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PREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
Inordertopromotepubliceducationandpublicsafety,equaljusticeforall,abetterinformed
citizenry,theruleoflaw,worldtradeandworldpeace,thislegaldocumentisherebymadeavailableon
anoncommercialbasis,asitistherightofallhumanstoknowandspeakthelawsthatgovernthem.
ENDOFPREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
IS:875(Part5)1987
(Reaffirmed2008)

IndianStandard
CODEOFPRACTICEFOR
DESIGNLOADS(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)FOR
BUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES
PART5SPECIALLOADSANDLOADCOMBINATIONS
(SecondRevision)
SeventhReprintJANUARY2011
(IncludingAmendmentNo.1)
UDC624.042:006.76
Copyright1988
BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS
MANAKBHAVAN,9BAHADURSHAHZAFARMARG
NEWDELHI110002
Gr5
July1988
iii
iv
iii

IndianStandard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)FORBUILDINGS
ANDSTRUCTURES
PART5SPECIALLOADSANDLOADCOMBINATIONS
(SecondRevision)
StructuralSafetySectionalCommittee,BDC37
Chairman
BrigDrL.V.Ramakrishna
Members
DrK.G.Bhatia

Representing
EngineerinChiefsBranch,ArmyHeadquarters,NewDelhi

BharatHeavyElectricalsLimited,CorporateResearch&Development
Division,Hyderabad

ShriM.S.Bhatia

Inpersonalcapacity(A2/36,SafdarjangEnclave,NewDelhi)

ShriN.K.Bhattacharya

EngineerinChiefsBranch,ArmyHeadquarters,NewDelhi

ShriS.K.Malhotra(Alternate)
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DrS.C.Chakrabarti

CentralBuildingResearchInstitute(CSIR),Roorkee

ShriA.Datta(Alternate)
ChiefEngineer(NDZ)II

CentralPublicWorksDepartment,NewDelhi

SuperintendingSurveyorofWorks(NDZ)II(Alternate)
DrP.Dayaratnam

IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kanpur

DrA.S.R.Sai(Alternate)
DeputyMunicipalCommissioner MunicipalCorporationofGreaterBombay,Bombay
(Engg)
CityEngineer(Alternate)
Director(CMDDI)

CentralWaterCommission,NewDelhi

DeputyDirector(CMDDI)(Alternate)
MajGenA.M.Goglekar

InstitutionofEngineers(India),Calcutta

ProfD.N.Trikha(Alternate)

Copyright1988
BUREAUOFINDIANSTANDARDS
ThispublicationisprotectedundertheIndianCopyrightAct(XIVof1957)andreproductioninwholeor
inpartbyanymeansexceptwithwrittenpermissionofthepublishershallbedeemedtobeaninfringementof
copyrightunderthesaidAct.
Members

Representing

ShriA.C.Gupta

NationalThermalPowerCorporationLtd,NewDelhi

ShriP.SenGupta

StewartsandLloydsofIndiaLtd,Calcutta

ShriM.M.Ghosh(Alternate)
ShriG.B.Jahagirdar

NationalIndustrialDevelopmentCorporationLtd,NewDelhi

JointDirectorStandards(B&S),CB

MinistryofRailways

ShriS.P.Joshi

TataConsultingEngineers,NewDelhi

ShriA.P.Mull(Alternate)
ShriS.R.Kulkarni

M.N.Dastur&Co,Calcutta

ShriS.N.Pal(Alternate)
ShriH.N.Mishra

ForestResearchInstituteandColleges,DehraDun

ShriR.K.Punhani(Alternate)
ShriT.K.D.Munshi

EngineersIndiaLtd,NewDelhi

DrC.Rajkumar

NationalCouncilforCement&BuildingMaterials,NewDelhi

DrM.N.KeshwaRao

StructuralEngineeringResearchCentre(CSIR),Madras

ShriM.V.Dharaneepathy(Alternate)
ShriT.N.SubbaRao

GammonIndiaLtd,Bombay

DrS.V.Lonkar(Alternate)
ShriP.K.Ray
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IndianEngineeringAssociation,Calcutta
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ShriP.K.Mukherjee(Alternate)
ShriS.Seetharaman

MinistryofSurfaceTransport(RoadsWing),NewDelhi

ShriS.P.Chakraborty(Alternate)
ShriM.C.Sharma

IndianMeteorologicalDepartment,NewDelhi

ShriK.S.Srinivasan

NationalBuildingsOrganization,NewDelhi

ShriA.K.Lal(Alternate)
ShriSushilKumar

NationalBuildingConstructionCorporationLtd,NewDelhi

ShriG.Raman,Director(CivEngg)

DirectorGeneral,BIS(ExofficioMember)

Secretary
ShriB.R.Narayanappa
DeputyDirector(CivEngg),BIS
(continuedonpage18)
2

IndianStandard
CODEOFPRACTICEFORDESIGNLOADS(OTHERTHANEARTHQUAKE)FORBUILDINGS
ANDSTRUCTURES
PART5SPECIALLOADSANDLOADCOMBINATIONS
(SecondRevision)

0.FOREWORD
0.1
ThisIndianStandard(Part5)(SecondRevision)wasadoptedbytheBureauofIndianStandards
on31August1987,afterthedraftfinalizedbytheStructuralSafetySectionalCommitteehadbeen
approvedbytheCivilEngineeringDivisionCouncil.

0.2
Abuildinghastoperformmanyfunctionssatisfacorily.Amongstthesefunctionsaretheutility
ofthebuildingfortheintendeduseandoccupancy,structuralsafety,firesafetyandcompliancewith
hygienic,sanitation,ventilationanddaylightstandards.Thedesignofthebuildingisdependentupon
theminimumrequirementsprescribedforeachoftheabovefunctions.Theminimumrequirements
pertainingtothestructuralsafetyofbuildingsarebeingcoveredinthiscodebywayoflayingdown
minimumdesignloadswhichhavetobeassumedfordeadloads,imposedloads,snowloadsandother
externalloads,thestructurewouldberequiredtobear.Strictconformitytoloadingstandards
recommendedinthiscode,itishoped,willnotonlyensurethestructuralsafetyofthebuildingswhich
arebeingdesignedandconstructedinthecountryandtherebyreducethehazardstolifeandproperty
causedbyunsafestructures,butalsoeliminatethewastagecausedbyassumingunnecessarilyheavy
loadings.Notwithstandingwhatisstatedregardingthestructuralsafetyofbuildings,theapplicationof
theprovisionsshouldbecarriedoutbycompetentandresponsiblestructuraldesignerwhowould
satisfyhimselfthatthestructuredesignedinaccordancewiththiscodemeetsthedesiredperformance
requirementswhenthesameiscarriedoutaccordingtospecifications.

0.3
Thisstandardcodeofpracticewasfirstpublishedin1957fortheguidanceofcivilengineers,
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designersandarchitectsassociatedwithplanninganddesignofbuildings.Itincludedtheprovisionsfor
basicdesign
3

loads(deadloads,liveloadswindloadsandseismicloads)tobeassumedinthedesignof
buildings.Initsfirstrevisionin1964,thewindpressureprovisionsweremodifiedonthebasisof
studiesofwindphenomenonanditseffectsonstructures,undertakenbythespecialcommitteein
consultationwiththeIndianMeteorologicalDepartment.Inadditiontothis,newclausesonwindloads
forbutterflytypestructureswereincludedwindpressurecoefficientsforsheetedroofsbothcurvedand
slopingweremodifiedseismicloadprovisionsweredeleted(separatecodehavingbeenprepared)and
metricsystemofweightsandmeasurementswasadopted.
0.3.1
Withtheincreasedadoptionofthecode,anumberofcommentswerereceivedontheprovisions
onliveloadvaluesadoptedfordifferentoccupancies.Simultaneouslyliveloadsurveyshavebeencarried
outinAmerica,Canadaandothercountriestoarriveatrealisticliveloadsbasedonactual
determinationofloading(movableandimmovable)indifferentoccupancies.Keepingthisinviewand
otherdevelopmentsinthefieldofwindengineering,thecommitteeresponsibleforthepreparationof
thestandarddecidedtopreparesecondrevisioninthefollowingfiveparts:
Part1Deadloads
Part2Imposedloads
Part3Windloads
Part4Snowloads
Part5Specialloadsandloadcombinations.
Earthquakeloadiscoveredinaseparatestandard,namelyIS:18931984*whichshouldbe
consideredalongwiththeaboveloads.
0.3.2
Thiscode(Part5)dealswithloadsandloadeffects(otherthanthosecoveredinParts1to4,and
seismicloads)duetotemperaturechanges,internallygeneratingstresses(duetocreep,shrinkage,
differentialsettlement,etc)inthebuildinganditscomponents,soilandhydrostaticpressure,accidental
loads,etc.Thispartalsoincludesguidance,onloadcombinations.
*Criteriaforearthquakeresistantdesignofstructures(thirdrevision).

0.4
Thecodehastakenintoaccounttheprevailingpracticesinregardtoloadingstandardsfollowed
inthiscountrybythevariousmunicipalauthoritiesandhasalsotakennoteofthedevelopmentsina
numberofcountriesabroadInthepreparationofthiscode,thefollowing,nationalstandardshave
beenexamined:
a. NationalBuildingCodeofCanada(1977)SupplementNo:4.CanadianStructuralDesignManual.
4

b. DS4101983Codeofpracticeforloadsforthedesignofstructures.DanishStandardsInstitution.
c. NZS42031976NewZealandStandardGeneralstructuraldesignanddesignloadingforbuilding.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.

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d. ANSIA58.11982AmericanStandardBuildingcoderequirementsforminimumdesignloadsin
buildingsandotherstructures.

1.SCOPE
1.1
Thiscode(Part5)dealswithloadsandloadeffectsduetotemperaturechanges,soiland
hydrostaticpressures,internallygeneratingstresses,(duetocreep,shrinkage,differentialsettlement,
etc),accidentalloadsetc,tobeconsideredinthedesignofbuildingsasappropriate.Thispartalso
includesguidanceonloadcombinations.Thenatureofloadstobeconsideredforaparticularsituation
istobebasedonengineeringjudgement.

2.TEMPERATUREEFFECTS
2.1
Expansionandcontractionduetochangesintemperatureofthematerialsofastructureshallbe
consideredindesign.Provisionshallbemadeeithertorelievethestressbyprovisionof
expansion/contractionjointsinaccordancewithIS:34141968*ordesignthestructuretocarry
additionalstressesduetotemperatureeffectsasappropriatetotheproblem.
2.1.1
Thetemperaturerangevariesfordifferentregionsandunderdifferentdiurnalandseasonal
conditions.Theabsolutemaximumandminimumtemperaturewhichmaybeexpectedindifferent
localitiesinthecountryareindicatedinFig.1and2respectively.Thesefiguresmaybeusedfor
guidanceinassessingthemaximumvariationsoftemperature.
2.1.2
ThetemperaturesindicatedinFig.1and2aretheairtemperaturesintheshade.Therangeof
variationintemperatureofthebuildingmaterialsmaybeappreciablygreaterorlessthanthevariation
ofairtemperatureandisinfluencedbytheconditionofexposureandtherateatwhichthematerials
composingthestructureabsorborradiateheat.Thisdifferenceintemperaturevariationsofthe
materialandairshouldbegivendueconsideration.
2.1.3
Thestructuralanalysismusttakeintoaccount:(a)changesofthemean(throughthesection)
temperatureinrelationtotheinitialtemperature(st),and(b)thetemperaturegradientthroughthe
section.
*Codeofpracticefordesignandinstallationofjointsinbuildings.
5

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Fig.1ChartShowingHighestMaximumTemperature
6

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Fig.2ChartShowingLowestMinimumTemperature
7

2.1.3.1

Itshouldbeborneinmindthatthechangesofmeantemperatureinrelationtotheinitialare
liabletodifferasbetweenonestructuralelementandanotherinbuildingsorstructures,asforexample,
betweentheexternalwallsandtheinternalelementsofabuilding.Thedistributionoftemperature
throughsectionofsingleleafstructuralelementsmaybeassumedlinearforthepurposeofanalysis.

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2.1.3.2

Theeffectofmeantemperaturechangest1,andt2,andthetemperaturegradientsv1andv2in
thehotandcoldseasonsforsingleleafstructuralelementsshallbeevaluatedonthebasisofanalytical
principles.
Note1Forportionsofthestructurebelowgroundlevel,thevariationof
temperatureisgenerallyinsignificant.However,duringtheperiodofconstructionwhen
theportionsofthestructureareexposedtoweatherelements,adequateprovisionshould
bemadetoencounteradverseeffects,ifany.
Note2Ifitcanbeshownbyengineeringprinciples,orifitisknownfrom
experience,thatneglectofsomeoralltheeffectsoftemperaturedonotaffectthe
structuralsafetyandserviceability,theyneednotbeconsideredindesign,

3.HYDROSTATICANDSOILPRESSURE
3.1
Inthedesignofstructuresorpartsofstructuresbelowgroundlevel,suchasretainingwallsand
otherwallsinbasementfloors,thepressureexertedbysoilorwaterorbothshallbedulyaccountedfor
onthebasisofestablishedtheories.Dueallowanceshallbemadeforpossiblesurchargefromstationary
ormovingloads.Whenaportionorwholeofthesoilisbelowthefreewatersurface,thelateralearth
pressureshallbeevaluatedforweightofsoildiminishedbybuoyancyandthefullhydrostaticpressure.
3.1.1
Allfoundationslabsandotherfootingssubjectedtowaterpressureshallbedesignedtoresista
uniformlydistributedupliftequaltothefullhydrostaticpressure.Checkingofoverturningof
foundationundersubmergedconditionshallbedoneconsideringbuoyantweightoffoundation.

3.2
Whiledeterminingthelateralsoilpressureoncolumnlikestructuralmembers,suchaspillars
whichrestinslopingsoils,thewidthofthemembershallbetakenasfollows(seeFig.3):
ActualWidthofMember

RatioofEffectiveWidthtoActualWidth

Lessthan05m

30

Beyond05mandupto1m

30to20

Beyond1m

20

Therelievingpressureofsoilinfrontofthestructuralmemberconcernedmaygenerallynotbe
takenintoaccount.
8

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Fig.3SketchShowingEffectiveWidthOfPillarForCalculatingSoilPressure

3.3
Safeguardingofstructuresandstructuralmembersagainstoverturningandhorizontalsliding
shallbeverified.Imposedloadshavingfavourableeffectshallbedisregardedforthepurpose.Due
considerationshallbegiventothepossibilityofsoilbeingpermanentlyortemporarilyremoved.

4.FATIGUE
4.1
GeneralFatiguecracksareusuallyinitiatedatpointsofhighstressconcentration.Thesestress
concentrationsmaybecausedbyorassociatedwithholes(suchasboltorrivetholesinsteel
structures),weldsincludingstrayorfusionsinsteelstructures,defectsinmaterials,andlocaland
generalchangesingeometryofmembers.Thecracksusuallypropagateiftheloadingiscyclicand
repetitive.
Wherethereissuchcyclicandrepetitiveloading,suddenchangesofshapeofamemberorpart
ofamember,speciallyinregionsoftensilestressand/orlocalsecondarybending,shallbeavoided.
Suitablestepsshallbetakentoavoidcriticalvibrationsduetowindandothercauses

4.2
Wherenecessary,permissiblestressesshallbereducedtoallowfortheeffectsoffatigue.
Allowanceforfatigueshallbemadeforcombinationsofstressesduetodeadloadandimposedload.
Stressesduetowindandearthquakesmaybeignoredwhenfatigueisbeingconsideredunlessotherwise
specifiedintherelevantcodesofpractice.
9

Eachelementofthestructureshallbedesignedforthenumberofstresscyclesofeach
magnitudetowhichitisestimatedthattheelementisliabletobesubjectedduringtheexpectedlifeof
thestructure.Thenumberofcyclesofeachmagnitudeshallbeestimatedinthelightofavailabledata
regardingtheprobablefrequencyofoccurrenceofeachtypeofloading.

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NoteApartfromthegeneralobservationsmadehereinthecodeisunableto
provideanypreciseguidanceinestimatingtheprobablisticbehaviourandresponseof
structuresofvarioustypesarisingoutofrepetitiveloadingapproachingfatigueconditions
instructuralmembers,joints,materials,etc.

5.STRUCTURALSAFETYDURINGCONSTRUCTION
5.1
Allloadsrequiredtobecarriedbythestructuresoranypartofitduetostorageorpositioningof
constructionmaterialsanderectionequipmentincludingallloadsduetooperationofsuchequipment,
shallbeconsideredaserectionloads.Properprovisionshallbemade,includingtemporarybracingsto
takecareofallstressesduetoerectionloads.Thestructureasawholeandallpartsofstructurein
conjunctionwiththetemporarybracingsshallbecapableofsustainingtheseerectionloadswithout
exceedingthepermissiblestressesspecifiedinrespectivecodesofpractice.Deadload,windloadand
suchpartsofimposedloadaswouldbeimposedonthestructureduringtheperiodoferectionshallbe
takenasactingtogetherwitherectionloads.

6.ACCIDENTALLOADS
6.0
GeneralTheoccurrenceofaccidentalloadswithasignificantvalue,isunlikelyonagiven
structureovertheperiodoftimeunderconsideration,andalsoinmostcasesisofshortduration.The
occurrenceofanaccidentalloadcouldinmanycasesbeexpectedtocausesevereconsequencesunless
specialmeasuresaretaken:
Theaccidentalloadsarisingoutofhumanactionincludethefollowing:
a. Impactsandcollisions,
b. Explosions,and
c. Fire.
Characteristicoftheabovestatedloadsarethattheyarenotaconsequenceofnormaluseand
thattheyareundesired,andthatextensiveeffortsaremadetoavoidthem.Asaresult,theprobabilityof
occurrenceofanaccidentalloadissmallwhereastheconsequencesmaybesevere.
10

Thecausesofaccidentalloadsmaybe:
a. inadequatesafetyofequipment(duetopoordesignorpoormaintenance)and
b. wrongoperation(duetoinsufficientteachingortraining,indisposition,negligenceor
unfavourableexternalcircumstances).
Inmostcases,accidentalloadsonlydevelopunderacombinationofseveralunfavourable
occurrence.Inpracticalapplications,itmaybenecessarytoneglectthemostunlikelyloads.The
probabilityofoccurrenceofaccidentalloadswhichareneglectedmaydifferfordifferentconsequences
ofapossiblefailure.Adatabaseforadetailedcalculationoftheprobabilitywillseldombeavailable.
NoteDeterminationofAccidentalLoadsTypesandmagnitudeofaccidentalloads
shouldpreferablybebasedonariskanalysis.Theanalysisshouldconsiderallfactors
influencingthemagnitudeoftheaction,includingpreventivemeasuresforaccidental

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situations.Generally,onlytheprincipalloadbearingsystemneedbedesignedforrelevant
ultimatelimitstates.

6.1ImpactsandCollisions
6.1.1
GeneralDuringanimpact,thekineticimpactenergyhastobeabsorbedbythevehiclehitting
thestructureandbythestructureitself.Inanaccurateanalysis,theprobabilityofoccurrenceofan
impactwithacertainenergyandthedeformationcharacteristicsoftheobjecthittingthestructureand
thestructureitselfattheactualplacemustbeconsidered.Impactenergiesfordroppedobjectsshould
bebasedontheactualloadingcapacityandliftingheight.
Commonsourcesofimpactare:
a. vehicles
b. droppedobjectsfromcranes,forklifts,etc
c. cranesoutofcontrol,cranefailuresand
d. flyingfragments.
Thecodalrequirementsregardingimpactfromvehiclesandcranesaregivenin6.1.2and6.1.3.
6.1.2
CollisionsBetweenVehiclesandStructuralElementsInroadtraffic,therequirementthata
structureshallbeabletoresistcollisionmaybeassumedtobefulfilledifitisdemonstratedthatthe
structuralelementisabletostopafictitiousvehicle,asdescribedinthefollowing.Itisassumedthatthe
vehiclestrikesthestructuralelementatheightof12minanypossibledirectionandataspeedof10
m/s(36km/h).
Thefictitiousvehicleshallbeconsideredtoconsistoftwomassesm1andm2whichduring

11

compressionofthevehicleproduceanimpactforceincreasinguniformlyfromzero,correspondingto
therigiditiesC1andC2.Itisassumedthatthemassm1isbreakedcompletelybeforethebrakingofmass
m2begins.
Thefollowingnumericalvaluesshouldbeused:
m1=400kg,C1=10000kNpermthevehicleiscompressed.
m2=12000kg,C2=300kNpermthevehicleiscompressed.
NoteThedescribedfictitiouscollisioncorrespondsinthecaseofanonelastic
structuralelementtoamaximumstaticforceof630kNforthemassm1and600kNfor
themassm2irrespectiveoftheelasticity.Itwill,therefore,beonthesafesidetoassume
thestaticforcetobe630kN.
Inaddition,brakingofthemassm1willresultinanimpactwave,theeffectofwhichwilldepend
toagreatextentonthekindofstructuralelementconcerned.Consequently,itwillnotalwaysbe
sufficienttodesignforthestaticforce.
6.1.3
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SafetyRailingsWithregardtosafetyrailingsputuptoprotectstructuresagainstcollisiondueto
roadtraffic,itshouldbeshownthattherailingsareabletoresistonimpactasdescribedin6.1.2.
NoteWhenavehiclecollideswithsafetyrailings,thekineticenergyofthevehicle
willbeabsorbedinpartbythedeformationoftherailingsand,inpartbythedeformation
ofthevehicle.Thepartofthekineticenergywhichtherailingsshouldbeabletoabsorb
withoutbreakingdownmaybedeterminedonthebasisoftheassumedrigidityofthe
vehicleduringthecompression.
6.1.4
CraneImpactLoadonBufferStopThebasichorizontalloadPy(tonnes),actingalongthe
cranetrackproducedbyimpactofthecraneonthebufferstop,iscalculatedbythefollowingformula:
Py=MV2/F
where
V = speedatwhichthecraneistravellingatthemomentofimpact(assumedequaltohalfthenominalvalue)
(m/s)
F = maximumshorteningofthebuffer,assumedequalto01mforlightduty,mediumdutyandheavyduty
craneswithflexibleloadsuspensionandloadingcapacitynotexceeding50t,and02mineveryother
cranesand
M = thereducedcranemass(t.s2/m)andisobtainedbytheformula:

where

12

g = accelerationduetogravity(981m/s2)
Ph = cranebridgeweight(t)
Pt = crabweight(t)
k = acoefficient,assumedequaltozeroforcraneswithflexibleloadsuspensionandequaltooneforcranes
withrigidsuspension
Q = craneloadingcapacity(t)
Lk = cranespan(m)and
l

= nearnessofcrab(m).

6.2Explosions
6.2.1
GeneralExplosionsmaycauseimpulsiveloadingonastructure.Thefollowingtypesof
explosionsareparticularlyrelevant:
a. Internalgasexplosionswhichmaybecausedbyleakageofgaspiping(includingpipingoutside
theroom),evaporationfromvolatileliquidsorunintentionalevaporationfromsurfacematerial
(forexample,fire)
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b. Internaldustexplosions
c. Boilerfailure
d. Externalgascloudexplosionsand
e. Externalexplosionsofhighexplosives(TNT,dynamite).
Thecodalrequirementregardinginternalgasexplosionsisgivenin6.2.2.
6.2.2
ExplosionEffectinClosedRoomsGasexplosionmaybecaused,forexample,byleaksingas
pipes(inclusiveofpipesoutsidetheroom),evaporationfromvolatileliquidsorunintentional
evaporationofgasfromwallsheathings(forexample,causedbyfire).
Note1Theeffectofexplosionsdependsontheexplodingmedium,the
concentrationoftheexplosion,theshapeoftheroom,possibilitiesofventilationofthe
explosion,andtheductilityanddynamicpropertiesofthestructure.Inroomswithlittle
possibilityforreliefofthepressurefromtheexplosion,verylargepressuresmayoccur.
Internaloverpressurefromaninternalgasexplosioninroomsofsizescomparableto
residentialroomsandwithventilationareasconsistingofwindowglassbreakingata
pressureof4kN/m2(34mmmachinemadeglass)maybecalculatedfromthefollowing
method:
a. TheoverpressureisassumedtodependonafactorA/V,whereAisthetotalwindow
areainm2,Visthevolumeinm2oftheroomconsidered.
13

b. Theinternalpressureisassumedtoactsimultaneouslyuponallwallsandfloorsin
oneclosedroom.
c. Theactionqomaybetakenasstaticaction.
Ifaccountistakenofthetimecurveofaction,thefollowing(Fig.4)schematic
correspondencebetweenpressureandtimeisassumed,wheret1isthetimefromthestart
ofcombustionuntilmaximumpressureisreached,andt2isthetimefrommaximum
pressuretotheendofcombustion.Fort1andt2,themostunfavourablevaluesshouldbe
choseninrelationtothedynamicpropertiesofthestructures.However,thevaluesshould
bechosenwithintheintervalsasgiveninFig.5.
Note2Figure4isbasedontestswithgasexplosionsinroomcorrespondingto
ordinaryresidentialflatsandshould,therefore,notbeappliedtoconsiderablydifferent
conditions.Thefigurecorrespondstoanexplosioncausedbytowngasanditmight
therefore,besomewhatonthesafesideinroomswherethereisonlythepossibilityof
gaseswithalowerrateofcombustion.
Thepressuremaybeappliedsolelyinoneroomorinmoreroomsatthesametime.
Inthelattercase,allroomsareincorporatedinthevolumeV.Onlywindowsorother
similarlyweakandlightweightstructuralelementsmaybetakentobeventilationareas
eventhroughcertainlimitedstructuralpartsbreakatpressureslessthanqo.
Figure4isgivenpurelyasguideandprobabilityofoccurrenceofanexplosionshould
becheckedineachcaseusingappropriatevalues.

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6.3VerticalLoadonAirRaidShelters
6.3.1
CharacteristicValuesAsregardsbuildingsinwhichtheindividualfloorsareacteduponbya
totalcharacteristicimposedactionofupto50kN/m2,verticalactionsonairraidsheltersgenerally
locatedbelowgroundlevel,forexample,basement,etc,shouldbeconsideredtohavethefollowing
characteristicvalues:
a) Buildingswithupto2storeys

28kN/m2

b) Buildingswith3to4storeys

34kN/m2

c) Buildingswithmorethan4storeys

41kN/m2

d) Buildingsofparticularlystableconstructionirrespectiveofthenumberofstoreys

28kN/m2

Inthecaseofbuildingswithfloorsthatareacteduponbyacharacteristicimposedactionlarger
than50kN/m2,theabovevaluesshouldbeincreasedbythedifferencebetweentheaverageimposed
actiononallstoreysabovetheoneconcernedand50kN/m2.
Note1Bystoreysitisunderstood,everyutilizablestoreyabovetheshelter.
Note2Bybuildingsofaparticularstableconstructionitisunderstood,buildingsin
whichtheloadbearingstructuresaremadefromreinforcedinsituconcrete.
14

Fig.4SketchShowingRelationBetweenPressureandTime

Fig.5SketchShowingTimeIntervalAndPressure

6.4Fire
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6.4.1
GeneralPossibleextraordinaryloadsduringafiremaybeconsideredasaccidentalactions.
Examplesareloadsfrompeoplealongescaperoutesandloadsonanotherstructurefromstructure
failingbecauseofafire.
6.4.2
ThermalEffectDuringFireThethermaleffectduringfiremaybedeterminedfromoneofthe
followingmethods:
a. Timetemperaturecurveandtherequiredfireresistance(minutes),or
b. Energybalancemethod.
Ifthethermaleffectduringfireisdeterminedfromenergybalancemethod,thefireloadistaken
tobe:
q=12tb
where

15

fireaction(KJperm2floor),and

tb

requiredfireresistance(minutes)(seeIS:16421960*).

NoteThefireactionisdefinedasthetotalquantityofheatproducedbycomplete
combustionofallcombustiblematerialinthefirecompartment,inclusiveofstoredgoods
andequipmenttogetherwithbuildingstructuresandbuildingmaterials.

7.OTHERLOADS
7.1
Otherloadsnotincludedinthepresentcodesuchasspecialloadsduetotechnicalprocess,
moistureandshrinkageeffects,etc,shouldbetakenintoaccountwherestipulatedbybuildingdesign
codesorestablishedinaccordancewiththeperformancerequirementofthestructure.

8.LOADCOMBINATIONS
8.0
GeneralAjudiciouscombinationoftheloads(specifiedinParts1to4ofthisstandardand
earthquake),keepinginviewtheprobabilityof:
a. theiractingtogether,and
b. theirdispositioninrelationtootherloadsandseverityofstressesordeformationscausedby
combinationsofthevariousloadsisnecessarytoensuretherequiredsafetyandeconomyinthe
designofastructure.
*Codeofpracticeforsafetyofbuildings(general):Materialsanddetailsofconstruction.

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8.1
LoadCombinationsKeepingtheaspectspecifiedin8.0,thevariousloadsshould,therefore,
becombinedinaccordancewiththestipulationsintherelevantdesigncodes.Intheabsenceofsuch
recommendations,thefollowingloadingcombinations,whichevercombinationproducesthemost
unfavourableeffectinthebuilding,foundationorstructuralmemberconcernedmaybeadopted(asa
generalguidance).Itshouldalsoberecognizedinloadcombinationsthatthesimultaneousoccurrence
ofmaximumvaluesofwind,earthquake,imposedandsnowloadsisnotlikely.
a. DL
b. DL+IL
c. DL+WL
d. DL+EL
e. DL+TL
f. DL+IL+WL
g. DL+IL+EL
16

h. DL+IL+TL
i. DL+WL+TL
j. DL+EL+TL
k. DL+IL+WL+TL
l. DL+IL+EL+TL
(DL=deadload,IL=imposedload,WL=windload,EL=earthquakeload,TL=
temperatureload).
Note1Whensnowloadispresentonroofs,replaceimposedloadbysnowloadfor
thepurposeofaboveloadcombinations.
Note2Therelevantdesigncodesshallbefollowedforpermissiblestresseswhen
thestructureisdesignedbyworkingstressmethodandforpartialsafetyfactorswhenthe
structureisdesignedbylimitstatedesignmethodforeachoftheaboveloadcombinations.
Note3Wheneverimposedload(IL)iscombinedwithearthquakeload(EL),the
appropriatepartofimposedloadasspecifiedinIS:1893J984*shouldbeusedbothfor
evaluatingearthquakeeffectandforcombinedloadeffectsusedinsuchcombination.
Note4Forthepurposeofstabilityofthestructureasawholeagainstoverturning,
therestoringmomentshallbenotlessthan12timesthemaximumoverturningmoment
duetodeadloadplus14timesthemaximumoverturningmomentduetoimposedloads,
Incaseswheredeadloadprovidestherestoringmoment,only09timesthedeadloadshall
beconsidered.Therestoringmomentsduetoimposedloadsshallbeignored.Incaseof
highwatertable,theeffectsofbuoyancyhavetobesuitablytakenintoconsideration.
Note5Incaseofhighwatertable,thefactorofsafetyof1.2againstupliftalone
shallbeprovided.
Note6Thestructureshallhaveafactoragainstslidingofnotlessthan14under
themostadversecombinationoftheappliedloads/forces.Inthiscase,only09timesthe
deadloadshallbetakenintoaccount.
Note7Wherethebearingpressureonsoilduetowindaloneislessthan25percent
ofthatduetodeadloadandimposedload,itmaybeneglectedindesign.Wherethis

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exceeds25percentfoundationmaybesoproportionedthatthepressureduetocombined
effectofdeadload,imposedloadandwindloaddoesnotexceedtheallowablebearing
pressurebymorethan25percent.Whenearthquakeeffectisincluded,thepermissible
increaseisallowablebearingpressureinthesoilshallbeinaccordancewithIS:1893
1984*.
Reducedimposedload(IL)specifiedinPart2ofthisstandardforthedesignof
supportingstructuresshouldnotbeappliedincombinationwithearthquakeforces.
Note8Otherloadsandaccidentalloadcombinationsnotincludedshouldbedealt
withappropriately.
Note9Craneloadcombinationsarecoveredunder/Part2ofthisstandard(see6.4
ofPart2ofthisstandard).
*Criteriaforearthquakeresistantdesignofstructures(fourthrevision).
17

(Continuedfrompage2)
PanelonLoads(OtherthanWindLoads),BDC37:P3
Convener
ShriT.N.SubbaRao

Representing
GammonIndiaLimited,Bombay

DrS.V.Lonkar(Alternate)
Members

ShriS.R.Kulkarni

M.N.Dastur&CoLtd,Calcutta

ShriM.L.Mehta

Metallurgical&EngineeringConsultants(India)Ltd,Ranchi

ShriS.K.Datta(Alternate)
ShriT.V.S.R.AppaRao

StructuralEngineeringResearchCentre,CSIRCampus,Madras

ShriNageshR.Iyer(Alternate)
ShriC.N.Srinivasan

C.R.NarayanaRao,Madras

SuperintendingEngineer(D)

CentralPublicWorksDepartment(CentralDesignsOrganization),NewDelhi

ExecutiveEngineer(D)VII(Alternate)
DrH.C.Visvesvaraya
19
18

NationalCouncilforCementandBuildingMaterials,NewDelhi

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*Eastern:1/14CITSchemeVIIM,V.I.P.Road,Kankurgachi,KOLKATA700054

03323208499

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01722609285

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02228329295

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07925601348

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CommercialcumofficeComplex,Manakalaya,Opp.DusheraMaidan,E5,Arera

07552423449

Colony,BittanMarket,BHOPAL462016
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SCO21,Sector12,FARIDABAD121007

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01202861498

53/5WardNo.29,R.G.BaruaRoad,5thBylane,ApurbaSinhaPath,GUWAHATI

03612456508

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04024731082

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01412223282

11/418BSarvodayaNagar,KANPUR208005

05122233012

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