Trees and Graphs

Data Structure and Algorithm Analysis
Slide Set 6
Trees & Graph
13 CS- I & II
Engr. Maria Shaikh
maria.sheikh@faculty.muet.edu.pk
Non-Linear Data Structure

These data structures do not have their elements in a sequence. Trees and
Graph is an example.
Trees are mainly used to represent data containing a hierarchical relationship
between elements, example : records, family trees and table of contents.
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Engr. Maria Shaikh
Non Linear Data Structures

Non Linear Data Structures are
Branched recursive data structures
Consisting of nodes
Each node can be connected to other nodes
Examples of tree-like structures

Trees: binary / other degree, balanced, etc.
Graphs: directed / undirected, weighted, etc.
Networks
Network
Tree
1
Project
Manager
3
Team
Leader
Developer
1
Designer
Developer
3
QA Team
Leader
Tester 1
Tester 2
1
Developer
2
4
21
Graph
4
14
11
12
19
31
Basic Terminologies in Trees

Nodes: The boxes on the tree are called nodes.
Children: The nodes immediately below (to the left and right of) a given node
are called its children.
Parent: The node immediately above a given node is called its parent.
Root: The (unique) node without a parent is called the root.
Leaf: A node with no children is called a leaf
Siblings: Two children of the same parent are said to be siblings.
A node can be an ancestor (e.g.grandparent) or a descendant (e.g. greatgrandchild).
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Engr. Maria Shaikh
Basic Terminologies in Trees

Root: node with no parent.
A non-empty tree has exactly one root.
leaf: node with no children
siblings: two nodes with the same parent.
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Engr. Maria Shaikh
Basic Terminologies in Graph

Path: a sequence of nodes n1 , n2, ---------- nk such that ni is the
parent of ni+1
for 1 i < k,
In other words, a sequence of hops to get from one node to
Another.
The length of a path is the number of edges in the path, or 1 less
than the number of nodes in it.
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Engr. Maria Shaikh
Trees
Terminology
Root no parent
Leaf no child
Interior non-leaf
Height distance from root to leaf
Root node
Interior nodes
Leaf nodes
Height
Trees Data Structures

Tree
Nodes
Each node can have 0 or more children
A node can have at most one parent
Binary tree
Tree with 02 children per node
Binary Tree
Tree
Size and depth

a
b
d
g
c
e
10
f
j
The size of a binary tree is the number of nodes

in it
This tree has size 12
The depth of a node is its distance from the root.
a is at depth zero
e is at depth 2
The depth of a binary tree is the depth of its
deepest node
This tree has depth 4
Trees
Data structure terminology
Node, edge, root, child, children, siblings, parent, ancestor,
descendant, predecessor, successor, internal node, leaf, depth,
height, subtree
17
Height = 2
6
11
Depth 0
15
14
5
Depth 1
Depth 2
Binary Trees
A binary tree is a finite set of elements that are either empty or is
partitioned into three disjoint subsets. The first subset contains a
single element called the root of the tree. The other two subsets are
themselves binary trees called the left and right subtrees of the
original tree. A left or right subtree can be empty.
Each element of a binary tree is called a node of the tree.
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Engr. Maria Shaikh
12
Binary Trees
Binary trees: most widespread form
Each node has at most 2 children
Right
Subtree
Root
node
Left
subtree
17
9
6
15
5
10
Left child
13
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Right child
Complete Binary Tree

A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which every level,
except possibly the last, is completely filled, and all nodes are as
far left as possible.
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14
Full and Complete Binary Tree
15
BINARY TREES: BASIC DEFINITIONS

left son
right son
leaves
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Binary Search Trees

Binary search trees are ordered
For each node x in the tree
All the elements of the left subtree of x are < x
All the elements of the right subtree of x are x
17
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Binary Search Trees
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Binary Search Trees

A Binary Search Tree is a binary tree with the following properties:
All items in the left subtree are less than the root.
All items in the right subtree are greater or equal to the root.
Each subtree is itself a binary search tree.
Binary search trees provide an excellent structure for searching a list
and at the same time for inserting and deleting data into the list.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Balanced Binary Tree

a
a
b
d
c
e
c
g
h i
j
A balanced binary tree
f
g
i j
An unbalanced binary tree
A binary tree is balanced if every level above the lowest is full (contains 2n nodes)
In most applications, a reasonably balanced binary tree is desirable.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
(a), (b) - complete and balanced trees;

(d) nearly complete and balanced tree;
(c), (e) neither complete nor balanced trees

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Invalid Binary Search Tree
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Binary Search Tree Operations

We discuss four basic BST operations: traversal, search, insert, and delete; and
develop algorithms for searches, insertion, and deletion.
Traversals
Searches
Insertion
Deletion
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TRAVERSING BINARY TREES

One of the common operations of a binary tree is to traverse the tree. Traversing
a tree is to pass through all of its nodes once. You may want to print the
contents of each node or to process the contents of the nodes. In either case each
node of the tree is visited.
There are three main traversal methods where traversing a binary tree involves
visiting the root and traversing its left and right subtrees. The only difference
among these three methods is the order in which these three operations are
performed.
Binary Tree Traversal
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Engr. Maria Shaikh
TRAVERSING BINARY TREES

Traversing a binary tree in preorder (depth-first order)
1. Visit the root.
2. Traverse the left subtree in preorder.
3. Traverse the right subtree in preorder.
Traversing a binary tree in preorder
Preorder: ABDGCEHIF
Preorder Traversal
23 18 12 20 44 35 52
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Postorder Traversal
Traversing a binary tree in postorder
1. Traverse the left subtree in postorder.
2. Traverse the right subtree in postorder.
3. Visit the root.
Postorder Traversal
12 20 18 35 52 44 23
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Postorder Traversal
Postorder: GDBHIEFCA
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Inorder Traversing Binary Trees

Traversing a binary tree in inorder (or symmetric order)
1. Traverse the left subtree in inorder.
2. Visit the root.
3. Traverse the right subtree in inorder.
Inorder Traversal
12 18 20 23 35 44 52
Inorder traversal of a binary search tree produces a sequenced list
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Inorder Traversal
Inorder: DGBAHEICF
Right-Node-Left Traversal
52 44 35 23 20 18 12
Right-node-left traversal of a binary search tree produces a descending sequence
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Binary Expression Trees

[a + (b c)] * [(d e) / (f + g h)]
+
a
/
-
c
Preorder: * + a b c / - d e - + f g h
Postorder: a b c - + d e f g + h - / *
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Tree Traversal Algorithms

Traversing
a tree means to visit each of its nodes exactly one in

particular order
Many traversal algorithms are known
Depth-First Search (DFS)
Visit node's successors first
Usually implemented by recursion
Breadth-First Search (BFS)

Nearest nodes visited first
Implemented by a queue
38

Depth-First Search first
visits all descendants of given node

recursively, finally visits the node itself
DFS algorithm
pseudo code
9
7
DFS(node)
{
for each child c of node
DFS(c);
print the current node;
}
19
2
21
3
12
31
14
7
23
6
39
DFS in Action (Step 1)

Stack: 7
Output: (empty)
19
12
21
31
14
23
40

Stack: 7, 19
Output: (empty)
19
12
21
31
14
23
41

Stack: 7, 19, 1
Output: (empty)
19
12
21
31
14
23
42

Stack: 7, 19
Output: 1
19
12
21
31
14
23
43

Stack: 7, 19, 12
Output: 1
19
12
21
31
14
23
44

Stack: 7, 19
Output: 1, 12
19
12
21
31
14
23
45

Stack: 7, 19, 31
Output: 1, 12
19
12
21
31
14
23
46

Stack: 7, 19
Output: 1, 12, 31
19
12
21
31
14
23
47

Stack: 7
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19
19
12
21
31
14
23
48

Stack: 7, 21
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19
19
12
21
31
14
23
49

Stack: 7
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21
19
12
21
31
14
23
50

Stack: 7, 14
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21
19
12
21
31
14
23
51

Stack: 7, 14, 23
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21
19
12
21
31
14
23
52

Stack: 7, 14
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21, 23
19
12
21
31
14
23
53

Stack: 7, 14, 6
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21, 23
19
12
21
31
14
23
54

Stack: 7, 14
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21, 23, 6
19
12
21
31
14
23
55

Stack: 7
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21, 23, 6, 14
19
12
21
31
14
23
56

Stack: (empty)
Output: 1, 12, 31, 19, 21, 23, 6, 14, 7
Traversal finished
7
19
12
21
31
14
23
57
Breadth-First Search (BFS)

Breadth-First Search first
visits the neighbor nodes, later their
neighbors, etc.
BFS algorithm pseudo code
BFS(node)
{
queue node
while queue not empty
v queue
print v
for each child c of v
queue c
}
7
3
19
6
21
7
12
31
14
9
23
6
58
BFS in Action (Step 1)

Queue: 7
Output: 7
19
12
21
31
14
23
59

Queue: 7, 19
Output: 7
19
12
21
31
14
23
60

Queue: 7, 19, 21
Output: 7
19
12
21
31
14
23
61

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14
Output: 7
19
12
21
31
14
23
62

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14
Output: 7, 19
19
12
21
31
14
23
63

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1
Output: 7, 19
19
12
21
31
14
23
64

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12
Output: 7, 19
19
12
21
31
14
23
65

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31
Output: 7, 19
19
12
21
31
14
23
66

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31
Output: 7, 19, 21
19
12
21
31
14
23
67

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14
19
12
21
31
14
23
68

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14
19
12
21
31
14
23
69

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14
19
12
21
31
14
23
70

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1
19
12
21
31
14
23
71

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12
19
12
21
31
14
23
72

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31
19
12
21
31
14
23
73

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23
19
12
21
31
14
23
74

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
19
12
21
31
14
23
75

Queue: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
The
queue is
empty
stop
Output: 7, 19, 21, 14, 1, 12, 31, 23, 6
19
12
21
31
14
23
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General Trees
A general tree ( sometimes called a tree) is defined to be a non empty finite set T of
elements, called nodes, such that:
1) T contains a distinguished element R, called the root of T.
2) The remaining elements of T form an ordered collection of zero or more disjoint trees
T1, T2, -------------TM are called successors of R.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
General Trees
A
B
E
D
C
K
G
General Tree T with 13 Nodes

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N
L
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Presentation topic
GRAPH
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What is graph ?
A GRAPH is a mathematical structure consisting of a set of vertices and a set
of edges.
Node: Each element of a graph is called node of a graph.
Edge :Line joining two nodes is called an edge.
= Vertices
= Edeges
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Other Definitions of Graph

A data structure that consists of a set of nodes (vertices) and a set of
edges that relate the nodes to each other.
The set of edges describes relationships among the vertices.
Graph is a mathematical structure used to model pair wise
relations between objects from a certain collection.
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Formal definition of graphs

A graph G is defined as follows:
G = (V,E) is composed of:
V(G): a finite, nonempty set of vertices
E(G): a set of edges connecting the vertices in V
An edge e = (u,v) is a pair of vertices
Example:
a
b V= {a,b,c,d,e}
E= {(a,b),(a,c),(a,d),(b,e),(c,d),(c,e),
(d,e) }
e
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Types of graphs
There are two types of graph :
Directed graph
Undirected graph
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Directed graph
A graphs G is called directed graph or digraph if each edge has a direction.
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Un Directed graph
A graphs G is called directed graph if each edge has no direction.
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Graph terminologies
Adjacent nodes: Two nodes are adjacent if they are connected
by an edge
5 is adjacent to 7
7 is adjacent from 55
Path: A sequence of vertices that connect two nodes in a graph

Complete graph: A graph in which every vertex is directly
connected to every other vertex.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Graph terminologies (cont.)

What is the number of edges in a complete directed graph with N vertices?
N * (N-1)
O( N )
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Graph terminologies (cont.)

What is the number of edges in a complete undirected graph with N vertices?
N * (N-1) / 2
O( N )
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Terminologies
connected graph: any two vertices are connected by some path
connected
not connected
subgraph: subset of vertices and edges forming a graph
connected component: maximal connected subgraph. E.g., the graph below has 3 connected
components.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Subgraphs Examples
0
1
2
3
G1
0
1
(i)
2
3
0
1
(ii)
(iii)
(a) Some of the subgraph of G1
G3
3 (iv)
2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) Some of the subgraph of G3
(iv)
Some different types of graph

1. Sub graph
2. Complete graph
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Some different types of graph

3. Weighted graph:
A graph in which each edge carries a value.
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Representation of graphs
Graphs can be represented in 2 ways :
Array representation
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Linked list representation
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Real Life Example
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Real Life Example
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Real Life Example
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Real Life Example

CS16
electronic circuits
networks (roads, flights, communications)
JFK
LAX
HNL
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STL
DFW
FTL
Paths
A path in a graph is a sequence of vertices such that from
each of its vertices there is an edge to the next vertex in the
sequence.
The length of a path is the number of edges on it. The length can be zero
for the case of a single vertex.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Paths
A path may be infinite.
A finite path always has a first vertex, called its start vertex, and a last vertex,
called its end vertex.
Both of them are called terminal vertices of the path.
The other vertices in the path are internal vertices.
A
Path= A B D C E
E
A- Start vertex
E- End vertex
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Path
3
3
3
c
e d
d
abedc
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e
bedc
101
Simple Paths
A graph with no loops or multiple edges is called a simple graph.
A path with no repeated vertices is called a simple path.
The path from v1 to v4 is said to be simple path as
vertices is touched more than once.
The path from v1 to v4 is not simple as
v1 is touched twice or looped.
cycle:
Simple path, except that the last vertex is the same as
the first vertex. Its also known as a circuit or circular path.
A
B
E
Path= A E C A
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Paths
a
simple path
b
bec
c
e
cycle:
b
acda
c
d
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Degree
The degree of vertex in an undirected graph is the number of edges incident to
that vertex.
A vertex with degree one is called pendent vertex or end vertex.
A vertex with degree zero and hence has no incident edges is called an isolated
vertex.
A
V1
B
Pendent vertex
Isolated vertex
In the undirected graph vertex v3 has the degree 3 And vertex v2 has the degree 2
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Degree
Degree in directed graph
Degree of directed graph has two types
i. Indegree
No of edges with their head towards the vertex.
ii. Outdegree
No of edges with their tail towards the vertex.
Indegree of vertex v2 is 2 and
Outdegree of vertex v1 is 1.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Example:
3
0
2
3
3
2
3G
3
1
in:1, out: 1
in: 1, out: 2
in: 1, out: 0
Directed graph
in-degree
out-degree
G3
Engr. Maria Shaikh
G2
Adjacent and Incident

If (v0, v1) is an edge in an undirected graph,
v0 and v1 are adjacent
The edge (v0, v1) is incident on vertices v0 and v1
If <v0, v1> is an edge in a directed graph

v0 is adjacent to v1, and v1 is adjacent from v0
The edge <v0, v1> is incident on v0 and v1
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More
Tree - connected graph without cycles.
Forest - collection of trees.
tree
A forest is an undirected graph

without cycles
The connected components of a
forest are trees.
tree
forest
tree
tree
Forest
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Cycles and trees

Graph with no cycles: acyclic
Directed Acyclic Graph: DAG
Undirected forest:
Acyclic undirected graph
Tree: undirected acyclic connected graph

one connected component
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Connectivity
Let n = #vertices, and m = #edges
A complete graph: one in which all pairs of vertices are adjacent
How many total edges in a complete graph?
Each of the n vertices is incident to n-1 edges, however, we would have counted each edge twice!
Therefore, intuitively, m = n(n -1)/2.
Therefore, if a graph is not complete, m < n(n -1)/2
n 5
m (5
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More Connectivity
n = #vertices
m = #edges
For a tree m = n - 1
n5
m4
If m < n - 1, G is
not connected
n5
m3
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Graph Representations
Adjacency Matrix
Adjacency Lists
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Representing graphs
Adjacency matrix:
When graph is dense
|E| close to |V|2
Adjacency lists:
When graph is sparse
|E| << |V|2
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Adjacency Matrix
Let G=(V,E) be a graph with n vertices.
The adjacency matrix of G is a two-dimensional n by n array, say adj_mat
If the edge (vi, vj) is in E(G), adj_mat[i][j]=1
If there is no such edge in E(G), adj_mat[i][j]=0
The adjacency matrix for an undirected graph is symmetric; the adjacency
matrix for a digraph need not be symmetric
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Examples
1
1
2
3
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
3
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
Engr. Maria Shaikh
1
0
1
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
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Adjacency Matrix
|V| |V| matrix A.

Number vertices from 1 to |V| in some arbitrary manner.
A is then given by:
A[i, j ]
d4
1
2
3
4
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
4
1
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
0
3
1
1
0
1
4
1
0
1
0
1 if (i, j ) E
aij
0 otherwise
A = AT for undirected graphs.
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Examples for Adjacency Matrix
1
0
1
1 1
0 1
1
1 1
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
0 1 0
1
0
1
0 0 0
G2
G1
n2/2
undirected:
directed: n2
symmetric
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7
0
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
0 0
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
G4
Merits of Adjacency Matrix

From the adjacency matrix, to determine the connection of vertices is
easy
n 1
adj _ mat[i][ j ]
The degree of a vertex is
j 0
For a digraph (= directed graph), the row sum is the out_degree, while
the column sum is the in_degree
n 1
n 1
j 0
j 0
ind (vi ) A[ j , i ] outd (vi ) A[i , j ]
Engr. Maria Shaikh
Adjacency Lists
(data structures)
3
0
1
2
3
1
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
G1
0
1
2
1
0
2
G3
3
3
3
2
0
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
0
0
1
5
4
5
6
G4
2
3
3
2
6
7
An undirected graph with n vertices and e edges ==> n head nodes and 2e list nodes
Traversing a Graph
A traversal of a graph is a systematic procedure for exploring a
graph by examining all of its vertices and edges.
Until finding a goal vertex or until no more vertices
Only for connected graphs

Example:
Web spider or crawler is the data collecting part of a search engine that
visits all the hypertext documents on the web. (The documents are
vertices and the hyperlinks are the edges).
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120
Graph Search (traversal)

How do we search a graph?
At a particular vertices, where shall we go next?
Two common framework:
the depth-first search (DFS)
the breadth-first search (BFS) and
In DFS, go as far as possible along a single path until reach a dead
end (a vertex with no edge out or no neighbor unexplored) then

backtrack
In BFS, one explore a graph level by level away (explore all
neighbors first and then move on)
Engr. Maria Shaikh1.121
Breadth-first search
Level-by-level traversal.
Search for all vertices that are directly reachable from the root (called
level 1 vertices)
After mark all these vertices, visit all vertices that are directly reachable
from any level 1 vertices (called level 2 vertices), and so on.
In general, level k vertices are directly reachable from a level k 1
vertices
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122
BFS in a binary tree

BFS: visit all siblings before their descendants
5
2
1
8
3
10
5 2 8 1 3 6 10 7 9
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9
123
BFS for General Graphs

This version assumes vertices have two children
left, right
This is trivial to fix
But still no good for general graphs

It does not handle cycles
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124
Example for Undirected Graph

A
Queue: A
B
E
C
Start with A. Put in the queue (marked red)

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125
Example for Undirected Graph (cont.)

Queue: A B E
A
B
E
C
B and E are next

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Queue: A B E C G D F
E
C
When we go to B, we put G and C in the queue

When we go to E, we put D and F in the queue
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E
C
When we go to B, we put G and C in the queue

When we go to E, we put D and F in the queue
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Queue: A B E C G D F F
E
C
Suppose we now want to expand C. We put F in the queue again!

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Generalizing BFS
Cycles:
We need to save auxiliary information
Each node needs to be marked
Visited:
Not visited:
No need to be put on queue

Put on queue when found
What about assuming only two children vertices?

Need to put all adjacent vertices in queue
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The general BFS algorithm

Each vertex can be in one of three states:
Unmarked and not on queue
Marked and on queue
Marked and off queue
The algorithm moves vertices between these states
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Handling vertices
Unmarked and not on queue:
Not reached yet
Marked and on queue:

Known, but adjacent vertices not visited yet (possibly)
Marked and off queue:

Known, all adjacent vertices on queue or done with
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Example for BFS Undirected Graph Modified

Queue: A
A
B
E
C
Start with A. Mark it.

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Queue: A B E
A
B
E
C
Expand As adjacent vertices.

Mark them and put them in queue.
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134

Queue: A B E C G
E
C
Now take B off queue, and queue its neighbors.

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A
B
E
C
Do same with E.
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E
C
Visit C.
Its neighbor F is already marked, so not queued.
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137

E
C
Visit G.
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E
C
Visit D. F, E marked so not queued.

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Example for Undirected Graph Modified

E
C
Visit F.
E, D, C marked, so not queued again.
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E
C
Done. We have explored the graph in order:

A B E C G D F.
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BFS for Directed Graph

The Color Scheme
White vertices have not been discovered

All vertices start out white
Grey vertices are discovered but not fully explored

They may be adjacent to white vertices
Black vertices are discovered and fully explored

They are adjacent only to black and gray vertices
Explore vertices by scanning adjacency list of grey
vertices
An Example
A
Data Structure and Algorithm
1.143
1.144
1.145
C
2
M
1.146
C
2
3
2
3
1.147
3
2
3
1.148
3
2
3
1.149
3
2
3
1.150
3
2
3
1.151
Interesting features of BFS

Complexity: O(|V| + |E|)
All vertices put on queue exactly once
For each vertex on queue, we expand its edges
In other words, we traverse all edges once
BFS finds shortest path from s to each vertex

Shortest in terms of number of edges
Why does this work?
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152

The basic idea behind this algorithm is that it traverses the graph using
recursion
Go as far as possible until you reach a dead end
Backtrack to the previous path and try the next branch
The graph below, started at node a, would be visited in the following
order: a, b, c, g, h, i, e, d, f, j
a
c
e
j
1.153
Example for DFS Undirected Graph Modified

Current vertex: A
A
B
E
C
Start with A. Mark it.

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Current: B
A
B
E
C
Expand As adjacent vertices. Pick one (B).
Mark it and re-visit.

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Current: C
A
B
E
C
Now expand B, and visit its neighbor, C.

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Current: F
A
B
E
C
Visit F.
Pick one of its neighbors, E.
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A
Current: E
B
E
C
Es adjacent vertices are A, D and F.

A and F are marked, so pick D.
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Current: D
A
B
E
C
Visit D. No new vertices available. Backtrack to E. Backtrack to F.

Backtrack to C. Backtrack to B
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Current: G
A
B
E
C
Visit G. No new vertices from here. Backtrack to B. Backtrack to A. E

already marked so no new.
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1
Current:
A
5
E
6
Done. We have explored the graph in order:

ABCFEDG
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DFS: Color Scheme

Vertices initially colored white
Then colored gray when discovered

Then black when finished
DFS: Time Stamps

Discover time d[u]: when u is first discovered
Finish time f[u]: when backtrack from u
d[u] < f[u]
DFS Example
source
vertex
Engr. Maria1.164
Shaikh
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
2 |
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
2 |
3 |
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
2 |
3 | 4
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
2 |
3 | 4
5 |
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
2 |
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
2 | 7
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
8 |
2 | 7
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
8 |
2 | 7
9 |
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
8 |
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |
8 |11
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |12
8 |11
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |12
8 |11
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
13|
5 | 6
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |12
8 |11
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
13|
5 | 6
14|
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |12
8 |11
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
13|
5 | 6
14|15
DFS Example
source
vertex
1 |12
8 |11
2 | 7
9 |10
3 | 4
13|16
5 | 6
14|15
Interesting features of DFS

Complexity: O(|V| + |E|)
All vertices visited once, then marked
For each vertex on queue, we examine all edges
In other words, we traverse all edges once
DFS does not necessarily find shortest path

Why?
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181
Graph Traversal
Problem: Search for a certain node or traverse all nodes in the
graph
Depth First Search
Once a possible path is found, continue the search until the end of the
path
Breadth First Search

Start several paths at a time, and advance in each one step at a time
Engr. Maria Shaikh
END OF SLIDE SET 6
10/30/2014
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183

Trees and Graphs

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Trees and Graphs

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Data Structure and Algorithm Analysis

Non-Linear Data Structure

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Non Linear Data Structures

Examples of tree-like structures

Basic Terminologies in Trees

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Basic Terminologies in Trees

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Basic Terminologies in Graph

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Trees Data Structures

Size and depth

The size of a binary tree is the number of nodes

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Complete Binary Tree

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Full and Complete Binary Tree

BINARY TREES: BASIC DEFINITIONS

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Binary Search Trees

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Binary Search Trees

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Binary Search Trees

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Balanced Binary Tree

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(a), (b) - complete and balanced trees;

(c), (e) neither complete nor balanced trees

Invalid Binary Search Tree

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Binary Search Tree Operations

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TRAVERSING BINARY TREES

Binary Tree Traversal

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Engr. Maria Shaikh

TRAVERSING BINARY TREES

Traversing a binary tree in preorder

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Inorder Traversing Binary Trees

Binary Expression Trees

Engr. Maria Shaikh

Tree Traversal Algorithms

a tree means to visit each of its nodes exactly one in

Breadth-First Search (BFS)

Depth-First Search (DFS)

visits all descendants of given node

DFS in Action (Step 1)

DFS in Action (Step 2)

DFS in Action (Step 3)

DFS in Action (Step 4)

DFS in Action (Step 5)

DFS in Action (Step 6)

DFS in Action (Step 7)

DFS in Action (Step 8)

DFS in Action (Step 9)

DFS in Action (Step 10)

DFS in Action (Step 11)

DFS in Action (Step 12)

DFS in Action (Step 13)