpopulationatagiven
lifestyle;plustheforestlandneededtoabsorb
thecarbondioxideemissionsfromthefossil
energyusedbythepopulation.
*Valuespublished(biannually)byWorldWideFundforNature

WorldSustainabilityat2030
tool
1
2
3
4
5

concept(consciousoperation)
Visioning
Networking
Truthtelling
Learning
Loving

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,ChelseaGreen
Publishing,Chapter8

FossilFuelResources

Figure6.Thegreenenergyfuturescenario.Solarandwindenergygrowat
25%/yr,whilenuclearpowerandcoalasenergysourcesgrowat1%/yrasis
currentlythecase.Finally,nonconventionaloilandgasdevelopmentare
notpursuedandthereforetoosmalltobevisibleintheplot.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

Figure7.Thenuclearsupplementedfossilfuelenergyfuturescenario.Windenergy
growsat10%/yrandcoalgrowsat1&/yr.whilenuclearpowerasanenergysources
increasesat10%/yrbeginningin10yearstoallowforrampup.Solaristoosmallto
bevisible.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

Totalandpercapitalenergyusefornineselectedcountries.TheHuman
DevelopmentIndex(HDI)isaroughmeasureofstandardofliving.In
general,higherHDIcorrelateswithhigherpercapitaenergyuse.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics.,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

Economicenergyintensitydeterminedbytwodifferentmeasuresfornine
selectedcountries.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)canbemeasuredusing
eithermarketexchangerates(MER)orpurchasingpowerparity(PPP).

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics.,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

Thisisprofound:
theClubofRome,whichhassincebeenupdated
twice.Withoutgoingintothedetailsofwhythis
workshouldstillberead,themainpointsareborne
outbythecalculationspresentedinthispaper:
fossilfuelresourcesarefinite,exponentialgrowth
cannotbesustainedinafiniteecosystem,the
populationincreasesareplacingseverepressures
onboththeecosystemandonnaturalresource
supplies.
Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics.,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

ASustainableFuelProcessAcetylene
ChemicalReactions:acetylenefromlimestone
andcharcoal
Reaction
Biomass
Pyrolysis

Calcination

CxHyOz
CaCO3

heatC(s)+Volatiles

CaO +CO2(g)

heat(ime)

Reduction

CaO +3C(s)CaC2(s)+CO(g)

Acetylene
Generation

CaC2(s)+H2O(l)C2H2(g)+CaO

Combustion

C2H2(g)+2.5O22CO2(g)+H2O

(lime)

continued

Comments:(AcetyleneFuel)
Netthermodynamicsenergy positive
Carbidepreparationrequires
3100kWh/tonne
Solar/windenergy

CO2(g)emissionswillreturntocharcoalvia
treesandpyrolysis
Limestoneiswidelydistributed
Carrierforcarbon
Lime,recycleorreuse

Patentsexistforacetylenefuel

Thankyouforyourattention!

Questions?