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Chapter 14
Integration
14. Integration
15. Methods and Applications of Integration
16. Continuous Random Variables
17. Multivariable Calculus
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter Objectives
To define the differential.
To define the anti-derivative and the indefinite
integral.
To evaluate constants of integration.
1
To apply the formulas for u du, e du and du .
u
To handle more challenging integration problems.
n
Chapter Outline
14.1) Differentials
14.2) The Indefinite Integral
14.3) Integration with Initial Conditions
14.4) More Integration Formulas
14.5) Techniques of Integration
14.6) The Definite Integral
14.7)
Calculus
Chapter Outline
14.8) Approximate Integration
14.9) Area
14.10) Area between Curves
14.11) Consumers and Producers Surplus
14.1 Differentials
The differential of y, denoted dy or d(f(x)), is given
by dy = f ' ( x ) x dy = f ' ( x ) dx
Example 1 Computing a Differential
P = P ( t ) = 1 3
2
( 300 + t )
Use differentials to approximate the change in the
proportion discharged if t changes from 300 to 305.
dp
Find
if q = 2500 p 2 .
dq
2500 p 2
dq
p
dp
1
=
=
=
Solution:
2
dp
dq dq
p
2500 p
dp
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Solution: 5dx = 5 x + C
Find 7 xdx .
7x 2
Solution: 7 xdx = 2 + C
Find
(2
x 4 7 x 3 + 10e x 1dx .
Find a.
( 2x 1)( x + 3 ) dx
6
x 1
b. 2 dx
x
3
Solution:
a.
( 2x 1)( x + 3) dx
6
1 x3
x2
= ( 2)
+ ( 5)
3 x + C
6
3
2
x 3 5x 2 x
=
+
+C
9
12 2
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x3 1
b.
dx
2
x
= x x 2 dx
x2 1
=
+ +C
2 x
2
y
=
4
x
4x 3
The equation is
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Solution:
We have y = 100 x 3 / 2dx = 40 x 5 / 2 + C
When x = 9, 28,720 = 40( 9 )
5/2
+C
C = 19,000
Therefore, y = 40 x
5/2
+ 19,000
dc
= 0.000001 0.002q 2 25q + 0.2
dq
Solution:
The total cost c is
3
2
When q = 0, c = 4000.
Cost of 10,000 lb in one week,
0.002q 3 25q 2
+ 0.2q + 4000
c ( q ) = 0.000001
3
2
c (10000 ) = $5416.67
2007 Pearson Education Asia
n +1
u
n
u
dx = n + 1 + C if n 1
( x + 1)
3x ( x
2
Solution:
a.
( x + 1)
20
dx = ( u )
20
20
+ 7 dx
(
u
x + 1)
du =
+C =
21
21
21
b. Let u = x 3 + 7 du = 3 x 2dx
dx
u
x +7
3 x x + 7 dx = ( u ) du = 4 + C = 4
2
21
+C
+C
Find a.
6 y dy
b.
(x
2x 3 + 3 x
+ 3x + 7
2
dx
Solution:
4/3
3
y
3
6 4/3
3
3
a. 6 y dy = 6
+C =
y +C
4/3
4
3
2x + 3 x
b.
dx
4
( x 4 + 3x 2 + 7)
Let u = x 4 + 3 x 2 + 7 du = 4 x 3 + 6 x dx
3
du
1
u
1
4
u 2 = 2 3 + C = 6 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 7 3 + C
Find a. 2 xe dx b. x + 1e
Solution:
a. Let u = x 2 du = 2 xdx
x
2xe dx = e [ 2xdx ]
= e du = e
x 3 +3 x
x2
x2
+C
b. Let u = x 3 + 3 x du = 3 x 2 + 3 dx
(x
+ 1e
x 3 +3 x
1 u
dx = e du + C
3
1 x 3 +3 x
= e
+C
3
dx
Find
(2x
+ 3x
x 4 + 3 x 2 + 7dx.
3
Solution:
Let u = x 4 + 3 x 2 + 7 du = ( 4 x 3 + 6 x )dx
(2x
+ 3x
1
1
4
2
dx
=
ln
u
+
C
=
ln
x
+
3
x
+ 7 +C
x 4 + 3x 2 + 7
2
2
1
= ln x 4 + 3 x 2 + 7 + C
2
3
Find
2
x3 + x
1
x
a.
dx = x + dx =
+ ln x + C
2
x
x
2
2x 3 + 3 x 2 + x + 1
1
2
b.
dx = x + x +
dx
2x + 1
2x + 1
x3 x2 1
=
+
+ ln 2 x + 1 + C
3
2 2
Find 23 x dx.
Solution:
ln 2
ln 2
1 ( ln 2 )( 3 x )
1 ( 3 x )
=
e
+C =
2
+C
ln 2
ln 2
f ( x )dx
a
2
2
2
k
Sn = f k x = f 4
n n
k =1 n
k =1
8
8 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
4 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
= n 3
=8
2
n
n
6
3
n
4 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
8 16
lim Sn = lim 8
= 8 =
2
n
n
3
n
3 3
n 2
2
n
2
n
f ( x ) dx = F ( b ) F ( a )
a
If a > b, then f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
b
1.
f ( x )dx
2. kf ( x ) dx = k f ( x ) dx where k is a constant.
3.
a
b
4. f ( x ) dx = f ( t ) dt
c
5. f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
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Find
(3 x
x + 6 dx.
Solution:
3
3 x
1 3 x x + 6 dx = x 2 + 6 x
1
3
3 32
(
1)
3
= 3
+ 6( 3 ) ( 1)
+ 6( 1)
2
2
= 48
Find a.
[4t
1/ 3
1
1
b.
3t
e
dt
Solution:
+ t t + 1 dx
2
4/3
2
t
1
t
+1
1/ 3
2
a. 4t + t t + 1 dx = ( 4 ) 4 +
4
2
3
1
1 4
4/3
= 3 2 1 + 5 24
8
1
1 3
1 3t 1 1 3
3t
0
b. e dt = e 0 = e e = e 1
3
3
3
0
2
[ ]
1/ 2
585
=6 2+
8
3
f ' ( x )dx = f ( b ) f ( a )
b
100
80
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100
+ 2q 80
h
a f ( x )dx 2 [ f ( a ) + 2f ( a + h ) + 2f ( a + 2h ) + + 2f ( a + ( n 1) h ) + f ( b ) ]
where h = ( b-a ) / n.
Solution:
The terms to be added are
f ( a ) = f ( 0 ) = 1.0000
2f ( a + h ) = 2f ( 0.2) = 1.9231
2f ( a + 2h ) = 2f ( 0.4 ) = 1.7241
2f ( a + 3h ) = 2f ( 0.6 ) = 1.4706
2f ( a + 4h ) = 2f ( 0.8 ) = 1.2195
f ( b ) = f (1) = 0.5000
7.8373 = sum
Simpsons Rule
Approximating the graph of f by parabolic segments
gives
b
h
a f ( x )dx 3 [f ( a ) + 4f ( a + h ) + 2f ( a + 2h ) + + 4f ( a + ( n 1) h + f ( b ) ) ]
where h = ( b a ) / n and n is even.
Example 3 - Demography
Life table:
35
l ( 20 ) = 98,857
2l ( 25 ) = 2( 98,627 ) = 197,254
2l ( 30 ) = 2( 98,6230 ) = 196,700
l ( 35 ) = 97,964
590,775 = sum
By the trapezoidal rule,
35
5
20l ( t )dt 3 ( 590,775 ) = 1,476,937.5
2007 Pearson Education Asia
14.9 Area
The width of the vertical element is x. The height
is the y-value of the curve.
The area is defined as
b
f ( x )x f ( x )dx = area
a
Solution:
y = 6 x x 2 = ( x 2)( x + 3 )
y x ydx = area
3
x
x
area = 6 x x dx = 6 x
2
3 3
3
4 8
9 37 125
= 12 18
=
3 3
2
3
6
[ ]
area = e dx = e
x
x 2
1
= e( e 1)
(ii)
f ( x ) dx = 1
a
Hence
d
P ( c x d ) = f ( x )dx
c
b. P ( x
1
2
1
4
Solution:
a. P ( 0 x
1/ 4
1
4
) = 6( x x 2 )dx
0
1/ 4
x
x
5
= 6 =
3 0
32
2
2
b. P ( x
1
2
) = 6( x x 2 )dx
1/ 2
x
x
1
= 6 =
3 1/ 2 2
2
2
[y
ylower x.
upper
area =
0
x
x
1
=
x x dx =
3 / 2 2 0 6
3/2
9 x2 = x2 +1
x = 2
For left of ( 2,5 ), y upper = 9 x 2 and y lower = x 2 + 1
[(
) ( )]
= ( 8 2 x ) x
]x = [( x + 1) (9 x )]
= ( 2 x 8 ) x
46
)dx + ( 2x 8)dx = 3
area = 8 2 x 2
Solution:
The intersection points are (1,1) and (4, 2).
The total area is
2
9
2
area = y + 2 y dy =
2
1
q0
[f ( q ) p ]dq
0
Producers surplus,
PS, is defined as
q
PS =
[p
g ( q ) ]dq
Solution:
Find the equilibrium point (p0, q0),
10 + 0.1q = 100 0.05q
q = q0 = 600
Consumers surplus is
q0
600
q
CS = [ f ( q ) p0 ]dq = 30q 0.05
2 0
Producersq surplus is
600
q
PS = [ p0 g ( p ) ]dq = 60q 0.1
2 0
0
0
= $9000
= $18,000