Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
UNDERSTANDING CELLS
3. With the help of your fingers and a long needle, gently lower a cover slip on the
specimen Do not trap any air bubbles!
4. Use a piece of filter paper to wipe away any water around the cover slip. The slide is now
ready for viewing.
5. If you wish to stain the specimen:
a) place a drop of iodine solution or methylene blue solution at one end of the cover slip.
b) use a strip of filter paper at the other end of the cover slip to draw the solution across the
specimen, using the irrigation technique.
1. Generally, Each animals cell is made up of cell protoplasm (cytoplasm and nucleus) and cell
membrane.
2. The plant cell has a rigid cell wall. A cell wall is made up of cellulose which is a form of
carbohydrate.
3. There are regions in the plant cell which do nt contain cytoplasm. These are called vacuoles.
Vacuoles contain cell sap which is a very dilute solution of sugar and salt in water.
4. In very young cells, the vacuoles may not be seen. But as the cell grows older, more and more
vacuoles are formed.
5. Chloroplast builds chlorophyll, a green pigment, only found in plant cells.
1. The function of cell structures are shown in the table and figure below:
e) amoeba
Examples of microorganisms
11
12
13
1. Unicellular and multicellular organisms carry out all the life processes in order to live,
although they may be very small.
2. Unicellular and multicellular organisms:
a) move
b) need food
c) need air
d) grow
e) reproduce
f) give out waste substances
g) are sensitive
14
1. All organisms including human beings are built from basic units called cells.
2. The simplest organism such as an amoeba consists of only one cell, but is able to carry
out all the life processes.
3. Cells are microscopic and can only be seen under a microscope.
4. The human body has different types of cell with each type carrying out a different
function.
5. Some examples of cells in the human body are shown below:
6. Some functions carried out by cells are explained in the table below.
15
16
1. An organ is made up of a group of different tissues which carry out a specific function.
Example:
The leg is an organ formed from different types of tissue (see figure) to perform the same main
function, that is to move the body from place to place.
17
2. Figure in the below shows the main organs in the body and their functions.
1. A system consists of a group of organs working together to carry out the same function.
2. Figure in the below shows the main organs in some of the systems in the human body.
18
19
20
21
22
23