SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

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OF

PUDLISUCRS

Electrical

\3iforld
"^

News-Record

Engineering

Machinist

American

Journal

Railway

Electric

Age

Coal

FOR^

"OOKS

The

Contractor

Engineering

Power

Journal

Mining

Metallurgical

Electrical

mm

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Merchandising

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Engineering

SULPHUEIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

'"

"

"

"

BY

J. SULLIVAN

THOMAS
THB

WITH

MINBBAL
OF

POINT
THB

MBW

SINC

SINO

BOOK

McGRAW-HILL
WEST

LONDON:

HILL
6

"

BUBBIDIART

1918

YORK

NEW

PUBLISHING

BOUVERIE

Inc.

COMPANY,

STREET.

39TH

COMPANY

Edition

First

239

COlfPANT,

JBBBBT

ST., E.

CO., Ltd.
C.

'

"

Copyright,
McGraw-Hill

THK

1918,
Book

MAPI.S3

PRKSS

by

the

Company,

Inc.

PA

PREFACE
As

sulphuric acid
intermediate
being an

is

dealing solely with

almost

asserted
is

nation

any

This

is

that

For

some

of its

of soda

manufacture

(6)

For

and

the

sodium

by

forms

that

there
few

statement.

follows:

production

kinds

most

it

acid

acid

thus

of nitric

indirectly

glass,bleaching powder,

soap,

and

progress.

industries

uses

sulphate,

purification of

sulphuric

fact,

of

acid,

in

the

etc.

oil,including petroleum

pickling (^.e.,cleaning)

iron

goods previous

to

tinning

galvanizing.
(d)

As

"vhich the

{e)

drying agent in the production of organic dyes,

textile industry depends to a large extent.

For

rendering
(superphosphate) for
a.mounts,
Buctuations

(/) For
nitric acid
of

the

is used

sulphuric

this

important

handbook

industrial

many

in

truth

salts with

ash,

so

facturing
manu-

oils.

tar

(c) For
Dr

and

in

is used

this

acid

of

but

most

justified. In

of

its degree

strictly correct,

decomposing

well

sulphuric

of

of

hydrochloric acid

is

in

of

consumption

element

examples showing
(a)

the

point of, and

is considerable

essential

appearance

some

measure

certainly not

the starting

the

sulphuric acid

industry

every

bas been

think

of chemicals,

important

most

product,

raw

processes,

of the

one

and

and

thus

manures;

supply

of

agriculture
stuffs

important

nitric acid

sulphuric acid together

such

nitro-glycerineand

as

explosives

now

in

327320

phosphate
large

absorbs

affected

by

chemical.

and

nitration

in the

cellulose

forming

in

the

facture
manu-

So,

used

demand.

saltpetre:

Chile

used

mainly

great

are

from

are

glycerine

nitro-cellulose

animal

and

food

of this

manufacture

organic substances
of

mineral

consequently

in the
the

soluble

on

copious

vi

PREFACE

for the explosive!

supply of sulphuricacid is an absolute necessity
a shortagel
industry and any shortagein this supply would mean
of explosives.
I
Without
multiplyingexamples of this nature, enough has beeni
industrial conditions,!
said to indicate the complexityof modern
the interaction of one
industry on the other, and finallythej
often obscure, but highly important, part played by sulphuriq
ultimate and absolutelyessential raw
acid as an
material oi

these industries.

Owing
on

the

to

sulphuricacid,it has

busy worker
which

of

are

become

gather from

to

this

mass

and

use

more

of

difficultfor th

the fac
literature,

to him.

it is scattered

because

use

and

more

interest
practical

material is of Uttle

of literature containingdat

amount

enormous

Much

valuabl

ture
through the litera-

and is therefore inaccessible.

The

publication of

this

handbook

undertaken

was

as

an

at least in part. The scop"

difficulty,
has been limited almost entirelyto numerical
data, inasmucl
such data cannot
as
generallybe carried in mind, but must ba
The
readily accessible for use.
special investigator would
for the infor^
source
probably always preferto go to the original
of this kind would
mation he wishes,so, to republishall matter
be unnecessary
and
impracticable.The attempt has been
is of fairlygeneral
made
to select and tabulate only that which
reference boojj
interest and utiUty and produce a convenient

attempt

to

of numerical
In

data.

collectingthe

American
is

this

overcome

given

tables

practicehave
in terms

Standard

has

scale has been

to conform

only

selected.

been

degrees,the so-called

of the Baum6
been

used in

adhered
a

generallyadapted tc
When
gravit
specific

those

to.

Where

table,the figureshave
Standard.

to the American

Almost

America

different Baum
been

recalculate

all of the table

of Bineau, Kolb, Otto, Winkler, Messel, Knietsch, Pickerin

Lunge, Isler,Naef, etc., have been omitted as they have Ion
since become

obsolete

as

far

as

value for
being of practical

us

vii

PREFACE

general

the

irell as

arried

nd

from

rst

issue,

The
"lends

3ript

been

necessary

be

as

it

is

demand

extended

in

wishes

author
who

inasmuch

assisted

and

proof,

to

in
and

scattered
rather
for
future
express

checking

giving

of

reduced

was

the

Pub,
1,

III.

1918.

view

book.

the

preparato

necessary

collect
of

scope

than

the

originally

justifies it,

pubUcation

the

issues.
his

appreciation

problems,
much

to

reading

valuable

Thomas

March

of

any

with

The

in,

crept
of

in

involved

Umited

more

been

attention,

sources.

the

calculated

notations

editions

or

been

undoubtedly

reader's

reprints

accuracy

the
the

criticism

dvice.

De

1917

secure

have

errors

appreciate

was

the

if

the

to

have

have

errors

labor

therefore,

but

the

and

time

widely

many

will

later

tables,

these

lanned,

of

amount

ata

cope

in

correction

of

to

taken.

figures

that

grea.tly

come

may

large

All

hoped

would

author

their

been

However,

which

ion

it is

minimum.

the

is

than

have

have

figures

point

as

of

Weights

other

decimal

have

data.

of

and

times,

hese

results

analytical

Atomic

and

the

pains

completeness

the

weights

beyond

and

care

everal
0

of

calculation

weights

calculations.

Great
nd

further

molecular

All

International

molecular

out

most

or

the
the

from

The

1918).

for

factors

calculated

"een

practioe.

American

J.

Sullivan.

many
manu-

and

CONTENTS
Pagb

Preface

WeIOHTS

ATOMIC

NTERNATIONAIi

xii

Ipecific Gravitt
Definition
More

of

Common

Methods

Corrections

to

Conversion

of Basis

be

of

Determining

1
2

Applied

Itdrometebs

Types

Classes

Manipulation
American

5
BAtjM:^

Standard

Specific Gravities
Degrees
Twaddle

Corresponding
Corresponding

Baum^

Degrees

to

Baum6

11

Si)ecificGravities

to

16

20

Hydrometer

Specific Gravities
f ombnclature

of

Formulas

Use

for

)e8criftion
Specific

Corresponding

Sulphuric

Methods

of

Gravity

Nitric

Preparing

in

Acid, Nitric

the

Acid,

Tables

of

ric
Hydrochlo-

and

Chemists'

Manufacturing

the

24

Association
27

Table

Acid

Acid

49

Acid

Hydrochloric
iuLPHURic

21

States

Acid

Sulphuric

Twaddle

22

Employed

by

United

the

Degrees

Calculations

Acid

Sulphuric

of

to

Acid

Sulphuric

in

Acid, Adopted
op

Hydrometer

51

Table

64

Table

94-100

Per

60

HjS04

Cent.

^PHURic

Acid

0**B".-100

te"HURic

Acid

50*'-62*' B"

68

Sulphuric

Acid

71

Per

Cent.

Free

SO.

Per

Cent.

Total

^JMiNG

Equivalent
Specific Gravity

Per

SO.

Test

as

"

61

HsSOi

74

Units

as

Cent.

Cent

Per

76

Units
100

Per

Sulphuric

Cent.
Acid
ix

HsSOi
"

as

79

Units

76.07-82.6

Per

Cent.

S0"

81

CONTENTS

Pag

SuiiPHTTRic Acid

Per

"

Cent

SOs

Correbpondinq

Even

to

Percent-

HjSO*

AGES

Acid

Sulphuric

Cent

Per

"

Corresponding

H2SO4

EIven

to

centages
Per-

SOj

81

Acid

Use

Calculations,
Stocks, etc

Dilution

Sulphuric

of

Acid

to

Formation

Mixtures

of

Composition

8{

Melting

Strength

Sulphuric

of

Vapor

Aqxteous

Preparation

of

Acid

Atmospheric

with

Moisture
....

Mono-hydrate

the

Pounds

Sulphuric

Acid

Obtainable

from

100 Poxtnds

Pounds

Sulphuric

Acid

Obtainable

from

100 Pounds

Sulphur

Required

for

Total

Calculating

SOt

in

in

SOj

....

Sulphuric

Acid
.

Sulphur

of

SO2

Converted

Gases

Exit

and

Dioxide

in

Gas

Burner

Gas

Burner

Percentage

Burner

the

Contact

Acids
the

Sulphur
.

100 Pounds

Make

to

Estimation

Quantitative

Test

Definite

Acid)

Sulphuric

"

Equilibrium

for

of

Acid

Sulphuric

"

Acids

Nitric

and

Acid

Sulphuric

"

Points
of

(So-called Mixed

Points

Tension

The

Solutions

form

Mixing 59"* Baum6

for Mixing 60^ Baum6
for Mixing 66^ Baum6

Table

Pounds

for

Table

BoiuNG

Tables, Estimating

Strength

Desired

Table

Gravity

81

Concentration

and

Any

OF

Specific

of

is

to

Known

"

SOg
as

When

Used

the
in

the

Process

Table
Theoretical

Composition

Metallic

Gas

Dry

of

from

the

Roasting

of

Sulphides
,

Composition

Theoretical

of

Dry

Gas

from

the

Combustion

of

phur
Sul-

Acid
Sulphuric
Qualitative Tests
^Lead
Iron and Arsenic
Selenium
Acids
Nitrogen
Acid
Sulphuric
op
Quantitative Analysis
Zinc in Sulphuric
of
Lead, Iron and
Quantitative Determination
"

"

"

"

Acid

The

Analysis

Calibration

OF
op

Mathematical

Acid

Mixed

OF

Foot

for

and

Tank

Circumference

"

Squares, Cubes, Square

Decimals

Acid
....

Storage
Table

NiTRATBD-SuLPHURic

AND

Tanks

and

Each

Cube

K4

^^CH

Cars
and

Roots

Area

of

Circles,

xi

CONTENTS
Paqb

Decimals

of

Inch

an

Each

fob

^77

H4

Rules

Selting

177

LlQUIDS

^Nn-FBEBZINO

PRESSURE

FOR

178

GaGES

SUCTION

AND

Table

179

^LANQEB

FlANGED

AND

180

FiTTINGS

of

Names

182

Fittings
Standard
Templates for Drilling
and Fittings
General

Dimensions

and

Low

Flanged

Valves
183

Standard

of

Pressure

Flanged

Fittings Straight
"

Sizes

184

General

Dimensions

General

Dimensions

General

Dimensions

Reducing Tees and Crosses

of Standard

of Standard
of ^tra

186
...

Reducing Laterals
Heavy Flanged Fittings Straight

187

"

Sizes

188

General

Dimensions

of Extra

General

Dimensions

of Extra

Tees and

Crosses

Heavy Reducing
Heavy Reducing Laterals
Templates for DrillingExtra Heavy Flanged Valves and Fittings
Weight of Cast-iron Flanged Fittings

.190

Dast-Iron

Pipe

Nominal

Brought

of Cast-iron

Cast-iron Pipe
Steel

and

Pipe Without

Standard

"

Iron

195

197

Pipe

Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe

Strong Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe
Double
Extra Strong Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe
Standard
Outside Diameter
(O. D.) Steel Pipe

197

Extra

199

'

200
201
202

Fittings

Standard
Extra
^ERICAN

Screwed

202

Fittings

Heavy

Screwed

BrIGGB

STANDARD

203

Fittings
TaPER

FOR

AND

STRAIGHT

PiPE

LoCK-

AND

204

Threads

NUT

193

194

Flanges

Dimensions

Standard

Brewed

192
.

194

Weight

Standard

191

:-eadPipe

206

^heet

207

Lead

^ANDARD

9''

Fibre Rope

Knots

[J.S. CusTOMART

Metric

9" SeRIES

AND

and

BrICK

Hitches

Weights

and

"

208

ShAPES
and

How

to

Make

Them

210
....

213

Measures

214

Measures

Bquivalentb

of

Metric

and

Customary

and

216

Measures

i!3oMPARisoN

(U. S.) Weights

of

Fahrenheit

Thermometric

degrees as

units

Scales

219
219

xii

CONTENTS

Paqi

Centigrade

Degrees

as

Units

220

Water

221

Density
Density

and

of

Volume

Solutions

Temperature

op

Corrections
BT

THE

to

Acid

Per

Cent

222

of

Hydrometer

Specific

Gravity

of

Sulphuric

Specific

Gravity

of

Fuming

Index

Sulphuric

Sulphuric

Acid

mined
Deter224

Acid
Sulphuric

225
Acid

233

235

INTERNATIONAL

ATOMIC

International

Symbol

Juminum.

kntunony..

LTgon
oisenic
teuium

iismuth
....

loron

Iromine..
Sadmium.
iffisium

ialcium.
.

!arbon
Jerium
Jhlorlne
Ihromium
.

iobalt

blumbium.
.

Jopper
^ysproaium

Dy

Irbium

luropium

ludrine
radoliniutn
rallium
.

lermanium
.

rlucinum
.

bid

ielium
[olmium.
.

[ydrogen
idium
)dine

idium
t)ii

jypton
inthanum.

Al
Sb
A
As
Ba
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
C
Ce
CI
Cr
Co
Cb
Cu
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Gl
Au
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr

La
.

2ad

Pb

ithium

Li
Lu

Atomic

[agnesium
.

Manganese
.

Mg

Mn
.

tercury

Hg

[olybdenum

Mo

xiu

Weights, 1917*

Atomic

Symbol

weight

27.1
120.2
39.88
74.96

Neodyinium

9.1

197.2
4.00
163 5
1 008
114.8
126.92
193.1

65.84
82.92
139.0
207 20
6.94
175.0
24.32
64.93
200.6
96.0

Atomic

weight

Nd
Ne
Ni

144.3

Palladium

Nt
N
Os
O
Pd

Phosphorus

Platinum
Potassium

Pt
K
Pr
Ra
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sa

222.4
14.01
190.9
16.00
106.7
31.04
196.2
39.10
140.9
226.0
102.9
86.45
101.7

Neon
Nickel
Niton

(radium

Nitrogen
Osmium

Oxygen

Praseodymium
Radium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium

Samarium
Scandium
Selenium.
Silicon
Silver
Sodium

Sc
.

Se
Si

Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta

Strontium

Sulphur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium

Te

Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V

Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium

terbium)
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

20.2

68.68

anation)
em-

137.37
208.0
11.0
79.92
112.40
132.81
40.07
12.005
140.25
35.46
62.0
68.97
93.1
63.67
162.6
167.7
162.0
19.0
157.3
69.9
72.5

itecium.

WEIGHTS

160.4

44.1
79.2
28.3
107 88
23.00
87.63
32.06
181.5
.

127.5
169.2
204.0
232.4

168.5
118.7
48.1
184.0

238.2
51.0

Xe

130.2

Yb
Yt
Zn
Zr

173.6

(Neoyt88.7
66.37

90.6

* On
its members
due to the war,
the
of the difficultiesof correspondence between
account
full report for 1918.
Atomic
no
on
terDational Committee
Weights has decided to make
of new
determinations
have
been
^ou^^ha good number
published during the past year,
That table,uiereimmediate
"ne of them
to demand
change in the table for 1917.
seem
any
1918.~F.
W. Clabk, Chairman.
^ may stand as officialduring the year

SULPHURIC

SPECIFIC

Definition

the

of

density of

The

specificgravity, or
of

msity

ibstance

density of

the

of

Liquid"

weight of

unit volume.

term, relative density,

to the

liquidin question, referred

which

is taken

is water

employed

the

as

the synonymous

substance

some

''Specific
Gravity

liquidis defined

of the

GRAVITY

Term

The

the ratio

HANDBOOK

ACID

its maximum

at

The

unity.

as

standard

density (4"C.

or

).2^.).
ilore Common

1.

Pycnometer.

at either

ith

le

volumes.

is

jual to the weight of

the

ired to

ives
2.
le

Mohr,

the

|ual parts from

lummet
rhen the
f the

of the

of the pycnom-

of the

empty

pycnometer

the

the

beam.

while

weight,
will

pycnometer

fulcrum

Suspended

to

the

the

from

is destroyed by the

ijualto the volume

of the

volume

this end
acts
at

suspension
of the

as

hold,

beam

In

"

at

ten

the

is the

counterbalance,

4"C., the equilibrium

buoyancy

of the

to this force

water.

and

To

in grams

of water

is

is

of

of the plummet)
1

of

point

weight

com-

into

is divided

beam

weight at the other end

in water
plummet is immersed

balance

to

This

is

liquid.

of the

right-hand half

filled

weight

iljustthe equilibrium, a weight equal

jual

determination

The

liquid that
the

the aid

by

water, and

it will hold.

water

hold

to

Westphal, Sartorius, Specific-gravity Balances.

balances

id of the

the

in

use

filled,with

weight

specificgravity of

the

us

weight

the

made

are

is obtained

For

consideration.

volume,

having glass stopper

or

temperature

weighed empty,

minus

of unknown

pycnometers

temperature.

liquid under

full of water

neck,

the

Constant

Specific Gravity of Liquids

vessels

the

on

Thus

of constant

pycnometer

have

we

mark

the

Determining

Here

"

having

bath

ith the
;er

of

capillary hole.

}nstant
I

Methods

displaced (which
hung from the point

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

ACID

suspension.This weight is

known

as

the unit

weight and

L"

Other riders weighingrespectively

0.1,0.01,O.OOl
of the weightof this rider constitute the set of weightsused witli
called a rider.

With

these balances.
read
directly

their aid the

densityof

liquidcan

be

off from the balance beam.

Hydrometers. These instruments consist of a spindle

neck containinga scale. Thej
shaped float,with a cylindrical
3.

"

end, thus bringingthe center ol

gravity very far down, and insuringan uprightpositionwhen
that a body will sink
floating.They depend upon the principle
in a liquidimtil enough liquidhas been displaced,
that the
so
weightof the displaced
liquidequalsthe weightof the body.
The weight and volume
that the instrumen
are
so adjusted,
weighted at

are

their lower

sinks to the lower mark

on

its neck in the heaviest liquidto be

tested by it,and to the

highestmark on its neck in the lightest

liquidto be tested by it. As the densityof a liquidchanges witi
the temperature, the liquid
should always be at the temperatun
at which the hydrometer was
calibrated or proper
correctioi
made.
Corrections

to be

Applied in SpecificGravity Determinations

obtain the true specific

their densitid
gravityof substances,
be compared with the density cl
at 4^C., and in vacuo
must
^
To

water

at

4"C.,in

vacuo.

determined al
For technical use, specific
gravityis frequently
convenient temperature, and referred to water, of eithef
any
that

same

temperature,

or

to water

at

4^C., the weight in aii

beingtaken as a basis.
In purelyscientificcalculations,
water is taken as standard a|
4^C.,while in commercial laboratories the standard is often i^
the neighborhood of 15.56"C.,consequentlyspecificgravitiei
As the tempers
determined by these standards do not agree.
ture of water increases from 4"C.,it expands. The weightbeinl
Ii
constant, with increase of volume, the densityis lowered.
the

case

is not

of water

this increase of volume

uniform,but has

ing the

relative

been

densityof

determined
water

with rise of

temperatui

with great care.

Kno^
various
at
temperatures,th|

SULPHURIC

"3.
-a
a

""*

"a
"

1
00
"*"

00

"o

E^l^

ACID

HANDBOOK

HYDROMETERS

HYDROMETERS

There

types of hydrometers, namely, hydrometers

two

are

hydrometers which are combined with thermometers,

illed thermo-hydrometers.
There are four classes of hydrometers:
1. Density hydrometers, indicatingdensity of a
specified
\mdj at a specifiedtemperatm'e, in specifiedunits.
2. Specific-gravity
the specific
hydrometers, indicating
gravity
relative density of a specified
liquid,at a specified
temperature,
of
water
at a specified
terms
temperature as unity.
3. Per cent, hydrometers, indicating,
at a specified
temperaroper, and

"

ire, the

percentage of

in

substance

mixture

or

solution.

Arbitrary scale hydrometers, concentration or strength of

specifiedliquid referred to an arbitrarilydefined scale at a
lecifiedtemperature (Baum6 hydrometer, Twaddle
hydrometer,
c).
4.

of

Manipulation

Hydrometers

are

ual conditions

seldom

under

used

which

Hydrometers^

for the greatest accuracy,

they

are

used

as

the

preclude such special

to obtain
are
as
stnipulationand exact observation
necessary
^h precision. It is, nevertheless,important that they be
of inthe use
Durately graduated to avoid as far as possible,
ximental
and to obtain this result it is necessary
to
corrections,
iploy certain precautions and methods in standardizingthese
itruments.

manipulationdescribed below are, in general,

3 ones
employed at this Bureau in testinghydrometers and
"uld be followed by the maker
to a degree depending
user
or
the accuracy
required.
Observing. The hydrometer should be clean,dry, and at the
nperature of the liquidbefore immersing to make a reading.
The
ned
liquid in which the observation is made should be conin a clear,smooth
glassvessel of suitable size and shape.
The

methods

of

"

U. S. Bureau

of

Standards,Circular No. 16, 4th edition,Feb. 23,

1916.

ACID

SULPHURIC

By

of the stirrer which

means

HANDBOOK

reaches

to

the bottom

of

1|

vessel,the liquidshould be thoroughly mixed.

in the liquidslightly
U
The hydrometer is slowly immersed
yond the point where it floats naturallyand then allowed I
float freely.
i
imtil the liquidai|
The
scale reading should not be made
i
hydrometer are free from air bubbles and at rest.
In reading.the hydrometer scale the eye is placed slightly
it is raised slo
low the plane of the surface of the test liquid;
line,
becomes a straight
until the surface,
as an
ellipse,
seen
point where this line cuts the hydrometer scale should be t
the reading of the hydrometer.
as
avoi
In readingthe thermometer
are
scale,errors of parallax
the end of the mercury
col
by so placingthe eye that near
the portionson either side of the stem and that seen
through
line of sight
to lie in a straightline. The
capillary
appear
then

to the stem.

normal

Note

below)

the Bureau of Standards, then, the point A

the point B is the one to be noted as the reading.

to
According

not

^^g
==-

out

SL

zEEiE:
60

of

Temperature.
that a hydrometer may
order
rectlyindicate the densityor stren
of a specifiedliquid,it is essen
thro
that the liquidbe uniform
Influence

(see

To

and

at the standard

temperat

insure uniformityin the

liq

"EEE. stirringis required shortly beW

4
This
^
making the observation.
ring should be complete and mayi
d
well accomplishedby a perforateddis^ or spiralat the end
rod long enough to reach the bottom of the vessel. Motion '
this stirrer from
to disperselayersof ^
top to bottom serves
liquidof different density.
The liquidshould be at nearlythe temperature of the surroifl
ing atmosphere,as otberwi3e its temperature will be chann

HYDROMETERS

the observation, causingnot only

luring
)ut also doubt

as

which

the actual

to

differences in
When

temperature.

density

the

tem-

hydrometer is observed differs from the

tandard temperature of the instrument,the readingis not truly
he densityaccording to the basis of the instrument
or the quahty
fthe liquidaccording to per cent, or arbitraryscale,but a figure
rhich differs from the normal reading by an amount
depending
lerature at

h the

the

difference in temperature and

ftasions of the instrument

known, tables
prepared for use with

be
jmperature may
arious temperatures.
lid only for
luch from

temperature

or

hydrometers

be used

from

for
at

with caution
differs

the temperature

surrounding air.
of Surface

Influence

lerted

Tension.

observations

"ometer

)es

standard

of corrections

the temperature

results when

approximate

the

tables should

Such

ex-

the particularliquid.

and

latter propertiesare

If the

: the

the relative thermal

on

the

on

by

stem

the

about

are

"

Surface-tension

consequence

the

curved

effects

on

of the downward

surface

or

force

meniscus, which

affects the depth of immersion

stem, and

hy-

and

Dsequent scale reading.

in two liquids
hydrometer will indicate differently
density but different surface tension,and since
fvingthe same
it is necessary
rface tension is a specific
to
property of liquids,
pcify the liquid for which a hydrometer is intended.
be comAJthough hydrometers of equivalentdimensions
may
in surface tension from
red, without error, in a liquiddiffering
3 specifiedliquid,
comparisons of dissimilar instruments in such
Because

be corrected

iquid must
[n many
B
ne

to

the

from

for the effect of the surface tension,

liquidsspontaneous
formation

of surface

the apparatus, the

Errors from

changes in surface tension

films of impurities,
which

liquid,or

occur

may

the air.

by the use of liquids

b subject to such changes,which, however, requirecorrection
the results by calculation,
of the surface
or by the purification
overflowing immediately before making the observation.
this

cause

are

avoided

either

SULPHURIC

This latter method

ACID

HANDBOOK

is employed at this Bureau

for

testing
hydrom

in

sulphuric-acidsolutions and alcohol solutions,and i

accomplished by causingthe liquidto overflow from the part a
the apparatus in which the hydrometer is immersed
by a smal
also to stir the liquid.
rapidlyrotatingpropellerwhich serves
The
of hydrometer observations
Cleanliness.
de
accuracy
the cleanliness of the instruments
pends,in"many
aiM
cases, upon
of the liquidsin which the observations
made.
are
In order that readingsshall be uniform
and reproducible,th
surface of the hydrometers,and especially
of the stem, must
b
into a
clean,so that the liquidwill rise uniformly and merge
imperceptiblefilm on the stem.
eters

"

The

readiness

somewhat

is fulfilled depend

this condition

which

of the

the character

upon

mineral

as

with

certain liquids,sue
liquid,

stei

strong alcoholic mixture, adhere to the

oils and

solutions of sugar, salt

readily,while with weak aqueous
acids,and alcohol,scrupulous cleaningof the stem is require
very

in order

to

Before

condition.

being tested,hydrometers

thoroughly washed

are

water, rinsed,and dried by wiping with

and

soap

the normal

secure

clean

lin^

cloth.
If to be used
the stems

dry

with

are
a

in aqueous
dipped into

solutions which

and

STANDARD

BAUMB

Baum6

than

HYDROMETER

Water)

Manufacturing Chemists' Association of

the

United

States

scale based

on

readil

cloth.

(LiquidsHeavier
The

adhere

strong alcohol and immediately veip

soft,clean,linen

AMERICAN

do not

of Standards

Bureau

the United
have

Stat

adopted

the followingrelation 'to specificgravit

145

Degrees

Baum^

145

"

Specificgravityat

^tjoF-

or

bpecinc gravity at ^t^F.

60"

'

145

"

degreesBauin6

BAUM6
The
^o, 59

HYDROMETERS

scale is taken from Circular

following historyof the Baum^
of Standards,April 5,
issued by the United States Bureau

1916:

relation between

specific
degrees representedby
gravity and Baum6
^he formulas given was
adopted by this Bureau in 1904, when it firsttook up
'.hequestion of testinghydrometers.
At that time every important manu'acturer of Baum6
hydrometers in the United States was using this relation
"The

is

the basis of these

or
instruments,

at least such

was

their claim.

scales has been admirably

origin and early history of the Baum6
treated by Prof. C. F. Chandler in a paper read before the National Academy
at Philadelphiain 1881.
As this paper
3f Sciences
not be readily
may
''The

available to

who

some

interested

are

part of the material

in the matter, it may

by Prof. Chandler.

be well to include

prepared
first proposed and
used by Antoine
Baum^,
dififerent
ft French
chemist, in 1768, and from this beginning have come
scales that have
directions
Baum6
been prepared since that time.
The
for reproducing his scale were
first published in L'Avant in
p^ivenby Baum6
and
and the conditions assumed
not
are
1768,
though simple,are not specific,
easily reproducible. It is not strange, therefore,that differences soon
peared
apliere a

scale

Baum6

''The

between
this

the

divergence
scales

Baum6

scales for
"Baum^'s

did

that

was

Baum6

scales

as

actually occur
have

liquidsheavier

been
than

directions for

set up

by dififerent observers.

is well shown

used.

Prof.

by

Chandler

the

large

found

That

number

23

of

dififerent

water.

settingup his scale

state

that for the

hydrometer

liquidsheavier than water he used a solution of sodium chloride

table salt) containing 15 parts of salt by weight in 85 parts of
(common
water
by weight. He described the salt as being 'very pure' and 'verydry'
carried out in a cellar in which
and states that the. experiments were
the
10" Reaumur, equivalent to 12.5*'C. or 54.5**F.
temperature was
tion
"The
point to which the hydrometer sank in the 15 per cent, salt solumarked
and the point to which it sank in distilled water at the
was
15**,
between
0".
these two
marked
The
same
points
temperature was
space
divisions
divided
into
and
the
of
15
same
was
length
equal parts or degrees,
extended
were
beyond the 15** point.
"Other
of Baum6
makers
hydrometers soon began to deviate from the procedure
outlined by Baum^, the deviations being,no doubt, partly accidental
and partly intentional,
and in course
of time, as already pointedout, many
scale for

dififerent Baum6
"This
Baum^

scales

condition
scale.

of

were

in

use.

afifairs led

to

great confusion

in

the

use

of the

10
"

From

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

consideration of the variations that occurred it was

definingand reproducing the

scale

soon

evident

exactly than
(70uld be done by the simple rules given by Baum^
should, if possible,be
found.
This means
was
readilyprovided by assuming that a fixed relation
that

means-

some

of

should exist between

scale and

the Baum6

definite temperature, and

in terms

is expressed in mathematical
Baumjd

scale is fixed

Baum6

scales in

are

existingbetween
^modulus'

or

on

at which

in the

based

such

on

arise from

the instruments

assumed

an

of

an

When

are

at

some

this relation
the

equation, then

At the present time

all

ences
relation,and the differ-

dififerencesin the assumed

the various scales

''If a definite modulus

form

all questions of doubt.

them

which

scale
specific-gravity

the

definite unit.

some

terms

beyond

use

of

more

based, and

relation

the standard

perature
tem-

intended to be correct.

are

is

the degrees Baum6

adopted,
corresponding
to any given specificgravity,or the specific
gravity corresponding to any
be calculated; or if the specificgravity and
given degree Baum6
may
at any point of the scale are known, then the
corresponding degree Baum6
modulus
be determined and the complete Baum6
scale calculated from
can
this singlepoint.
then

Let

d
m

Then

for liquidsheavier

than

specific
gravity.

"

degrees Baum^.

"

modulus.

water

m
8
m

"

w
8

da
m

the time the Bureau

"At
work

8-1

of Standards

was

contemplatingtaking up

of standardizinghydrometers (1904),diligentinquiry was

made

the

of the

manufacturers
of hydrometers as to the Baum^
important American
scales used by them.
Without
exception they repliedthat they were
using
the modulus
This scale,the ''American
145 for liquidsheavier than water.
therefore adopted by the Bureau
and
has
of Standards
Standard,''was
more

been

in

"There
user

it

ever

since.

having been

objection or protest from any manufacturer

or
the
time
the scale was
hydrometers at
adopted by the Bureau,
assumed
that they were
entirelysatisfactoryto the American trade
no

of Baum^

was

and

use

were

in universal

use.''

12

SULPHURIC

Specific Gravities

at

Degrees

HANDBOOK

ACID

60^

/15.56^

60**

C. I Corresponding

56"
\15.56'
/
Baum"
{Continued)
"

to

BAUME

Specific

Gravities

60;

/15.56"
,

60*
Baum^

CORRB8PONDINO

at

Degrees

13

HYDROMETERS

"

(Continued)

TO

baum6

15

hydrometers

60*
Specific

Gravitibs

CORRESPONDINQ

at

60***
Degrees

Baum"

\15.56**
"

(Conduded)

TO

16

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CO C^ l^ ^H
i-i"Ol^OOi
co*H
or^"o

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r-4

coco
rt"M

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CO

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CO

COC^OXCO

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CO

CO CO C*v CO

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(N

ooodo

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C^M
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18

"

COC^i-HOOi

r^t".t".t^co

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

CO
CO

o
CO

r^
CO

bCO

CO

1-iOiOiO

"!}"

COC"l

1-*

i-iO

cO

CO

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CO

1^
CO

CO

"""

c^

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l*" CO

0)0)Xt""CO

C0"0

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-^o

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c^co'3j23j"o

cocor"xoo

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OSQQi-^i-*

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coo)cpc"iO)

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20

SULPHURIC

TWADDLE

HYDROMETER

(Generally
Methods

Let

1.

Converting

of

HANDBOOK

ACID

used

in

Specific

England)

Gravity

Degrees

to

Twaddle

Twaddle.

degrees

specific gravity.
10002/

1000

^==

5
2.

Or

3.

This

the

method

decimal

Let

figures

two

the

Converting

of

to

value

any

the

right,

remainder

Degrees

below

by

Twaddle

Move

2.000.

striking

off

the

first

2.

to

Specific

Gravity

specific gravity.
Twaddle.

degrees

1000

by
^

for

used

be

multiplying

Methods

1.

1).

may

point

and

figure

{y

200

1000

^"^^^

2^

The

degrees
to

and

the

in

Twaddle's

specific gravity,
since

unmistakable,

specific gravity

of

0.005.

bear

hydrometer

every

the

basis

of

degree

is

the

equal

direct

ship
relation-

system

being

to

difference

plain
in

TWADDLE

HYDROMETER

21

22

SULPHURIC

NOMENCLATURE

OF

Sulphuricacid shows
gravityand strengthup
easier to determine

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

ACID

definite relation between

H2SO4.

to 93.19 per cent.

the specific
gravity than

the specific
As it is much

the strength,acids

nearlyalways spoken of and sold

as being of so many
hydrometer being
degreesBaum^, the Baum6
the instrument generally
used for determiningthe specific
gravity.
The principal
strengthsof such acids are :
weaker

than

93.19 per cent,

are

Association of the
Manufacturing Chemists'
United States agreed on a set of values for Baum6
degrees and
their H2SO4 equivalents. In 1904 the Association
adopted the
table of Ferguson and Talbot.
The H2SO4 equivalentsshow a
slightchange from the table of 1882 and those values have been
In Germany
used in this country ever
since.
and
especially,
quite generallyon the continent,a different set of values for
Baum6
degreesis used in which all have highervalues in specific
gravityand H2SO4 than those used here. For instance 66**B6.
here corresponds to 93.19 per cent. H2SO4 and in Germany to
In

98 per

the

1882

cent.

The 66** acid is also known

of weaker
0.

v.,

acids
60"B6.

are

as

oil of vitriol

sometimes

acid

spoken
containing 77.67

of

log
=

93.19

as

per

called 83.35 per cent. O. V.

77.67

(O.V.) and strengths

83.35

so

many

cent.

per

H2SO4

cent.

being

is not

This,however,
equivalentto

Productions
When
to

in

contained

speak of it in

94.5

gravityas

per

100

spoken of

acid

many

H2SO4

cent.

in

SO3 dissolves

Acids

cent.

so

as

being

the

other

some

the

stated

same

of SOj.

93.19

per

93.19

between

cent,

as

strength.
H2SO4,

cent.

per

would

specificgravity or degrees Baum"

cent, acid has practicallythe same

per

being commonly

100 per

stronger than

or

of

terms

be fallacious as

are

quantity of
reported as tons

becomes

acid

an

of H2SO4

stated

the

also often

are

acid of 60** or 60^

total amount

strength, the

standard
that

quantity of

certain

reporting total production

stated
as
frequently
being
In

common.

of sulphuric acid it is

uses

or

very

23

ACID

SULPHURIC

OF

NOMENCLATURE

and

specific

100

per

cent.

sulphuric acid; 100

per

cent,

mono-hydrate. This contains

(81.63 per cent. S0").
the mono-hydrate
giving fuming acid or
called

the

ing
fuming acid because the SOs escapes, formwhite fumes, when
exposed to the air. Oleum is the German
has been used extensively in this country, since the
which
name
and the German
first
of making it were
German
practicalmethods
in
It is also known
nomenclature
was
frequently adopted here.
Oil of Vitriol.
Germany as Nordhausen
of stating the strength of fuming acid:
There are three ways

oleum.

It is called

1. The

per

cent,

of free (dissolved)SOs.

2. The

per

cent,

of total SOs.

3. The

equivalent
of 100

per cent,
were

added

For instance
contain
of 80
water

per
were

cent.

per

an

acid

total of 85.30
cent,

and

added

be called
therefore,

Mixed acid

phnricacid and

is the

That

H2SO4.

if suflBcient water

make

it would

H2SO4

per

cent.

make

combine

20 per

is the

cent.

per

containing

would
to

100

with all the free SOs.

combine

to

cent.

per

20

SO3,

104.49
with

cent.,85.30

technical

nitric acid.

term

per

and

cent,

actual
cent.

per

H2SO4

H2SO4

cent,

for

or

mixture

content

if sufficient

all the free SO3.

per

would

free SOs

104.49

It

might,

per

cent.

of strong sul-

24

SULPHURIC

FORMULAS

FOR

USE

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

IN

CALCULATIONS

-ACID

all strengths under

81.63
(By non-fuming acid is meant
all strengths over
81.63 per
(By fuming acid is meant

The

followingfactors

calculated from

were

SOs

Calculate Per

or

To

Calculaie Per

or

To

Calculate Per

Non-fuming Add

"

Per

cent.

H2SO4

0.8163

Per

cent.

H2SO4

-^

1.2250

Cent

H2SO4

-^

0.8163

Per cent. SO3

1.2250

Cent. Free H2O

-

per

Non-fuming

"

H2SO4

H2O
"

"

per

cent.

Per cent. H2SO4

0.1837

or

Per

0.2250

SOs

Add

Non-fuming

or

cent.

"

"

H2SO4

cent.

Cent. Combined
cent.

"

Non-fuming Acid

"

Per cent. SO3

Per

weights:

80.06

Cent. SOa

100

To Calculale Per

molecular

SOs

SOs)

SOs)

80.06

SO3
To

cent.

per
cent.

Add-

To Calculate

Per

Cent. Combined

Per

H2O

H2SO4X

cent.

or

Per cent, combined

Per

To Calculate

cent,

Cent. H2SO4

(100

98.076

SO3

100"

or

Per

"

H2O

combined

cent,

"

free SOs

cent,

per

Add

total SOs)

cent,

18.018
or

0.2260

Fuming

"

per

"

total SO3

100

per

Fuming Acid

"

0.1837

or

"

25

CALCULATIONS

SULPHURIC-ACID

5.4438

or

H2O

combined

Per cent,

(4.4438 X

Per

total SOs

cent,

Per cent, total SO3

or

Per

To Calculaie

80.06

SOs

Cent. Combined

(100

"

combined

H2O)

Fuming Acid

"

-^

0.8163

1.2250

Fuming Acid

"

"

free SO3)

cent,

per

cent,

Cent, H2SO4

Per

Equivalent100

To Calculate

per

98.076
or

Per

cent.

H2SO4

or

Per

cent,

combined

or

Per cent, total SO3

To Calculate

Per

0.8163

Cent. Free

H2O

total SO3

(Per cent,

per

"

SOs

4.4438

free SOs

cent,

Add

Fuming

"

98.076)

"

8006

18.016
cent,

total SOs X

cent,

total SO3

or

Per cent,

total SO3

or

Per

or

100

or
or

(Per
(Per

cent, total SOs

"

Per

cent,

"

"

444.38
5.4438)
81.63) 5.4438
(percent, combined
-

per

H2SO4

cent,

combined

H2O

SOs

4.4438)

26

SULPHURIC

To

Calculate

ACID

HANDBOOK

Cent. Total SO3

Per

(Per cent, free SOs

Add

Fuming

"

18.016) +

"

8006

98.076
or

(Per

or

0.8163

cent.

free.SO3

or

(100
Equivalent per

or

Per cent, free SO3

Calculate

To

per

cent.

Weight

Specificgravity at

0.1837) + 81.63
cent, free SO3) + per
X

per

at 60"F.

(62.37lb.)

To

Calculate

Weight SO3

To

of acid per

Calculate

per

per

cent,

Cubic

H2SO4

cent.

combined

Add

Foot

per

cubic

SOs

"

foot X

per

cent.

Equivalent Per Cent,

StrengthAdd
af Compared to
the

and

and
of

100

60"B^.

corresponds to
66"B6. equivalent to 1 cu.
as

J^
Note.
used

"

While

1.7059

83.35

per

cent.

SO3)

can

-5-

Weight

cent.

100)
of One

H2SO4) of

66"B6.

gravity,the pounds
specific

1.7059

ft. of 60''B^. is:

62.37

88.68

lb. 66^B6.

ascertainingequivalents of non-fuming

for the calculations

foot

Another

equivalent per cent, in 66"B^. (93.19 per

acid of 60"B^. (77.67 per cent. H2SO4) is:

^^

cubic

per

Cubic Foot

The
an

SOs

0.8163

(iTTftoC.
j X weight

^F.

water

(Weight

100

cent, free

either be taken

as

per

cent.

SOs

acid, strengths
or

of per

cent.

H2SO4.
If

calculatingfuming-acid equivalents,strengths should be used in terms

of total per cent. SO3 unless expressed in the equivalent per cent, of 100 per
cent.

H2SO4.

28

SULPHURIC
The

and

acids and

ammonia

used

the pm'est obtainable e.p.,

were

impuritiesand

for

carefullyexamined

were

HANDBOOK

ACID

purifiedwhen
products are such a

The impuritiesin commercial

necessary.
variable quantity and, as their purity is
as

made

on

manufacturing processes improve,

largescale being nearly c.p., it was

tables would
c.p.

becoming

have

more

compounds.

if they

practicalvalue

scientificmerit

As to any

substances

many

that the

deemed

based upon

were

they may

possess,

is needless to say that such a positive

basis to which
always be referred is an essential.
All of the

nounced
pro-

more

they

it

can

termina
and specific-gravity
determinations,deanalytical

expansion (or allowance for

culatio
temperature),determination of boilingpoints,as well as all caland clerical work, were
performed by two experienced
men
working independently.
of the

coefficient of

DETERMINATIONS

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY

All

determinations
specific-gravity
with

account

water

was

at 60"F.

The

were

work

was

of differences of

taken

taken
done

compared
60**F.,

at

in winter and

atmospheric

pressure

no

oi

and 65**F.
temperature, which averaged about 760 mm.
The apparatus used in this work was
a 50-c.c. Geissler picnonH
eter having a capillaryside-arm tube fitted with a glass cap, in
the top of which
small hole which
allowed the liquidto
was
a
expand without looseningthe thermometer
or
cap, at the sam^
time preventing loss while weighing. The thermometer, which
was
ground to fit the neck of the bottle,was graduatedto J'^"F.
and

readable

standard

to

and

was

frequentlychecked

againsta

thermometer.

Before making
was

Ks^F.,
a

determination

first accurately determined

and

during a series of determinations.

the bottle together with

the

the water
checked

content

from

of the bottfe
time

To obtain the water

thermometer

and

to

time

content,

glass cap

weri

of thfl
carefullycleaned, dried and weighed. (The accuracy
balance and weights were
systematicallychecked against a

COEFFICIENT

standard set of

OF

The

weights.)

distilledwater

29

EXPANSION

bottle

the

55"-57**F.,and

then filledwith

was

freshly-

thermometer

serted.
tightly inAs the temperature
slowly rose, the water expanded
the thermometer
side arm.
When
through the capillary
tered
regislary,
60T., the last drop was removed from the top of the capilthe tube capped and the whole weighed. This weight, less
the tare obtained
above, was taken as the water content of the
bottle at 60**P. Check determinations agreed within 0.002 gram,
0.00005 specific
or lessthan
gravity. Distilled water freed from
carbon dioxide by boiling,
and cooling
in a closed vessel,
gave the
the ordinary distilled water
which
water
content
same
as
was
used throughout the work.
This water
free from chloride
was
and residue upon
evaporation.
In determining the specific
the weight of the
gravity of liquids,
obtained
above.
contained by the bottle at 60**F. was
liquid
as
This weight, divided by the water
content, equals the specific
at

ft

gravity.
It was
thought that
might vary in
temperature as
the bottle.
with water

as

registeredby
ascertain

liquidin

the center

thermometer

of the beaker

have

not

in the
a

case

the temperature of the room,

below

beaker
and

the

showed

same

the sides,the temperature

placed near
throughout the liquid.
those

againweighed.
and

for 1*T. and

Another

calculated. To

off and
was

the

same

of

center
was

filled

eter
thermom-

ture
temperaformly
risinguni-

EXPANSION

when

weight

the bottle

was

found

by allowing

the temperature

capped, and
taken

at

had

the

risen

the apparatus

stillhigher temperature,

these results the difference in

gravity
specific
of degrees correspondingto 1**B^. were
number
the expansion of the picdetermine how much

from
the

OF

for temperature

correction

tquidto slowly expand, and

the tube was
wiped
8"~10**F.,

nometer

the

the facts in the

COEFFICIENT

The

the whole

diflferent parts and

To

placed in

the temperature of the

affected the

determinations
specific-gravity

at different

*""

"
w

""
^

^
V

"-

"

"",

"

""

-a.^

COEFFICIENT

About

200

of sodium

grams

funnel having

31

EXPANSION

OF

bicarbonate

were

washed

in

porcelainplate until entirelyfree from chloride.

then dried at lOO^^C, protected from
It was
acid gases, finely
About
20 grams
ground, and kept in a sealed bottle until used.
of bicarbonate
thus prepared was
heated in a platinum dish at
red heat, until the weight was
a moderate
constant, and then
5 grams
was
quicklyand accuratelyweighed for analysis. Our
ate,
attention was
directed to the method
of heating sodium carbonobtained dependfor,in standardizing,various results were
ing
of ignition,the highest temperature
the temperature
on
about 0.09 per cent, greater
or
giving the greatest alkalinity,
It remained
than the lowest.
to be proved whether
the high or
in heating to the higher
low result was
correct, and whether
flame) water was given off,
temperature (red heat over a Bunsen
due to a decomposition of
the loss in weight was
whether
or
sodium

into sodium

carbonate

oxide

and

carbon

dioxide.

found
referringto the Uterature several references were
carbonate.
the ignitionof sodium
vol. I, p.
MendeleeflF,
upon
sodium
525, in quoting the work of Pickering,says: ''When
In

carbonate

is fused
In

reference
p.

about

Lunge's

is made

to

an

"

1 per

of carbon

dioxide

is disengaged.'*

Untersuchungs Methoden," vol. I, p. 83,

article in Zeitschr. /.Angew. Chem., 1897,

522, by Lunge, in which

standardization

cent,

of acids must

he says
not

that

soda

be heated

intended

higher than

for the

300^C.

aiid if the heating is carried on at this temperature for

(572**F.)"
be sure
that neither bicarbonate
a suflKcient lengthof time, one
may
oxide has been
is left behind, and yet no sodium
water
nor
formed as may
happen if the heating is carried to a low red heat.
Sodium
Carbonate
("). A portion of the washed and dried
bicarbonate
was
carefullyheated in a platinum crucible with
occasional stirring
at 572"F. to constant
weight,and immediately
analyzed.
Ammomum
Sulphate. Ten grams of the standard acid (tobe
hereinafter described)were
quickly and accuratelyweighed in a
small glassweighingtube,avoidingabsorptionof moisture from
"

"

32

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

atmosphere. After rinsingthe sample into a largeplatinuni

that had
made
with ammonia
dish, it was
slightlyammoniacal
been freshlydistilled to free it from silica. During evaporatiop
the steam
on
bath, the dish was kept covered by a largefunnel
and protected from acid fumeis.
Ammonia
added from time
was
found that the salt became
acid on evaporation.
to time, as it was
After evaporation the dish was
dried in an air bath to constant
i
weight at 230^F.
In reviewing the
Cent
H2SO4).
Sulphuric Acid (100 Pw
of Pickering {Jour. Chem.
work
Soc, 1890) it occurred to us thai
it would
be possibleto make
100 per cent. sulphuri"^
some
pure
of this would serve
as
a suitable check
acid,and that the anal3rsis
other methods.
oi
our
on
Pickering has shown that the curve
the melting point of sulphuric acid near
100 per cent, reaches
fl
maximum
at 100 per cent.
Therefore,by startingwith an acid
thari
slightlyless than 100 per cent, and another slightlymore
in recrystalUzing
wheri
100 per cent., a point should be reached
the successive crops of crystalsobtained from both acids should
This was
show the same
actuallythd
per cent, sulphuric acid.
the

"

case.

Starting with 2 liters of chemicallypure sulphuric acid, purd

redistilled sulphuricanhydride was
added
until,on analysis,the
The bottle was
shaken
during crysstrength was 99.8 per cent.
tallization
small crystals,and when
the bottle
to obtain
so
as
half full of crystalsthe mother
was
liquorwas drained off through
of the bottle and having
the mouth
a porcelainplate fitted over
a glasstube
passing through its center to the bottom of the bottle
through which air dried with strong sulphuricacid was admitted,
when
the bottle was
inverted.
By draining the crystals for
above
the melting point,
several hours at a temperature slightly
the mother
These
entirelyremoved.
liquor was
crystals were
then melted and recrystallized,
and drained as described above.
The
were
melted, recrystallizedand
crystals thus contained
drained,the final crystalsbeing melted and kept in a sealed

COEFFICIENT

OF

33

EXPANSION

K)ttle until

analyzed. Two litersof acid were prepared,analyzcent, sulphuricacid.

From
this the standard was
ag 100.1
per
of acid analyzas in the case
manner
prepared in exactlythe same
Qg 99.8
"per cent, sulphiuicacid.
used as a check on
Sulphtiric Anhydride. ^Another method
standard
the titration of sulphuricacid formed by the
was
"ur
4ldition of water to 100 per cent, sulphuricanhydride. To do
his required especial
to obtain a sample of sulphuric
care
first,
jihydride free from water, and, after obtainingit,to mix it with
loss of anhydride. The
without
rater
as
plan adopted was
"

"

olio

w^s

sulphuric acid containing40

Fuming
Ustilled

ightly

at

the

over

K"tassium
Lioxide

deliverytube

c.c.

distilledover.

were

illed, rejectingthe
100

kbout

rf which

this 200

centimeters

c.c.

end

in the center, and

bent

of

was

redis-

and

ordinarydistilling
flask,to the

an

was

Then

cubic

sealed the open

was

out

Irawn

c.c.

in

first few

free SOj

cent,

long-necked flask fitting

of the retort.
A few crystalsof
to oxidize any
added
sulphur
of the distillatewere
c.c.
rejected.

temperature into

were
permanganate
present. The first 25

200

kbout

low

per

collecting
deliverytube

which
test-tube,

at the constricted

had

been

part, almost

right angle,thus forming a receiver. As soon as the distillainto the flask was
sealed,thus
aon
completed the neck was
naking the whole apparatus air-tight.By warming the flask
about 20 grams
of sulphuric
140**F. and coolingthe receiver,
DO
into the latter,
then
distilled over
which was
ixihydride were
lealed at the constricted part having a slight
vacuum.
In lookingthrough the listof organic acids
SulphanilicAcid.
decided upon
acid was
for one that would be suitable,
sulphanilic
of its being a monobasic
acid with a high molecular
["D. account
without water and drying without decompovireight,
crystallizing
sition.
The
three times,
so-called c.p. acid was
recrystallized
finely ground, and dried in an air bath at 230"F. to constant
weight.
x"

"

34

SULPHURIC

ACID
OF

ANALYSIS

HANDBOOK
STANDARDS

For the comparison of the above

prepared compounds
carefully
used.
This acid
2 litersof c.p. sulphuricacid were
as standards
tested for impurities,
found to be practically
was
free,and was
kept sealed when not in use, its percentage composition being
determined

as

follows:

(a). Five grams of freshlyignitedsodium

quickly weighed out, and an
carbonate,prepared as above, were
of standard acid,slightly
of the amount
in excess
amount
required
for neutralization was
weighed in a small weighing tube and
After
washed
carbonate.
into a flask containing the sodium
of sulphuric
boilingfor 15 min. to expel carbon dioxide,the excess
acid was
titrated with N/2 sodium
hydroxide,using phenolphthalein as indicator. A short stem funnel was
placed in the neck
of the flask to prevent loss while boiling. Duplicate analyses of
the standard acid by this method
97.33-97.35
gave
per cent, of
sulphuricacid.
Soditim
Carbonate
(b). Five grams sodium carbonate, prepared
used
as above
by heatingat 572**F. to constant weight,were
in determining the strength of our
standard
acid. Observing
conditions described above, we obtained
97.41exactlythe same
97.42 per cent, sulphuricacid.
Ammonium
stant
sulphate dried to conSulphate. The ammonium
cator
weight at 230"F.,as described above, was cooled in a desicand quickly weighed.
Soditim

Carbonate

"

"

"

The

salt

was

then

dissolved

in water

and

the small amount

of

by methyl orange, was titrated

with N/3 sodium
hydroxide. Adding an equivalentweight of
ammonia
to the weight above, gave 97.41 per cent, as the strength
of the sulphuricacid. The d,mount
of acid titrated was
less than
0.10 per cent, (withmethyl orange a sharp end point is obtained).
A dupUcate analysisgave 97.41 per cent, of sulphuricacid.
of
Sulphuric Acid (lOO Per Cent. H2SO4)." About 6 grams
from 99.8 per cent, sulphuricacid,as described
acid,crystallized
above, were introduced into the bottom of a small weighed tube |
free acid

present, as

indicated

36

SULPHURIC

solution standardized

the

this basis to determine

on

acid;it

standard

our

HANDBOOK

ACID

found

was

to be 97.41

per

cent,

strength of
of sulphuric

acid.

Recapitulation

of

composition

to all the standards

ferred

of standard

sulphuric acid

employed:

Per

Sodium

carbonate

re*

cent.

Average

"

97.33

(A) Ignited at low red heat

to constant

97.34

weight

97.35
97.41

(B) Heated

at 572*^.

Ammonium

97.415

weight

to constant

97.42
97.41

sulphate method

97.41
97.41

100 per
under

cent,

100 per

cent,

sulphuric acid prepared from

100 per

slightly

97.39
97.40
97.41

cent

sulphuric acid prepared from

100 per

over

acid

acid

slightly
"97.40

cent

97.40

97.40
97

Sulphuric anhydride
Sulphanilicacid

The

415
.

97.43
97.41

close agreement

between

the above

97.41

standards, with

one

writer
the
and
his
assistants
pected,
exexception, is only what
The
themselves
were
provided the standards
pure.
analyticalmethods
employed and to be described yieldresults in
experienced hands that are entirelyin accordance with the above
figures.
The
of sodium
abnormal
result in the case
carbonate
ignited
at

low

About

weight

red heat
20 grams

at

was

of sodium

and
572'^F.,

acid showed

follows:

investigatedas
carbonate

10 grams

it to contain 97.416

used
per

were

for

heated

analysisof

cent,

to constant

the standard

sulphuricacid.

Ten

placed in

grams

were

it was

heated

platinum boat in
red heat

to moderate

throughthe tube, and

the sodium

dioxide, was

in

absorbed

was

furnace.

combustion

carbon

the carbon

carbonate,

in

tube,where

combustion

aspirated
dioxide,disengaged by heating

of dry air,free from

slow stream

37

OF. STANDARDS

ANALYSIS

satiu-ated solution

of

ing
bulb containhydroxide, contained in a bottle. A Mohr
barium
with .the bottle and proved
hydroxide was connected
After aspidioxide
therein.
the complete absorption of carbon
rating
connected
for several hours, the bulb was
directlyto the
showed
that no more
tube and the aspirationcontinued, which
carbon dioxide was
evolved, no precipitatebeing formed.
of barium
neutralized with strong
The excess
hydroxide was
HCl,and finallycarefullytitrated with N/300 hydrochloricacid,
carbonate
was
usingphenolphthalein as indicator;the barium
then titrated with N/300 hydrochloricacid,using methyl orange
barium

indicator.

as

A blank

titration

differencebetween

J5

Dsed to

0.0060

would

within 0.002

This method

calculated
of
per

was

97.358

dioxide
leave
as

with

of about

been

cent., which

per

accurate

heated

is 0.058

per

above.

formed

0.0084

Na2C03,

sulphuric acid
cent,

had

0.0060

removed, accurately weighed, and

10 grams
About
acid.
were
used,

the result obtained

carbonate

cent,

was

of carbon

gram

weighed and

standard

obtained

than

Bent, lower

was

that

of soda

carbonate

tube

analyze the

tod the result

this way

In

the

represented

determined

were

The

in the combustion

khe per

titrations

by a titration
of hydrochloric acid, thus making a simple and

determination.^

wdium

reagents, and

same

carbonate.

barium

to

dioxide

carbon

c.c.

using the
methyl orange

the two

the alkalinity due

gram

made

was

gram

by decomposition of
Na20, which, when

would

of 0.056

per

make

diflferencein

cent., which

agrees

the result found.

subsequently published in the Analyst May, 1904, vol.

29,pp. 152-153, Thos.

Macara.

38

SULPHURIC

After
9.9916

NasCX)s
NasOOs

gram

Before
10 0000

equivalent to

are

equivalentto

are

9.2369

grains

0.0134

gram

9.2503

grams

HsS04
HsS04
SsS04

heating to redness:
NasCX)s

grams

HANDBOOK

redness:

heating to
grama

0.0084

ACID

are

Increased alkalinitydue

to

equivalent to

Na^O

0.0056

gram

0.056

per

Equivalent

formed

to

2447

II2SO4

grams

HSSO4
cent,

H,SO

had

increased

instead of 0.058

cent,

per

the

been

bicarbonate, the

sodium
0.078

found

COs

If the

alkaUnity would
cent,

per

as

have

oJ

beei

found.

heat:

By

2NaHC0,

NajCOa

0 0060
.

heating

Na^COs

10 0 grams
.

Before
.

NajCO,

equivalent

equivalentto

of NaiCOa

from

9
.

2236

grams

are

0
.

0133

gram

grams

to formation

NaHCOj

HsS04

grams

9 2369

alkalinitydue

'

equivalent to

Increased

9 2447

are

to

NaHCO,

gram

NaHCOs,

gram

heating to redness

grams

0.0228

are

18.016

equivalent to 0 0228

are

to redness

'

H,0.

44

COt found

gram

After

9 9772

CO,

106.1

168.116

or

result of decomposition

equivalent to

9.2369

grams

0. 0078

gram

0.078

per

HSSO4
H2SO4

cent,

of

HaS04
i

It

is thus

dioxide

formed

Na,0+CO,.

indicated

is the

by

this

result of

experiment

that

the

carbori

decomposition of Na^COa

intj

ANALYSIS

39

STANDARDS

OF

carbonate,prepared by dryingto constant

weightat 572**F.,was heated until it had completelyfused,and
increased alkalinity
showed
an
equivalent to 0.30 per
analysis
sample of

sodium

dioxide disengaged.

cent, of carbon

If the calcium
carbonate

were

at low red heat

accounted
I

fied
magnesium carbonates present in the purientirelyconverted into oxides when ignited

and

only 0.018

per cent, increased

would
alkalinity

be

for.

togetherwith

These results,considered

between the
are
572"F.,

sodium

sodium
ifitandard

in this

carbonate

Acid.

in

manner.

from

results obtained

the

^Averaging

"

ignited at
favor of preparing

carbonate

convincing arguments

very

Standard

and

standards

other

the close agreement

the

ate
above, exceptingsodium carbonignitedto redness,its percentage composition was found to be
97.41 per cent, sulphuricacid.
used for standardizingthe
This acid or its equivalent was
caustic soda that was
employed for all analyticaldeterminations

differentstandards

enumerated

embraced in these tables.

The

used

burette

from 95-100

c.c.

burettewas

was

in

J^o

every

weighed every

J^o

to be accurate

to

c.c;

}ioo

c.c,

}4

c.c,

readable

and

95

between

standardized

delivered

100-c.c. chamber

and

and

for

The

with strong sulphuricacid,so

The
J^oo c"c.
cury
by weighing mer-

c.c.

the

mercury

graduations were

was

found

frequentlycleaned
for each
it drained perfectly

burette

that

graduated

to

100

the readingsand
c.c

burette

was

determination.

Hydroxide Solution. This solution was prepared

made
from
cp. caustic soda, purifiedby baryta, and was
of standard acid required95-98 c.c.
of such strength that 6 grams
Caustic soda purifiedby alcohol is not suitable for this piupose,
as it does not
drain properly in the burette,but produces an oily
To standardize this solution,using methyl orange
appearance.
of the standard
acid were
quickly
6 grams
about
^ indicator,

Standard

and

Sodium

accuratelyweighed out, diluted

"

with

about

400

c.c

cold dis-

40

SULPHURIC

tilled water

and

The

added.

had

of

c.c.

P^r cent, solution of

Ko

until

burette

few

been

added, and after

Standard
sulphuric acid

read.

the soda solution

added

was

then

tenths

of

taken

H2SO4

"

2d

of
a

yellow to

i!N aw

c.c.

equivalent to
A

The

c.c.

which

the

be 0.015

when

above,

c.c.

above

was

acid

solution,and

the

to
1**F.,

titration at any

applied

was

for

100

c.c.

corded,
re-

was

other

perature
tem-

reading.

the

to

with

determined

was

and

standardized

was

subsequent
correction

described

found

to

solution

for temperature

as

-j

sulphuric

solution.

hydroxide

the

making

nometer,

"

of

grams

kept in the standard

necessary

correction

versa,

Xx

at

in

vice

i?

sodium
was

and

cess
ex-

point

end

The

orange.

titration

p^-pj

thermometer

temperature

cubic centimeter

to acid than

the 100-

draining the burette was

to
strength about equivalent
burette until a trace changed

from alkaline
sharper in titrating

H2SO4

in from

run

methyl orange

3-min.

from

the color of the solution from

is

was

caustic soda solution

chamber

c.c.

HANDBOOK

ACID

the

of solution
when

be subtracted

was

the

the temperature of standardizing,and

picperature
tem-

added

below.

Duplicate titrations agreed within 0.03 c.c.

Methyl orange
in
used
was
titrating nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and
ammonia.
To

i
with

standardize

about
phenolphthalein,

grams

of thd

accurately weighed out and poured into a

casserole containing about 25 c.c. of cold water, all acid bein^
rinsed from
Ond
small weighing beaker
into the casserole.
a
cubic centimeter
of phenolphthalein solution (1 gram
p)er liter)
was
added, and the sodium hydroxide solution run in from thfl
standard

acid

were

100-c.c. chamber

burette

point. The solution

dioxide,and
tip of
color.

until within

about

0.5

then boiled for 5 min. to

was

of the

c.c.

carboij

remove

the titration finished by cuttingthe drops from

the burette

This tint

until
was

fraction of

drop produced

noted, and
carefully

encj
th^

faint pin

all analysesrun

to tb

NITRIC-ACID

same

end

made

for

point. By boilingfor exactly 5 min., provisionwas

uniform draining of the burette.
Duplicate titrations

agreed within 0.02

While

41

TABLE

c.c.

the limits of burette

placed at 0.03 c.c.

when
methyl orange was used, and 0.02 c.c. for phenolphthalein,
yet, as will be shown, the actual duplicatesobtained by two men
closer.
working independentlyaveraged much
The
Dividing Burette.
dividing burette referred to under
standardizingwith sulphuricanhydride is designed for accurately
dividinga solution. It consists of a burette the top of which is
drawn
and
bent downward; the stop-cock of the
to a capillary
burette is a three-way cock, the third passage
being connected
reading

were

"

to

vertical

tube

the

at

of

top

which

is

funnel

for

the burette.
and
One
2-liter flasks with small necks
filling
were
graduated by running from the burette a sufficient number
This point was
of times to fillthe flask to a point in the neck.
always filled
carefullychecked,and in subsequent use, it was
to this mark."

The

deUvered

of water

amount

and the weights checked

weight of
5 grams

of

within

full.

one

burette

liquidmade

up

by the
0.004

In
to

burette
or

gram,

measuring
volume, the

out
error

an

weighed,
J^5,ooooi the
equivalentof
was

would

be 0.0002

gram.

The

tables

are

described

in the order

during a period of nearly 3

NITRIC-ACm

The

c.p.

in which

they

were

pared
pre-

years.

TABLE

nitric acid employed

was

free from

nitrous and

chloric
hydro-

the residue upon

evaporation at 212"F.
This acid was
used
too small to aflfectthe determinations.

acids,and

all samples up
was

to

concentrated

was

for

43"B6., and for the stronger samples this acid

with pure glacial
by distilling
phosphoricacid

and potassium permanganate,

the latter to prevent the formation

42

SULPHURIC

of

acid.

nitrous

95.80

of nitrous

The

and

at

time

same

stopper of the tube

which

Allowance

gravity

for

of the

400

at

80"F.

to

strength
from

of

acid.

having a
weighing and

while

by removing

water

of water.

to

tube

weighing

with

in

The

the

casserole

titration

was

indicator,observing the

as

orange

After

"

70"F.,

the

data

found

was

43"B6.

At

the

and

the

determining

strengths employed

this

calculated, and

was

filled^a

was

ditions
con-

standardizing.

different

from

small

c.c.

Temperature.

raised

was

large

described

as

glassfork while immersed

made, using methyl

in

picnometer

diluted

containing approximately
described

made

were

prevented loss

was

with

the
in

weighed

was

ground-glass stopper,
diluting. The sample

then

strongest

acid.

the

sample

8-gram

the

was

point the acid contained

this

specific-gravitydeterminations

above,

acid

nitric

cent,

per

sample obtainable, for above

amounts

HANDBOOK

ACID

60"F., the

at

perature
tem-

wise
picnometer weighed; likeallowance

for

uniform

be

to

temperature
for

determinations

the

specific

given

made

were

50" to 90"*?.

The

following determinations

table

was

calculated

by interpolation,the
composition

corresponding percentage
with
From

and

made,

were

from

these

specificgravity

being calculated

to

the
and
respond
cor-

0.25"B6.

each

the

the Baum^

corresponding specificgravity

was

lated
calcu-

by the formula:

Degrees

The

of
instability

determinations

corresponded

with

Baum^

145

"

Specificgravity

96 per
were

cent,

nitric acid is

difficult to

so

obtain,

the differential of the

table

great that agreeing

and
at

those

selected

this point.

44

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

TABLE

HYDROCHLORIC-ACm

The

purest

c.p.

hydrochloricacid obtainable

was

tested foi

evaporation atl
chlorine,sulphuric acid and residue upon
212"F.
There were
only traces of impurities,which would aflfect
of manipulation.
less than the errors
the determinations
22"B^. this acid was
concentrated
For the samples above
by
it into a portion cooled in ice water.
42.61 per cent.i
distilling
hydrochloricacid was the strongest sample upon which a specificthis
Above
gravity determination could be obtained at 60"P.
point bubbles of gas were formed in the picnometer when warmed

free

to 60^F.

The

specificgravity and

determined

as
was

in the
found

22**B^. deteminations

case

to
were

allowance

of nitric acid.
be

uniform
made

from

for

temperature

The

allowance

for each

were

for temperature

strengthof acid;

50" to 0O"F.

of
making the above determinations the thermometer
while the bottle was
in
withdrawn
immersed
the picnometer was
in a large casserole,
thus avoiding loss
about
700 c.c. of water
bottle was
while diluting. The
carefullywashed out and the
dilute acid made
against the
up to 2 litersin a flask standardized
100 c.c, dividingburette and portionsof this solution wete taken
with the burette for titration with sodium
hydroxide. Methyl
the same
used as indicator,
ardizing
conditions used in standwas
orange
being closelyfollowed,about 98 c.c. of sodium hydroxide
A sample of hydrosolution being used for each determination.
chloric
acid was
with silver nitrate and
analyzed by precipitating

After

the

silver chloride

results obtained

calculated

by titration.

to

hydrochloricacid

checked

the

HYDROCHLORIC-ACID

TABLE

45

The

followingdeterminations were made, and from these the

table was
calculated
the specific
by interpolation,
gravity and
oorresponding
percentage composition being calculated for each
1^. from 1^-5^, 0.25^B6.,
from 5^-16'' and for the rest of the
tablefor each

0.1 ""B^.

following will show the comparative sensitiveness of the

and
determinations, specificgravity determination
analytical
of a delicate Baum^
hydrometer and thermometer
ated
gradureading
of specific
to l^F. in terms
gravity:
The

46

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

SULPHURIC-ACID

The

TABLE

sulphuricacid used

c.p.

1.84

was

specific
gravity,Tirai

and gave
i
hydrochloricand nitric acids and ammonia
of residue upon
lea
evaporation. The impurities were
enough to affect either the specificgravity or analjrtica

free from
trace

than

determinations.
made
determinations
were
specific-gravity
above, except that in bringing the temperature
to the neck in a beaker
picnometer was immersed
degrees below 60"F., so that the temperature rose
inside and outside when capped.
the same
The

The
and

allowance

90^F.

for

determined

was

for every

temperature

the

at

66, 63, 57, 51, 44, 36, 29, 21,

It

12.

describee

as

60"F.,

to

of water

th"
f e^

slowly,bein|

10**P. between

50^

following degrees Baum^

found to be practicallj
was

given strength of acid,and the results are based or

of 40"F., the table giving the corrections at even
a range
degrees
Baum^, being calculated from these results by interpolation^
from
taken
the picnometer for analysis,
and
aE
Samples were
of acid was
amount
weighed out each time which would require
uniform

for

between

95

samples

and

c.c.

of soda

dilute standard

more

conditions

same

100

used

as

in

solution.

the

weakest

used, but the

standardizingwith phenolphthalein
soda

closelyobserved in all cases.

The boiling-point
determinations
necked
flask,using about 100 c.c.

solution

With
was

were

thermometer
A

accurate

flame

and

the

was

placed in

in

200

case.

suspended
the bottom

c.c.

long-

fied
certi-

in the

acid.

of the

flask

graduallyheated with
recorded
when
boiling was

flask

temperature

made

of acid in each

1"F.

to

small piece of porcelainwas

to facilitate boiling. The

were

was

perceptible.
The
made, and from these
followingdeterminations were
table was
calculated by interpolation,
the specific
gravityand

free
first

the
the

corresponding percentage composition being calculated for each

degree Baum6

from

0"-64" and for each

from 64^-"6''B^,
}i'*B6.

SULPHURIC-ACID

From the Bailing

the

47

TABLE

correspondingspecific
gravitywas

"

calcu-

145

latedby the formula:

"^
The

Baum^
Degrees
^

145

r-"

specific
gravity

calculated by dividingthe decimal

was
degree Twaddle
partof the specificgravityby 0.005.

48

SULPHURIC

followirig

The

analytical
and

the

of

W.
J.

of

reading

tables

P.
G.

in

the

of

chemists,

specific-gravity

Baum^

terms

sensitiveness

comparative

the

determinations,
and

hydrometer

thermometer

specific gravity:

assistants,*

my

of

aided

in

the

preparation

B.

Kern,

S.

Melendy,

Hardee

the

delicate

l^F.,

to

following

the

show

determinations,

graduated

The

will

HANDBOOK

ACID

S.

B.

M.

Chambliss,

S.,

D.

Ph.

N.

A.

A.

J.

C.

A.

B.

Laury,

B.

LOTKA,

S.
Sc.

S.

B.

BiGELow,

'

H.
W.

B.
W.

S.

B.

Bishop,

B.

Sanders,
T.

Such

merit
but

charge
who

of,

shared

as

more

and
with

S.
Lynton

these

tables

especially

F.

Way,

H.

P.

Merriam,

F.

I.

Briggs,
possess
to

participated

in

writer

the

the

A.

Mr.
most

is

largely

Bishop
of

the

preparation

F.

C,
due
who

B.

to

had

S.
Ph.
S.

these

this

men,
gentle-

immediate

determinations,
of

D.

paper.

and

NITRIC
Nitric
By

W.

ACID
Acid

C. Ferguson

49

50

SULPHURIC

ACID

Nitric

Acid

"

HANDBOOK

{Conduded)

made
with
at 60**F.,compared
determinations were
Specificgravity^
Prom
the specificgravities,the corresponding degrees Baum6
were
145
following formula:
Baume
145
r=
Degrees
rr"
-^

,"

at 60^F.
calculated
by

water

tl

-.ab^

"=

specificgravity

Baum6
be
hydrometers for use with this table must
which formula should always be printed on the scale.
Atomic
O
weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901.
At

Allowance
100-20*
B6." Ho^B^.
20*"-30*" B6." V^8*B6.
30'"-40*
B6." V^o*B6.
40'"-48.5"B6."
H7"B6.

graduated by the above

-

formul

16.

Temperatitrb
.00029 specificgravity
.00044 specificgravity
00060 specificgravity
.00084 specificgravity

for
or
or
or
or

VF.
1*F.
1*F.
1*"F.

W.
C. Ferguson
Authority
This table has been approved and adopted as a Standard by the Manufacturing Chemisi
W.
Association of the United States.
H.
L. Morgan,
Jab.
Bower,
"

Hbnrt

A. G.
few York, May

14, 1903.

Howard,
ROSBNGARTEN,

Arthur

Wtman.
Executive

Committee,

52

ACID

SULPHURIC

determinations
Specific-gravity

were

HANDBOOK

made

at

60"F.,compared with

water

at 60"F.

From
the
ated by the

the correspondingdegrees Baum4

specific
gravities,
followingformula:

Degrees Baum4
Atomic

145

r^

Allowance
or
or
or

calcu-

^:"

specificgravity

weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901.

10-15"B6." Ko"B^.
15-22"B6." Mo"B^.
22-25**B6." M8"B6-

were

16.

Temperature
for
.0002
sp. gr. for 1"F.
.0003
sp. gr. for TF.
.00035 sp. gr. for l^'F.

W. C. Ferguson
This table has been approvedand adopted as a Standard by the Manufacturing
Chemists' Association of the United States.
W. H. Bower,
Jas. L. Morgan,
Henry
Arthur
Wyman.
Howard,
a. g. eosengarten,
Executive Committee.
"V York, May
14, 1903.
Authority

"

TABLE

By

W.

OF

C.

SULPHURIC

Ferguson

and

ACID

H.

P.

Talbot

54

Sulphurk;
By

W.

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

C. Fbrouson

SpecificGravity determinations

Acid
and

were

made

H.

P. Talbot

compared with
60**F.,

at

water

at 60*'F.

From

culated

the

by

SpecificGravities,the corresponding degrees Baum6

were

cal-

145
the

followingformula: Degrees Baum6

146

"

"

r"

.^

this table must

be graduated by the
be
always
printed on the scale.
1.8364
Oil
Vitriol
of
66"B6.
(O. V.).
specificgravity
1 cu. ft. water
at 60''F. weighs 62.37 lb. av.
Atomic
O
16.
weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901.
100 per cent.
H2SO4
Percent.
Percent
Percent.
O. V.
60"
HaSO*
119.98
100.00
83.35
100.00
66.72
80.06

Baumi^
hydrometers for use with
above formula, which formula should
=

SuLPHXTRic
By

Acids stronger

C.

W.

has

been

Chemists'

Acid
and

have

H.

P. Talbot

"

W.

C.

approved and

H.

Ferguson;
adopted

Association of the United

as

P. Talbot.

standard

H.

Henry
J AS.

A. G.

Calculated

from

Bower,
Howard,

L. Morgan,

Arthur

23, 1904.

facturing
by the Manu-

States.
W.

New York, June

compositions

their percentage

analysis.

Authorities
This table

Ferguson

66**B6. should

than

detennined by chemical

55

ACID

SULPHURIC

Wyman,
Rosengarten,

Executive

Jour, Lon, Chem.

Pickering'sresults,

Committee,

Soc.,vol. 67, p.

363.

56

SILPHCRIC

Sn^pHTRic

HANDBOOK

ACID

Acid

"

(Continued)

SuLPHUBic

57

ACID

SULPHURIC

Acid

"

^culatedfrom Pickering'sresults,Jour.

{Continued)

Urn,

Chem,

Soc.,vol. 57, p. 363.

58

SULPHURIC

Sulphuric

ACID

HANDBOOK

Acid
"

(Concluded)

60

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

SULPHURIC

94r-100

per

H.

ACID

cent.

H2S04^

B." Bishop

preparedfrom c.p. 95 per cent

sidphuricacid,which was strengthenedto 100 per cent, by th
addition of fuming acid made
fuming sulphuric ac"
by distilling
(70 per cent, free SO3) into a portion of 95 per cent. c.p. acid
The final acid was
tested for impurities;residue upon
evapora
tion,chlorine,niter and sidphur dioxide (0.001per cent.) 'whicl
acid used in this table

The

less than

was

The

with

the sensitiveness of the determination.

analyticaland

allowance

for

was

determinations,and
specific-gravity

temperature

were

made

in the

same

manner,

an^

sulphuric-acidtable adopte"
by the Manufacturing Chemists' Association,the specific
gravit]
1.8354 and 93.19 per cent. H2SO4 being taken as standard.
The actual determinations
within a few hundredth^
made
were
of a per cent, of the pointsgiven in the table,the even
percentage
being calculated by interpolation.

the

W.

W.

same

Scott:

accuracy

"Standard

as

in the

thi

Methods

of Chemical

Analysis," 1917.

Authob'b
in the

Note.

preparation

Association

the methods
Ferguson in his articledescribing

of the tables
several

names

merit

Bishop. "Such
but

Mr.

"

adopted by

chemists

Manufacturing
them
Mr.
him, among
is largelydue to these gentlemen,

assisted

who

as

had

immediate

and who
participatedin most of the determinations,
the preparation of this paper."

SULPHURIC

used

Chemists'

the

these tables possess

especiallyto Mr. Bishpp who

more

61

ACID

SULPHURIC

charge of and
writer

shared with the

ACID

0**B6.-100 per cent. H2SO4

0"-66*^B6.

From

PTalbotwith
Per

the

the

is from

table

the

of

Ferguson
followingsupplemental incorporated:
one

and

SO3

cent.

Pounds

SO3 per cubic foot

Pounds

H2SO4

per

Per

cent,

free water

Per

cent,

combined

cubic foot

water

Freezing (melting)pointscalculated in degreesCentigrade from

Ithe given degrees Fahrenheit.
boilingpoints calculated in degrees Centigrade
I Approximate
from the given degrees Fahrenheit.
Allowance
for temperature calculated per degree Centigrade
from the given, per degreeFahrenheit.
From

94-100

per cent.

H2SO4 is from the table of H. B. Bishop.

Mr.

Bishop gives only the specificgravity and allowance for

All other calculations are
temperature per degree Fahrenheit.
supplied.
Freezing (melting)pointswere calculated after Knietsch,Ber.,
1901.

It should

be noted

than
specificgravities
97.5 per

cent.

H2SO4.

that

the highest percentages show

those just below, the maximum

lower

being

at

62

SULPHURIC

ACID

Sulphuric
0**B6.-100

per

HANDBOOK

Acid
cent.

HjSO*

SULPHURIC

ACID

Sulphuric

0*B^.-100

per

Acid
cent.

HjSO*

63

64

Sulphuric

0"B6.-100

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

per

cent.

Acid

H2SO

4"

(Con^int^ed)

SULPHURIC
SuLPHXTBic
0**B^.-100

Desreee
Baam4

Per

cent.

H"S04

Per cent,
free

H,0

per

cent.

Per cent,
combin
d

HsOe

65

ACID

Acid

H,SO

4"

(Con/int*cd)

Lb. O.
in 1 cu.

40

51.90

8.83

51.61

44.45

50.53

53.08

42
43

49.13
47.74

9.09
9.34
9.60

46.16
47.92

44

45
46

46.34
44.93
43.52

9.86
10.11
10.37

47

42.10

10.63
10.89

40.68

49

39.25
37.82

50
51

36.34

55

34.87
33.37
31.87
30.35

56

28.83

57

61

27.25
25.64
24.01
22.33
20.57

62
63

18.70
16.66

52

53
54

58
59
60

11.16

11.42
11.69
11.96

12.24
12.51
12.79
13.07
13.36

13.66
13.96
14.27
14.59
14.93
15.31

54.58

56.07
57.58
59.09
60.60
62.13
63.65

65.18
66.72
68.31
69.89
71.50
73.11
74.74
76.37
78.07
79.79
81.54
83.35
85.23
87.24
89.43

14.34
13.67

15.74
15.86

91.92

64H
645i

12.96

65

11.35
10.45
9.40
8.20

15.99
16.13
16.28
16.45
16.64
16.86
17.12
17.26
17.45
17.63
17.82

93.40
94.23
95.13
96.10
97.22
98.51
100.00
100.87

64

64M

12.19

65K
65^

6.81

66
94.00

6.00

95.00

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.50
2.00

96.00
97.00
97.50
98.00
99.00
100.00

1.00
0.00

17.91
18.00
18.18
18.37

V.
ft.
"F.

41

48

(melting) points

Freesing
Per cent.
O. V.

92.64

101.94
103.01
104.09
104.63
105 16
106.23
107.31
.

49.72
51.56
53.44
55.36
57.33
59.34
61.40
63.52
65.72
67.96
70.28
72.66

75.10
77.60

Below

80.23
82.95
85.75
88.68
91.76

-40

95.06
98.63
102.63
103.75
104.93
106.19
107.54
108 97
110.60

+ 12.6

-21.7
-10.8

27.3

-2.6

39.1
46.1
46.4
43.6

+3.9

7.0

41.1

37.9
33.1
24.6

112.42

114.47
115.64
117.03
118.39
119.69
120.32

120.92
122.07
123 08
.

13.4

7.8
8.0
6.4
5.1
3.3

0.6
-4.1
-10.3
-18.3

-1.0
-29.0

-33.9

-20.6

-29.2

-7.2

-21.8

+9.9

-12.3
-3.7
-0.4

25.3
31.3
37.4
43.3

50.0

+3.0
6.3
10.0

66

SULPHURIC

ACID

Sulphuric
O^B^.lOO

per

cent.

HANDBOOK

Acid

HjSO*"

(Conrfwded)

68

ACID

SULPHURIC

SuLPHXTBic

HANDBOOK
Acid*

50**-62*'B^.

The

values

the values for

for the

even

t^hetenths of

taken from the preceding table and

degrees were
degree calculated b^ intexpolatioqi.

SULPHURIC

SuiiPHURic
50''-Q2''B6."

ACID

Acid

(Continued)

69

70

SULPHURIC

ACID

Sulphuric

HANDBOOK
Acid

50**-62*'B6." (Condiided)

FUMING

SULPHURIC

FUMING

SULPHURIC
T.

Clear commercial
and

acid

coefficient

of

71

ACID

ACID

J. Sullivan

in all

analytical,
specific
gravity
expansion (allowance for temperature)
was

used

determinations.
determinations
Specific-gravity
with

made

were

pared
15.56"C.,comhydrostaticspecific-

at

15.56"C.,a Sartorius
Three sepagravitybalance being used for all determinations.
rate
all
each
at
determinations.
samples
given point agreed on
The specific
gravity 1.8391 of 100 per cent. H2SO4 (H. B. Bishop)
was

taken

This

water

as

table

at

standard.
constructed

of

obtaining quick
for plant control and is very satisfactory
analysis
as
fuming acid
within 0.1 per cent. 8O3 of the titration analysis.
may be checked
deviations
be due to impuritiesalways present in
Slight
may
was

as

means

commercial acid.
Fixed
Per

cent.

Points
Specificgravity

SOs

81.63

1.8391

81.9

1.848

82.1

1.853

82.7

1.866

83.3

1.877

83.8

1.887

84.5

1.900

85.1

1.911

85.6

1.922

86.2

1.934

86.5

1.942

87.5

1.958

88.1
Allowance

Temperature

for

At 82 per cent.
83 per cent.

SOs

84 per cent.
85 per cent.

00100

SOs

0.00105

per

SOs

0.00110

per

SOs

0.00110

per

cent.

SOs

=0.00115

87 per cent.
88 per cent.

SO,

0.00120

per

SOs

0.00125

per

86 per

per

per

degree C.
degree C.
degree C.
degree C.
degree C.
degree C.
degree C.

Acid

to

18"C.

ture

and

of this strength

only remains

Crystallizationstarts and
remains

constant

at 26*'C.

in solution

momentarily

the acid solidifieswith

when

cool^

rise o\ tempera

FUMING

SULPHURIC

Fuming

Specificgravity

Sulphubic

at various

73

ACID

Acid

temperatures

"

degrees C.

74

SULPHURIC

Fuming
Per

HANDBOOK

ACID

cent,

Sulphuric
free

SOs

Acid
as

units

76

SULPHURIC

Fuming
Per

HANDBOOK

ACID

cent,

Sulphuric
total

SOs

Acid
as

units

FUMING

Fuming
Per

cent,

ACID

SULPHURIC

Sulphuric

total S0"

as

units

Acid
"

(Continued)

77

78

SULPHURIC

FuMiNQ

ACID

Sulphuric

HANDBOOK

Acid

FUMING

SULPHURIC

Fuming

Equivalent

per

cent.

Sulphuric

79

ACID

Acid

100 per cent.

H2SO4

an

units

80

SULPHURIC
Fuming

Ekiuivalent
per

cent.

ACID
Sulphuric

HANDBOOK
Acid

100 per cent. H2SO4

as

units

"

(CovUinued^

SPECIF

I CJGRAVITY

Sulphuric

Fuming

Equivalent

per

100 per cent.

cent.

TEST

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY
76.07-82.5

per

81

TEST
Acid

H2SO4

as

units

SULPHURIC
cent.

(Condvded)

"

ACID

SO3

T. J. Sullivan

of the irregularspecific
gravity of sulphuricacid
between 76.07 and 81.9 per cent. SO3 specific
gravity cannot be
On

account

determining the strength. The principleof this table

dilute such acids to a strength where specific
gravity may

used for
is to

be used.

The

table is extended

very convenient

for

plant use.

again
readings. Over

be

determined

over

may

82.6

per

cent.

to 82.5

per

cent.

SO3

which

is

Strengths,81.9 per cent. SO3 or

by using direct specific-gravity
SO3 the dilution test cannot

be

82

used with accuracy

with

water
may

The

evolution of heat upon

the sudden

the solution

causes

to

splash about

and

mixing

some,

fore,
there-

be lost.

mixing equal volumes

followingformula is used :

table is calculated for

acid at 16.56**C.
Let

as

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

The

densityof

water

at 15.56"C.

of water

and

(0.99904)

15 56"
=

gravityof
specific

weight of SO3

percentage SOa in mixture

specific
gravityof

B
C

acid

'w^qC

in B

mixture

corresponding

to

Then
100

C
=

^-B

degree Centigrade is
0.00081
specificgravity. If the specificgravity of the diluted
at any of the followinggiven temperatures,
solution is observed
15.56"C.
above
deduct, the corresponding specificadd, below
the caption
Then
consult the table under
gravity correction.
"Specificgravity of the diluted solution'* for the value of the
corrected specific
gravity.
The

temperature

allowance

"

for

each

84

hundred

Two
of water

Obtain

are

15.56"C.

use

of acid at 15.56"C. and

convenient

the temperature of both

from

vary

cubic centimeters

16.56**C.

at

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

temperatures, calculated

as

c.c.

to mix.

amount

the acid and

If they

water.

given below for

the amounts

200

the various

follows:

200

Example,

"

sample of
is found

the temperature
The

gravity at 15.56"C.)
(specific

temperature

acid is drawn

from

storage tank and

to be 30"C.

of the water

to be used

is 24".

After consultingthe preceding tables to ascertain

to
are

use

for those

mixed
The

and

temperatures,

then

the mixture

specific
gravity of

201.6

acid and

c.c.

the amounts

200.4

c.c.

water

cooled.

is found

the mixture

to be

1.5388

and

the temperature at the time of its determination

20**.
The correspondingspecific
gravity correction at 20" is 0.0036.
1.5388

80.1 per

cent.

0.0036

1.5424

SO3 corresponds to 1.5424

specific
gravity.

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY

SuLPHUBTC
Per cent.

SOj corresponding to

TEST

Acid
even

percentages HtS04

85

86

SULPHURIC

ACID

Sulphuric
Per cent.

ACID

H2SO4

CALCULATIONS,

Acid

corresponding

USE

OF

HANDBOOK

to even

SPECIFIC-GRAVITY

for temperature

the specific
gravity. As

an

must

TABLES,

be

made

when

the
example illustrating

tables may
the specific-gravity

MATING
ESTI-

ETC.

STOCKS,
Correction

S0"

percentages

be put: suppose

determining
use

it is

to which

required to

calculate the number

87

CALCULATIONS

ACID

of

of 50"B6.

pounds

storagetank, the followingdata

Calculatingthe volume

sulphuric acid

in

ft. at

being given:

in the tank

find 2100

we

cu.

temperature of 38"C.
A
'

sample

taken

from

in the

laboratoryshows

made

for temperature
for which

the tank
56.88"B6.
in order

15.56

specific
gravity determined

at 33"C.

to reduce

the tables

33

and

Correction

15.56"C.,the

it to

be

must

perature
tem-

constructed:

are

17.44 difiference

"

the caption " Allowance

the table under

From
it is seen

for 60"B6.

that the allowance

Centigrade
As the acid

is 0.047"B6.

that the correction

and

for temperature"

for 50"B6.

for each

gree
de-

is 0.050"B6.

in

these points,
question is about midway between
the allowance for each degree Centigrade is very nearly0.048"B6.
The correction for temperatm*e
17.44

is

0.048

0.84"B6.

"
and

as

temperature, 15.56"C.,is lower than 33",the

the standard

temperature
amount

must

The

Baum6

at which

in the

Baum6

of the acid at 15.56"C.

was

taken, this

0.84

is,then,

57.72"B^.

38"C., the temperature

of the acid

tank, is calculated,
-

22.44

as

of the acid at

38

and

sample

be added.

56.88

The

of the

the Baum^

15.56

0.048

22.44

difiference

1.08"B6.

the density of the acid is lowered

as

the temperature

raised
57.72

1.08

56.64"B6.

at 38"C.

is

88

SULPHURIC

The
to this

easiest way

is

degree Bauin6

56.64

gravity corresponding
specific
by interpolatingthe given data:
the

obtain

to

HANDBOOK

ACID

57"B6.

1.6477

56"B6.

1.6292

specific
gravity
specific
gravity

0.0185

difference

56.00

0.064*'B6. difference

0.0185

0.064

0.0118

1.6292

0.0118

1.6410

gravitycorrespondspecific
ing

to 56.64"B6

Then

as

2100

2100

62.37

in the

ft. are

cu.

1.641

tank, the pounds

214,933 lb. 57.72"B6.

If it is required to calculate this acid

pounds

of 50"B^.

on

the table.

58"B6.

119.59

per

cent.

50"B6.

bVBL

117.00

per

cent.

50"B6.

2.59 per

cent.

50"B6.

67.72

50"B6.

basis, the
57.72"B6. is easilyfound
by

corresponding to

from
interpolating

are

57.00

2.59

0.72

117

1.86

0.72"B6.

1.86

118.86

difference

difference

per

60"B6.

cent.

to 57.72"B6.

214,933

1.1886

in 57.72"B^.

responding
cor-

acid

255,469 lb. of 50"B6.

If it is requiredto calculate

SO3

acid

on

acid

"pounds SO3'' basis,the

is calculated

from

the

table

centage
per-

by

interpolation.
58"B6.

60.70

per

cent.

SO3

57"B6.

59.39

per

cent.

SOa

1.31 difference
0.72
59.39

1.31

0.94

6.94

60.33 per cent. SO3

214,933 X 0.6033

correspondingto 57.72"B".

129,669lb. SO3.

1. To

Prepare a
StrongSolution
Let

FORM

by Mixing
Solution,

Solution.

Weak

"

quantityof weak solution to be used

quantityof strong solution to be used
strengthof strong solution
strengthof desired solution
strengthof weak solution
desired quantity
D(A
B)

with

TO

STRENGTH

of Dilute

Definite Amount

ACID

SULPHURIC

DESIRED

ANY

OF

SOLUTIONS

OF

CONCENTRATION

AND

DILUTION

89

CONCENTRATION

AND

DILUTION

in the mixture
in the mixture

^^

_
"

A-C
Y

Example

How

1.

"

pounds of 80.0
70,000lb. of 76.07 per

many

X+Y

of 60.7 per cent. SO3 and how

SO3 must be mixed to obtain

pounds

many

cent.

per
cent.

SO3?

70,000(80.0 76.07)7(80.0 60.7)

14,254
70,000
-

70,000 lb.

is to be used for

If water

14,254 lb.
55,746 lb.

the formula
diluting,

may

be

some

what simplified.
X=-D-Y
A
2. To

Prepare

Weaker

Mixing a

formula is the

reverse

Definite
Solution

with

of formula

Stronger Solution,by
Stronger Solution. This

of

Amount
a

"

(1).

"

quantityof strong solution to be used

Y
quantity of weak solution to be used
A
strengthof strong solution
B
strengthof desired solution
C
strengthof weak'^lution
desired quantity ^s^j^
D
'V
_D{B-C)
^

Let X

"

'^

-,

"

A-C

Y ^D-X

in the mixture
in the mixture

90

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

pounds of
Example 2. How many
pounds of SO.O per cent. SOs
many
70,000 lb. of 76.07 per cent. SO3?

60.7 per cent.

"

70,000(76.07

70,000

Let

of

60.7)

55,746

Definite

Greater

60.7)/(80.0

how

obtain

to

55,746 lb.

14,254 lb.

70,000 lb.

3. Dilution

Producing

mixed

be

must

SO3 and

Amount

of

Amount

of
a

Stronger Solution, thus

Dilute

more

Solution.

solution that must

quantityof diluting
strength of solution to be diluted
strength of desired solution
strength of dilutingsolution
quantity of solution to be diluted
total quantityof corrected solution
B)
D{A

"

be added

Example
be

added

76.07

3.

"

to

per

How

-C

many

pounds of

70,000 lb. of 80.0

cent.

per

cent.

60.7

per

SOsto

SOs

cent.

make

whole

17,899 lb. 60.7

per

87,899 lb. 76.07

per cent.

X
example by ratios, where
Calculating the same
of dilutingsolution that must
be added.
amount
Examples 1 and 2 show 14,254 lb. of 60.7 per cent. SOs

of 76.07

with
per

of

SO3?

X^70,000(80.0-76.07)/(76.07-60.7)
D + X
70,000 + 17,899

be mixed

must

55,746 lb. of 80.0

cent.

SO3.

per

cent.

SOs

to make

cent.

the

must

whole

92

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

ACID

ing the desired strengthis placed on the intersection of the two

of this rectangle.
diagonals,
the figureson the diagonals,the smaller from
Now
subtract
the larger,and write the result at the other end of the respective
diagonal. These figures then indicate what quantitiesof the
solution whose strengthis given on the other end of the respective

line,must

horizontal

to obtain

be taken

solution of the desired

strength.
^^15

SOFT

Example
per

5.

figure which
80

per

SO3

cent.

per

Suppose

that

20 parts

(5 +
80

cent.

15) of

to mix

500

500

^0
i^^o

take

above

parts by weight

Proceed

65

per

of

60

SO3.

cent.

follows:

lb.

125

lb. 80 per cent. SO3

=^75

lb. 60 per cent. SO3

as

cent,

acid.

i^^o parts

SOs and

part of

cent.

500

the

prepare

the 65 per

cent.

will,if mixed, give

it is desired

to

we

80

an

parts by weight of 60 per

15

per

SO3 acid by mixing

SO3 acid
have

we

and

an

per

cent.

acid

cent,

parts of

^0

65

60 per

indicates

acid to obtain
Or

make

To

SO3 and

cent.

of the

"

500

Suppose
be added
cent.

it is requiredto know

to 500

lb. 80

per

cent.

how

much

60 per cent. SO3

SO3 to make

whole

must

of 65

per

SO3.

Proceed

as

follows

^^^
-

500

1500

y20
^H

Or

Suppose
be added
cent.

SO3.

500

1500

it is requiredto know

to 500

lb. 60 per

lb. 60 per cent. SO3

cent.

how

SO3

much

80 per cent.

to make

whole

SOs

must

of 65

per

DILUTION

Proceed

93

CONCENTRATION

AND

follows:

as

500
500

i^^o
Ms

Or
Notes.

500

1. When

"

either the SO3

167 lb. 80 per cent. SO3

167

acid
with

For

instance

104.49

When

non-

fuming acid of one

another strength,SOs,

unless the H2SO4

percentage of the

in
expressed

an

its equivalent
to 100 per cent. H2SO4.
acid of 85.30 per cent. SO3 has an actual H2SO4

of 80 per cent, and

content

calculated,

or

acid of

fuming

percentages should be used

acid be

to be mixed

are

are

be used.

H2SO4 percentages may

or

fuming and fuming

strength to be mixed
fuming

acid
non-.funiing

of

mixtures

per cent.

its 100 per cent,

equivalentwould

be

"

weights of solutions
If the specific
considered.
are
are
closelyrelated,the
gravities
this assumption is
be used for volumes.
When
formulas
may
and knowing the
the weights may
be calculated,
not permissible,
calculated from
weights of the components, the volumes requisite
formulas

2. These

the

formula

are

when

accurate

the

Mass

"

^,

Volume

Weight
On

takes
To

be asthis formula,it must

sumed
to use
solutions,
that the volumes
are
additive,i.e., no change of volume
place upon mixing.
Example 1 shows 14,254
illustrate the use of this formula:

mixing

such

lb. of 60.7 per

per

cent.

cent.

be mixed

with

55,746 lb. of 80.0

SO3 to obtain 70,000 lb. of 76.07 per cent. SO3.

per

cent.

1^19^

611.5

76.07

SO3 must

SO3 weighs 114.47 lb. per cubic foot at 15.56"C.

cu.

ft.

of 70,000 lb. 76.07 per cent.

volume

114.47
60.7 per cent.

l^^
103.95

SO3 weighs 103.95 lb. per cubic foot at 15.56"C.

137.1

cu.

ft.
611.5

of

volume

137.1

14,254lb.,60.7

per cent.

474.4

ft.of 80.0 per cent, mixed with 137. 1 cu. ft.of

61 1.5 cu. ft.or 70,000lb. of 76.07 per cent.
60.7 per cent, will make

Therefore,474.4

cu.

94

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

usingthis method it must also be

in mixing are 15.56"C.,
unless the

In

used

coefficients of

be calculated for differences in temperature.

unnecessary

as

very

accurate

that both acids

assumed

results may

expansion
This,however, is

be obtained

without

this calculation.
Table

for

Mixing SS^'Be.^ Sulphuric Acid

Giving percentage (by volume) of various strengths weak

various strengthsstrong acid
59"B^.

It is advisable

months

on

account

62.03 per cent. SO,

to

ship or

of its much

store

lower

acid to

use

with

75.99 per cent. H,S04

59** instead

of 60"

freezing
point.

during the

winter

DILUTION

Table

Giving percentage

AND

for

Mixing

(by volume)
various

60**B6.

63.40

per

95

CONCENTRATION

of

60^3^.

Sulphuric

Acid

various

strengths

xoeak

strengths strong
cent.

SO,

77.67

acid

acid
per

cent.

HjSO*

to

iLse

with

96

SULPHURIC

Table

HANDBOOK

Mixing 66"^^. Sulphuric Acid

(by volume) of various strengths strong

acid
various strengths weak

Giving percentage
66*'B^.

for

ACID

76.07 per

cent.

SO3

93.19

per

cent.

add

to

with

vm

HjSO*

\
FORMATION

OF

MIXTURES

OF

DEFINITE

SULPHURIC

^So-called ''Mixed

'*

Mixed

acid"

of nitric and

is

commercial

AND

NITRIC

ACIDS

OF

COMPOSITION

Acids")

term, generallymeaning

ture
mix-

sulphuricacids. Such mixtures are extensively

On
used in manufacturing processes.
of the relative
account
nitric acid,compared with that of the
high cost of concentrated
dilute acid,the concentrated
acid is diluted with a weak solutioc
of the acid,instead of with water, using a minimum
quantity of
concentrated
maximum
and
a
quantity of dilute nitric acid.
Water, as such, is seldom used.
to
Example 1. Calculate the quantities of acids necessary
"

FORMATIONS

lake

mixture

OF

97

MIXTURES

("mix'O of 60,000 lb. of

mixed

acid to consist

Per

98 per cent. H2SO4)

61.4 per cent, and as

(add as
(add as
per cent.)

H2SO4
HNOs

cent.

46
.

00

95.5
49.00

H2O

5.00
100.00

60,000
60,000
60,000

0.46

27,600 lb. H2SO4 called

0.49

29,400 lb. HNO,

0.05

3,000 lb. H2O

for

called for
called for

60,000
27,600/0.98
60,000

28,163

29,400 lb. of

28,163 lb. 98

31,837 lb. stillto add

per cent.

per cent, nitric acid

100

f material stillto be
J

added, after the

to take

H2SO4

called for;the weight

are

98 per cent,

sulphuricacid

added, is 31,837. This makes

29,400/31,837X
To make

\er

cent,

and

an

per

to be added

HNOs

cent.

acid of this concentration

61.4 per cent, nitric acid,using formula

HNO3

31,837

92.35

31,837 lb. of

31,837 (92.35
ent.

100

to

61.4)/(95.50 61.4)

95.5

(2).

28,896

lb. 94.5

HNOs

to take

per

,take.

28,896
the

So, to make

from

2,941 lb. 61.4

per

cent.

mix, use

H2SO4
HNO3
HNO3

28,163 lb. 98.0

28,896 lb. 95.5

per

cent.

per

cent.

2,941 lb. 61.4

per

cent.

60,000 lb.
Strengthening

Mixed

Acid

Sulphuric

Example
d"

of the
7

2.

"

Let it be

composition:

by

Means

of

Fuming

Acid

requiredto make

61,320 lb. of

mixed

98

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

Per cent.

94.5 per cent. HNOs)

(add as
HtS04 (add as 98.56 per cent. H2SO4 and
cent, fuming sulphuricacid,a minimum
is to be taken)
HNO,

56.00
as

20 per

of which
41

(X)
.

H,0

3.00
100.00

The

tank

the acid is to be mixed

in which

2,604 lb. of the remains

of

already contains
of the composition:

previousmix

Per

HNO,

62.00

HjSO*

42

5.50

Solution.

"

61,320 X 0.56

61,320 X 0.41

61,320

0.03

2,604 X 0.52

we

1,840 lb. H2O

called for

1,354 lb. HNOs

in tank

1,107 lb. H2SO4 in tank

2,604

0;425

2,604

0.055

have

called for
34,339 lb. HNOs
25,141 lb. H2SO4 called for

in tank

143 lb. H2O

Required: 25,141 lb. H2SO4

In tank:
To

50
.

H,0

Thus

cent.

1,107

be added:

34,339 lb. HNOs

1,354

1,840 lb. H2O

lb. HNOs

1,697 lb. H2O

24,034 lb. H2SO4 32,985

143

If the attempt were

made
to calculate the weights of acid to
be seen
add by the previousmethod, it would
that the method
would

work

not

too

as

much

sulphuricacid and, hence, a

cent.

HNOs

would

have

would

water

be

added

nitric acid stronger than

to be

fuming sulphuricacid will have

used

to

to be

with
94.5

the
i"er

complete the mix; hence,

employed.

Thus:

24,034/0.9856
24,034
24,385
-

24,385 lb. 98.56

351 lb. H2O

per

added

cent.

with

the 98.56 per cent.

H2SO4

1,697

351

1,346 lb. H2O

H2SO4

remaining

100

fuming and

cent,

per

23,811 lb. of 100.94

to make

Then,

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

98.56

per

cent.

H2SO4

require:

23,811 (82.40 80.45)7(85.30 80.45)

cent, fuming sulphuric
acid,
-

23,811
So, to

The

the

make

to the acid

20

per

H2SO4

already in the tank:

HNOs

34,905 lb. 94.50

per

cent.

H2SO4

14,238 lb. 98.56

per

cent.

H2SO4

9,573 lb. 20.00 per

cent.

in excess,

4.4438

223

4,955

24,034

will

cent,

lb. free SOs and this is contained

in

4,955

104.49

per

H2SO4.

cent.

addition
of

20 per

fuming sulphuricacid is equivalentto

cent,

100 per

addition

pounds of

this water.

up

991

many

cent.

20 per

The

calculate how

to take

lb. 20 per

yet

mix, add

cent.

lb.

of 20 per cent, fuming to use may

be calculated by
method.
it is found
will be
Where
that 223 lb. of H2O

be necessary

cent.

14,238 lb. 98.56 per

9,573

amount

another
added

9,573

2O.00I

from

H2SO4

cent.

per

of these

4,955 lb.

20 per cent,

corresponds

to

an

"

X
-

104.49/100
5,177

5,177 lb. of

18,857 lb. of 100

100 per
per

cent.

cent.

H2SO4

H2SO4

that

are

to be added.

Now

calculate how

cent;

H2SO4

cent.

H2SO4.

much

20

per

cent,

will be required to prepare

fuming and 98.56

this 18,857 lb. 100

per
per

frequentlydesired to prepare a -'mix*' from

hand
mixed
acid already on
a
by adding to it the requisite
of sulphuric
and nitric acid to bring it up to the desired
amounts
concentration.
Thus it may
be requiredto fortify
a
"spent"
mixed acid,or it may
be that after adding the calculated amounts
of ingredientsto make
of mixed
acid that the mixed acid
a batch
then
resultingdoes not analyze up to specifications.It must
EoMimple 3.

te

"

adjustedby

It is

further ^dditipu of the deficient conistituent.

FORMATION

Thus,

suppose

OF

mixed

101

MIXTURES

acid of the

followingcomposition is

desired:
Per

H,S04
HNO,
H,0

cent.

60.00
22.50
17.50
100.00

and

there is

on

hand

supply of mixed

acid of the

composition:
Per

cent.

H,S04
HNO,

20.23

H,0

19.65

60. 12

100.00

A
How
acid

97.5 per cent. H2SO4

pounds of each

many

hand

on

Let

Then

90.5 per cent. HNOs

of these two

be taken to make

must

without

mixture

and

adding

weight of
weight of
weight of

any

mixed

hand.

of the mixed

each 1000 lb. of the

required

acid to take
to take

90.5 per cent. HNOj

to take

on

on

water?

a?(0.6012) weight H2SO4

2/(0.975)

acids and

97.5 per cent. H2SO4

acid

are

(100

per

cent.)in the mixed

hand.

weight H2SO4 (100 per cent.)actuallyadded,

when adding the 97.5 per cent. acid.
a:(0.2023) weight HNOs
(100 per cent.)in the mixed
=

acid

2;(0.905)
=

y(0.026)

;?(0.095)

on

hand.

weight HNOs (100 per cent.)actuallyadded,

when adding the 90.5 per cent. acid.
weight H2O contained in the H2SO4 (97.5per
cent.).
(90.5per
weight H2O contained in the HNOs
cent.).

x(0.1965)
1000

weight H2O

lb. of the desired mixture

in the mixed
must

600 lb. H2SO4

225 lb. HNOs

175 lb. H2O

acid

on

hand.

evidentlycontain:

102

SULPHURIC

Therefore

the followingequations:

have

we

HANDBOOK

ACID

(1) x(0.B012)+ 2/(0.975)

(2) x(0.2023) + "(0.905)
+ "(0.905)
(3) x(0.1965) + 2/(0.025)
y

(600
(225

x0.6012)/0.975
aK).2023)/0.905

Substitutingthese
0.1965X
0.15984X

248.62

lb.

225

lb. HNO3

175 lb. H2O

-

H2SO4

x(0.61662)
x(0.22354)

equations in equation (3),we

0.01542x

615.38

600

23.62

0.02124x

obtain:
175

136.

15.38

two

850.85

lb. of the mixed

acid

on

hand

to take.

Substitutingin equation (1):

y

(600

511.53)70.975

90.74

lb. of 97.5 per cent. H2SO4

58.41

lb. of 90.5 per cent.

to take.

Substitutingin equation (2):

z

(225

172.13)/0.905

HNO3

to take.

Therefore
Mixed
97 .5
90.50

for each

1000

lb. of the desired

acid

mixture

use

850.86

per

cent.

H2SO4

90. 74

per

cent.

HNOj

58.41
1000.00

The

ratios of these

definite amount

values

of mixed

acid

may
or

be

used

to correct

either to prepare
a definite amount

al
of

"spent" acid. Knowing the ratios per 1,000 lb. the quantities
requisitefor any weight of acid are readilycalculated.
to be the temperature
to
"Melting point" is understood
of the thermometer, dipping into the solidifywhich
the mercury
ing
Uquid, rises and at which it remains constant.
It should be noticed that largequantitiesof fuming acid,such
exists in t^^sportationvessels,
as
frequentlydo not behave in
accord with the given data, because during the carriageand

MELTING

POINTS

OF

SULPHURIC

103

ACID

separationoften takes place in the acid, crystalsof a

different concentration being formed, which, of course, possess a
correspondinglydifferent melting point.
The figuresgiven in parentheses signifythe melting points of
freshlymade fuming acid,which has not polymerized.
storage

Boiling

Points, Sulphuric

Acid

(Lunge, Ber. 11, 370)

100 per cent,

begins to boil

MELTING

at

POINTS

290'' and
OF

rises to 338*"

SULPHURIC

(Marignac).

ACID

Knietsch

(Ber., 1901, p. 4100) gives the following melting

pointsof sulphuricacid,non-fuming and fuming from 1 to 100
per cent.
Note.

"

SOa.
Melting and freezingpointsof sulphuric acid

are

not

the

same.

The mono-hydrate
of about 0**C. and

(100 per cent. H2SO4) for instance has a freezingpoint

From
a melting point of 10"C.
own
determinations,
my
total SO* for instance,upon
coolinggradually,at 18*^0.,
begins

88.1 per cent,

freeze,solidifies with

18**would

freezingpoint and

to

reallybe the

rise of temperature

gives his melting points as

remains

the

and

26** the

temperature

remains

constant

at 26^0.

Knietsch

melting point.
the solidifyingliquid

where

constant.

point will not solidifyuntil it reaches its

freezing
point unless it be agitatedor a fragment of a crystalintroduced.
An

acid cooled

below

its melting

104

SULPHURIC

Sulphuric

ACID

HANDBOOK

Acid, Melting

Points

TENSION

Sulphuric

Acid

Readings

Lunge's

^Sorel:

in

Tension

"

millimeters

''Sulphuric

Acid

of

Vapor*

Aqueous

of mercurial

and

105

VAPOR

AQUEOUS

OF

pressure

Alkali/'

vol.

I, part

I,

p.

312,

Ith edition.
Note.

(American

"

-The

corresponding

Standard)

were

per

cent.

calculated

SOs
from

and
the

approximate
given

per

cent.

degree
H2SO4

Baum^

106

Sttlphuric

Acid

Readings

Tension
"

in

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

millimeters

op

Aqueous
of

mercurial

Vapob
"

pressure

(Continuei)

108

0.2223

was

for

humidity

HsO

gram

62"P.

One
a

hundred

H2SO4

acid.

weaker

98.3

age
aver-

HsSOJ

by concentrating

be made

cannot

33

by

concentration

H2SO4.

cent.

per

57"F.

Cent.

(100 Per

strongest acid obtainable

The

average

cent.; the

temperature

be prepared by strengthening

It may

with

acid

weaker

SOi

fuming sulphuric acid.

Acid

at

cent.

per

The

humidity for the past

average

Monohydrate

foot.

68 per

was

average

Preparation of the

is about

or

October

The

cent.; the

72 per

was

years

cubic

standard

per

September and

temperature

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

between

about

little below

from

98

0"C.

per

and

cent,

hundred

One

this strength acid

100

cent,

per

by cooling it

to

form
at about
that
separating the crystalswhich
times.
melting them and recrystallizing
a few

Pounds

Sulphuric

Acid

Obtainable

100

from

tained
be ob-

acid may

cent,

per

crystallize

Pounds

0" and

below

temperature,

Sulphur

Recovery
"Grade
100
Per
cent.

50*' Baum^

491

95
Per

90
Per

85
Per

Per

75
Per

70
Per

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent.

80

97 467.37

442.77

418. 17 393.58

368

98 344.38

86 374.17

354.47

334. 78 315.09

295

40

275.7(1

295.43

279. 02 262.61

246

20

229.78

eC* Bauin^

393
.

66** Baum6
98 per

cent.

100 per cent.

10 per cent,

328.26

H2SO4....
H2SO4....

311.85

312.15

296.54

280.94

265. 33 249.72

234

11 218.51

305

290.61

275.32

260. 02 244.73

229

43 214.1^

17 284.21

269.25

254

29 239.34

224

38 209.42

75 278.11

263.48

248. 84 234.20

219

56

24 257.91

243. 58 229.26

214

93 200.60

55 224.52

210

49 196.46

199.78

187

29 174.80

91
.

free SO

20 per cent, free

SOg

30 per

cent, free

SO3

40 per

cent,

free SOj

lOOpercent.SOa

"

299
.

292
.

57 272

286
.

280.65
.

266.62

252

59 238,
.

249.72

204.^

237.23

224.75

212,

26

SULPHUR

Pounds

Sulphur

DIOXIDE

Required

IN

Make

to

100

109

GAS

BURNER

Sulphuric

Pounds

Acid

Recovery
Grade

'

'

Per

80
Per

75
Per

cent.

cent.

cent.

cent

21.40

22.59

23.92

25.41

27.11

26.73

28.21

29.87

31.74

33.85

36.27
43.51
45.77

95

90

85

Per

Per

Per

cent.

cent.

50" Baum6

20.33

60" Baum4

25.39

70
cent.

29.04

66" Baum6

30

32.06

33.84

35.84

38.08

40.61

H2SO4.
lOOpercent. H2SO4....
10 per cent, free SOs

32.04

33.73

35.60

37.69

40.05

42.72

32.69

34.41

36.32

38.46

40.86

43.59

46.70

33.42

35

37.13

39.32

41.78

44.56

47.74

98 per

'

100

cent.

20 per cent, free SOs

30 per cent, free SO3
40 per cent,

free SOs

"

"

"

"

"

100 per cent. SOs

46

18
.

.34.15

35.95

37.94

40.18

42.69

45.53

48.79

34.89

36.73

38.77

41.05

43.61

46.52

49.84

35.63

37.51

39.59

41.92

44.54

47.51

50.90

40.04

42.15

44.49

47.11

50.05

53

57.20

39
.

THE

QUANTITATIVE

ESTIMATION
IN

BURNER
Reich's

OF

SULPHUR

DIOXIDE

GAS
Test

usuallydetermined
by Reich's process which consists
of aspirating
the gas through a measured quantityof iodine conThis

is

110

tained in

wide-neck

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

by adding

colored blue

bottle and

starch

largerbottle fitted as
aspiratorby a siphon. Water is siphoned from this into a
an
500-c.c. graduated cylinderdrawing the gas through the reaction

solution.

bottle.

As

with

bottle is connected

This

soon

the iodine

in the gas enters

the SO2 contained

as

into hydriodicacid and

solution the free iodine is cgny^rted

after

liquidwill be decolorized,which at last happens very

The reaction
suddenly and can be very accurately observed.
t^es placeas follows:
a

time the

SO2 + 2H2O

21 +

2HI

H2SO4

if.the
escapes""unabsorbed

In

this process
SO2
no
bottle is constantly shaken.

reaction

operationmay be stopped when

the solution is.buttaiflt as it generallydisappears on shaking a
of water
in the cyUnder is read off.
little longer. The volume
It is equal to that of the gas aspiratedwhenTncreased
by that
of

t|^SO2

The

absorbed.

w|en several

testingshave been made, the decolorized liquid

short time, again turns blue, because then its percentage
al^^jt
of wrhas
become
so
large that it decomposes on standing and
liberates iodine.

This

replaced with fresh water

For estimating burner
bottle is 10
300

c.c.

hundredth-normal
the

exit gas.^

starch.

gas

the usual

of deci-normal

and

water

c.c.

and

iodine

charge in the reaction

solution along with about

littlestarch solution.

If the

cubic centimeter

Ten

solution is usually used

iodine

rich in

is very

gas

and

be poured away

then

liquidmust

for estimating

S02" 20-25

c.c.

should

be used.
Calculation
2.9266

of Results.
at 0"C.

grams

Deci-normal

iodine

and

cubic

I which

equivalentto

is an

standard
Let

centimeter

liter of

barometric

solution

liter. Each
^

One

"

of solution

conditions.
X

=F

per cent.

SO?

in gas

gram

of 760

pressure

contains

0.003203

sulphur dioxide weighs

12.69

grams

mm.

iodine

contains 0.01269

SO2

==

1.094

c.c.

per

gram

under

SULPHUR

=f

c.c.

c.c.

DIOXIDE

IN

111

OAS

BURNER

I used

"

used

gas

^^'^^

Then

calculations

Since

to

necessary

convert

under

are

standard

the volumes

it will be

conditions

in the tests to these

obtained

conditions,using the formula

760

F"

measured

P"

observed

t
w

For

all

(1 + 0.003670
volume
barometric

temperature

aqueous

pressure

of gas.

vapor

practical purposes,

at

pressure

temperature of

however, this calculation

test

may

be

neglected.
tion
Preparation of Iodine Solution. To prepare N/10 iodine soluDissolve
weigh out 12.69 grams of pure resublimed iodine.
about
25 grams
potassium iodide with water using just enough
Place the weighed iodine in this solution
to put it in solution.
and stir until completelydissolved.
Fill with water
to 1 liter.
To
N/100 iodine solution either weigh 1.269 grams
prepare
iodine,dissolve and dilute to 1 liter or take 100 c.c. of the N/10
"

solution

place and protected

direct simlight. Well-stoppered dark-colored
glassbottles

Iodine

from
are

dilute to 1 liter.

and

solution should

suitable

Place

Starch

Solution.

To

starch

and

of

arrow-root

this into about

boil about
which

cool

containers.

Preparation
grams

be kept in

half hour.
preserves

stoppered bottles.

mix

"

with

water

liter of boiling water

After

it and

take

prepare,
to

and

about

thin paste.
continue

to

form
cooling add a few drops chloroprevents souring. Keep in well-

112

ACID

SULPHURIC
Reich's
Per cent. SO2

Test

HANDBOOK

for

SOa

correspondingto volume

of water

TEST

FOR

TEST

TOTAL

FOR

ACIDS

TOTAL

ACIDS

Since Reich's test takes

in burner

it is

gas

GAS

of the SOs

account

no

BURNER

IN

quite practicableand

113

GAS

BURNER

IN

alwajrs
present

accurate

to

estimate

the total acids (SO2 +

SOa) either along with the Reich's test

is performed in the same
or exclusively.This
apparatus, but
the absorbing bottle is preferablyprovided with a gas entrance
tube,closed at the bottom and perforated
pin holes,
by numerous
A
deci-normal
solution of
through which the gas bubbles.
sodium
hydroxide is employed of which 10 c.c. are diluted to
about 300 c.c. and tinged red with phenolphthalein. The gas is
tinuous
aspiratedthrough it slowly,exactly as in Reich's test,with conshaking. Especiallytoward the end, the shaking must
be continued
for a while (say a half a minute) each time aspirating
the
of
few
cubic
centimeters
a
liquid,until
gas through
the color is completelydischarged.
The calculation is made exactlyas with the iodine test,counting
all the acids
If the
are

as

SO2.

contains

ore

burnt, the carbon

as

It can,

time and

be used

then proper

THE

CALCULATING
WHEN

THE

SO2
AS

gas and

SOa, then

the

with

any

aX

volumes

coal gases

when

as

phenolphthaleinwill

degree of accuracy
sulphurous acid and sulphuricacid.
used

at the

is determined

if the SO2

same

calculations made.

IN

OF

USED

THE
IN

THE

SO,
AND

BURNER

TO

CONVERTED
EXIT

GASES

SO,

IS

PROCESS

CONTACT

equalsthe quantity(not per cent.)of SO2

of entrance

As two

actingon

PERCENTAGE

KNOWN"

to

be

toward
differently

however,

1. If a

dioxide

cannot

orange

it acts

organic matter

inaccurate.

render this method

Methyl

much

in

one

volume

-X"equals the fraction of this that is converted

equals the quantity

of SO2 combine

with

of SO2
one

converted

volume

to

of oxygen

SOa.
to

114

SULPHURIC

form two

HANDBOOK

ACID

sorption
of SOj the contraction due to the formation and ab-

of SO3 is equal to

"7^"

If h

hh

the final volume

k-

reducingto

26

2a

2. Or let

equalsthe

Sab

per cent, of

per cent, conversion

per cent.

SO2 converted

SO2 in roaster gasper cent. SO2 in exit gas

1002 (2a

SOj in the

its simplestform
2a-

lOOZ

the exit gas

And

is 1

equals the fraction that the SO2 is of

"\ equals the quantity of unconverted

exit gas and X

Or

and

26)

200a

3a6

to

SOj.

116

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

SOt

Per

Cent.

SOs

CONVERTED

Convebted

TO

to

117

SOt

SOt

"

(CantiniAed)

118

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

SOi

Pbb

Gbnt.

SOi

CONVERTED

Converted

TO

to

119

SOi

SOj

"

(Continued)

120

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

so,

CONVERTED

TO

SO.

121

122

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

124

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

21

20

19

18

17

IS

16

14

71

13

Per

Cent

10

11

Sulpbor

12

13

Dioxide

14

16

16

17

18

19

80

21

QUALITATIVE

QUALITATIVE

TESTS"

125

ACID

TESTSSULPHURIC

SULPHURIC

ACID

Nitrogen Acids
t

^A few grams
enylamine
diphenylamine is dissolved
Put aboiit
strong sulphuricacid, free from nitrogenoxides.
Test.

or

of the acid to be tested

c;c.

of

"

in

add

test-tube and

about

the

diphenylamine solution so that the layersoverlay

gradually. In case of dilute acids proceed in the oppositemanThe
trace of nitrogenacids is proved by the apaer.
slightest
pearance
of the
of a brilliant blue color at the point of contact
the diphenylamine test
of selenium
liquids. In the presence
fails as the same
color is produced.
A satiu-ated solution of ferrous sulphate
Ferrous-sulphate Test.
L

c.c.

"

is added

to

in

the acid to be tested

test-tube.

Incline

layersoverlay gradually. Hold the tube

upright and tap gently. In presence of nitric acid a brown ring
Ferrous sulphate
Forms
solutions.
at the junction of the two
the test-tube

the

present in excess,

be

should

so

the

otherwise

by the free nitric acid. If only

present a pink color is produced.

brown

trace

stroyed
is de-

color

of nitric acid is

Selenium

in sulphuric acid can

Selenium
Ferrous-sulphate Test.
recognized by adding a strong solution of ferrous sulphate.
"

color will make

brownish-red
turns

which

red precipitate(not vanishing upon

color produced by nitrogen acids.

into

brown

the

its appearance

after

be
A

while

heating) like

chloric
hydroOverlay about 4 c.c. weak
Sodium-sulphite Test.
A
acid containinga granuleof sodium sulphitedissolved.
"

red

zone

on

warming

shows

the presence

of selenium.

Lead

Dilute
alcohol.

the

acid

If any

sulphate,PbSOi-

to

about

five times

lead is present it will be

its volume

with

as
precipitated

dilute

the white

126

ACID

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

Iron

nitrogen,with a drop of nitric acid

tion
oxidize the iron. Dilute a little,
allow to cool and add a soluthe presence
of potassium thiocyanate. A red color proves

Boil the
to

acid,if free

from

of iron.
Arsenic

Test.

Marsh

arsenic and

"

the

In

arsenious

presence

compounds

hydrogen, both
reduced, and arsine (or

of nascent
are

arseniuretted

hydrogen) AsHg is evolved.

Hydrogen is slowly generated from zinc

and

dilute

sulphiuic

acid,both materials being free from arsenic. The issuinggas is

passed through a pieceof tube which has been drawn out so as to
produce one or two constricted places in its length. As soon as
the air is expelled from the apparatus, the issuinghydrogen is
inflamed.
A
and

small
a

If any

quantity of

piece of cold

the acid to be tested is then

white

arsenic is present,

porcelaindepressed
a

rich

brown-black

upon

introduced
the

metallic

flame.

looking

stain will be

deposited. The depositbeing volatile and the flame

very hot,the stain will again disappearif the flame is allowed to
than a moment
the same
two
impinge for more
or
on
spot.
If the drawn-out
tube is heated near
of the constrictions,
one
the arseniuretted hydrogen will be decomposed and an arsenic^
mirror will be deposited in the tube.
The
acid is diluted and hydrogen
Hydrogen-sulphide Test
sulphidegas passed through. If any arsenic is present it will
be precipitatedas yellow arsenious sulphide,A2S8.
"

THE

The

QUANTITATIVE

ANALYSIS

OF

SULPHURIC

ACID

quantitative analysisof sulphuricacid, volmnetrically,

is made
by titratinga weighed quantity. The titration is performed
of a standard normal
tion
by means
sodium-hydroxidesoluwhich is controlled by a standard
normal
sulphuric-acid
solution and results are either expressed as per cent. SOa or per

QUANTITATIVE
sent.

H2SO4.

for per

cent,

express

as

In the

following methods

of SOa.
cent.

per

methods

The

H2SO4

127

ANALYSIS

all calculations will be

easilybe extended

may

to

if desired.

Standard

Nonnal

Add

The

solution
strength of the standard normal sulphuric-acid
is fixed by chemicallypiu^ sodium
carbonate
which is the ultimate
standard

for

acidimetric

alkalimetric

and

volumetric

analysis.
Preparation of Sodium

bicarbonate

Sodium

in

made

Carbonate

the ammonia-soda

by

process

may

be

impuritiesthat may be
magnesium, ammonia, arsenic,lime, sodium
present are silica,
sulphate and sodium chloride. With the exception of silicaand
lime the impuritiesmay
be readily removed
by washing the
sodium
bicarbonate several times with cold water and decanting
ble
soluthe supernatant solution of each washing from the diflScultly
The washing is continued until the material is
bicarbonate.
free from
chlorine,as sodium chloride is the principal
impurity,
carbona
and its removal
leaves an exceedingly pure product. The biis then dried between
large filter papers in a hot-air
oven
protected from acid gases, at lOO^C. and kept in a sealed
obtained

exceedinglypure

form.

The

bottle until used.

Sodium

carbonate

by ignitingin
weight

in

an

is made

platinum

electric

from

this pure sodium

crucible at 290-300"C.
If

oven.

bicarbonate
to

constant

constant-temperature

oven

is

of a sand
be improvisedby use
simple oven
may
bath and a sheet-iron or clay cylindershell covered at the upper
end.
A thermometer
passing through this shield registersthe

not

available

temperature and
be stirred

even

time

same

occasionally.The sand

should reach the

is

at the

same

level

entirelysurroimded

temperature.

as

by

serves
on

as

as

it should

the outside of the crucible

the bicarbonate
an

stirrer

inside

so

the

tents
con-

atmosphere of comparatively

128

SULPHURIC

Sodium

heated

be

not

intended

carbonate

temperature for

weight will

300"C.

over

be

obtained

carbon

dioxide

carried

on

to

if

and

and

of acids should

carried

heating is

one

been

low

red

formed

and
as

heat.

be

may

is left behind

has

for standardization

on

at this

sufficientlength of time (1 to 5 hours) constant

water

or

HANDBOOK

ACID

yet

carbonat
neither bi-

oxide

sodium

no

or

happen if heating is

may

While

that

sure

carbonate

the

is stillhot

place about 2 grams each in several small tared glass-stoppered

ing
weighing bottles. Keep in a desiccator up to the time of weighand titrating,
allowing plenty of time to cool.

puritydissolve about 5 grams in water which ought

to yield a perfectly
clear,colorless solution. If after acidifying
is caused by barium
this solution with nitric acid,no opalescence
be taken as sufficiently
chloride or silver nitrate,
the salt may
test for

To

pure.

For

allowance

made

caused

any

by

such
be

Chemically

pure

manufacturer
300"C.

is

for 1 hour

into

orange

sufficiently
pure
as

carbonate
two

as

is colored

add

indicator

an

but

should

be

ignited at

290-

Acid

Standard

of sodium

enough
and

(as titrated)
dissolve.
Methyl

carbonate

water

to

the cold

solution of sodium

just perceptiblyyellow by adding

of the indicator.

reUable

precaution.

and

350-c.c. beaker

prepared by

carbonate

sodium

each weighed amount

is used

analyzed and

neglected.

Standardizing the
Wash

is

The
error
impurities that still remain.
impuritiesis so small, that for all practical

for

it may

purposes

the material

work

exceedinglyaccurate

If too

much

is used

drop

or

the color will be too

pink on neutralization will be lesi

sharp. A change to pink takes placeonly when all the carbonate
has been
neutralized and the solution slightlyacidified. An
of acid (0.5to 1 c.c.)is added
this is necessary
to drive
excess
as
The solution is then heated to boiling
out all the carbon dioxide.

intense

and

to aid in

the transition

too

expellingthe CO2.

Upon

heatingthe

color

fades,but

soon

as

the

the

as

in

beaker
the

Transfer

carbon

dioxide

running

solution

has been
the

and

water

from

129

ANALYSIS

QUANTITATIVE

the

beaker

cool by placing
expelled,
pink color will return.
into the titrating
vessel

of acid is titrated with

carefully.The excess
sodium
standard
hydroxide, the caustic being added drop by
drop, then cuttingthe drops from the tip of the burette until a
of a drop produces a yellow straw color. A comparison
fraction
be
solution
having the color of the end point sought for may
of methyl orange, a few drops
prepared by using a sUght amount
alkaU and dilutingto about the same
the
amount
of standard
as

washing

very

to be titrated.

solution

If all the
due

to

CO2

is not expelledan

its action

through

on

to

orange

the

intermediate

indicator,the

yellow and

vice

color

versa.

This

color is observed

passing from pink

transition through

noticeable when weaker standard

however, is much more
solutions, fifth normal, etc.,are used.
Phenolphthalein as an indicator is colorless in an acid solution
orange,

is
pinkish-redin an alkaline solution. If phenolphthalein
used, specialprecautionsmust be taken as to the exclusion of
The solution must
be well boiled,the standard solutions
C02should be used and some
be C02-free; C02-free water
should
claim that the CO2 contained in the air,which
chemists
even
with the Uquid upon
into contact
cooling,may
cause
comes
and

trouble

in accurate

work.

Calculation of the

Preparation and
A
per

normal
liter

determine
i^olution
Let

Then

(0.04003

gram

per

grams

per

SO3 in c.p. acid

40.03

SO3

centimeter). To prepare,
chemicallypure acid that the

c.p. acid to be used

cent.

grams

cubic

the per cent. SO3 in the

is to be prepared from.

Acid

solution of sulphuricacid contains 40.03

100 X
_^

Standard

per liter

130

SULPHURIC

Titrate

HANDBOOK

of the

aliquot portion
weighed quantity of
an

against a
standard

ACID

sodium

alkali solution is at hand

carbonate

it may

for

examining the provisionalacid.

strengthmay now be made.
Thus

normality. Calculations are

by using normal solutions,but

if accurate

or

similarlybe employed
Adjustment to normal

solutions have been

far standard

solution

newly prepared

considered

simplifiedto

to

to

justed
being ad-

as

great

adjust solutions

tent
ex-

be

to

just normal is a matter of considerable difficulty.It is a general

practiceto calculate the strength of the standard solutions,not
than approximate, theattempting to have the normality more
exact
and used in all
strength,however, always being known
calculations.

Following is given

the method

in the standard

cubic centimeter

per

SOa per cubic centimeter

reduced

to per

contains

solution is found
Then

be used

may

For

normality.

cent,

0.04003

for

SO3

gram

contain

to

per

calculatingthe

grams

acid solution.

The

centimeter.

gram

per

Molecular
0.7662

106

no ^

Let

gram

grams

SO3
weight
weight Na2C03
gram

SO3

be:

106.005

SO3 neutralized by 1 gram

Na2C03

in standard

acid

neutraUzed
standard

centimeters
acid

centimeters

80.06

cubic centimeter

per

Na2C03

cubic

Suppose

cubic centimeter.

the per cent, normality of this solution would

Molecular

grams

directlyin calculations or
instance,a normal solution

cubic

0.0395

SO3

"

acid neutralized

cubic centimeters

(cubic

alkali in

backy

titration.)
a
x^

0.7552

It is necessary
to know
acid and alkali solutions

the relative strengthsof the standard

so

that the value of the alkali solution

132

SULPHURIC

Standard

sodium

50

hydroxideis prepared by dissolvingapproximately

NaOH

grams

HANDBOOK

ACID

per

liter.

The

solution may
then
solution is controlled

be

adjusted to proper strength. This

by
the
solution
standard
standardizingagainst
sulphuric-acid
using
methyl orange as indicator.
Run a .quantity
of the standard alkali into the titrating
vessel,
add a drop or two of the indicator which will give a yellow straw
color. Now
tion
neutralizatitrate with the standard acid,toward
rette
drop by drop then cuttingthe drops from the tipof the buuntil a fraction of a drop producesa pink color.
the temperature of the standard
acid and if it varies
Observe
from the time of its standardization use the given coefficient of
expansionand calculate to the temperature observed at the time
of the alkali standardization.
Let

SO3 equivalentper cubic centimeter

gram

standard

alkali

SO3 per cubic centimeter

standard

gram

cubic centimeters standard

acid used

cubic centimeters standard

alkali used

acid

aX
c

the temperature of the standard alkali at the time of

its standardization for future use.
The coefficientof expansion
Observe

is 0.00026

c.c.

or

0.000011

gram

SO3 equivalentper cubic centi- \

degree Centigrade for average laboratoryteniF"eratures (25"C.).

EoMnnple:
Gram
acid at 23"
SO3 per cubic centimeter standard
meter

per

0.039498

Temperature acid
27"

23"

4X0.000013
0.039498
meter

st^d^rd

at time

0.000052

of alkali standardization

4"

0.000052

0.039446

acid at 27"C,

==

27"

*",
(
,

gram

SO3 per cubic centi-

QUANTITATIVE

ANALYSIS

Cubic

centimeters

standard

acid used

30

Cubic

centimeters

standard

alkali used

29.7

26"

Temperature
0.039446

standard

alkali

30

^^.oqaa

0.039844

207

gram

hydroxide purifiedby
standard

"

Qn

i
*
eqmvalent

SOa

per

w
cubic

alkali at 26"C.

standard

centimeter
Sodium

133

solution

burette,
producing an

alcohol is not

it does not

as

for paring
prein
properly the

suitable

drain

oilyappearance.

When

employing methyl orange as an indicator an ordinary

sodium hydroxide solution may
be employed without any special
intended to be used with phenolphthalein
precautions. When
itshould be as free as possiblefrom carbonate as this would interfere
with the indicator.
Also the solution should be protected
against the absorption of CO2 from the air. CO2 free water
should be used.
A

solution

entirelyfree
when

ind preserve

)f barium

amount

would

"rhen titrated.

to

By

liter of the standard

will be

precipitated.It
the carbonate
precipitate

produce
Or

use.

is difficultto prepare
adding 1 to 2 grams of

chloride per

barium

jolution the carbonate

only an

carbonate

in constant

barium hydroxide or
Kid

from

an

opalescence with

better method

would

is advisable

to

the presence
sulphuric acid

as

be to add

the barium

the carbonate,then add

to precipitate
lydroxidein slightexcess
barium.
enough sulphuricacid to precipitatethe excess

Protecting the Strength of the Standard

The

standard

he air drawn
This can

solution containers should

into the bottle

Solutions

be well

from CO2
purified

stoppered and

and

acid fumes.

accomplished by drawing the air through a sodiumlydroxidesolution or sodium calcium oxide then through calcium
the
ihloride. Some
chemists claim that if vapor
is lost from
be

reagents and this replacedby dry air,as is the common

the solution graduallychanges in strength. They
)ractice,
tandard

rec-

134

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

ommend

drawing through a sodium-hydroxide solution only,

thus purifyingthe air from COs and acid fumes and at the same
the air with moisture.
time saturating
Burettes

Fifty cubic-centimeter
burettes, graduated in tenths, with
mark
a
passing entirelyaround the tube are very convenient.
The eye can
be held so that the marks appear
to be a straight
line drawn across
in
the tube, thus lesseningchances of error
reading. One hundred cubic-centimeter burettes graduated in
tenths would be too long for convenient
manipulation.
In extremely accurate
where
it
is desired to have a
work,
titration of 75 to
The
c.c.

100

the chamber

c.c,

is convenient.

burette

located in the upper

portionof the tube holds 75
the lower portion drawn
bore tube,
out into a uniform

chamber
and

holding25

c.c,

Burettes

graduated.

should

solutions by
Burettes

is

be

connected

of

means

should

be

allowed

readings. Readings should

Meniscus

readers

be

are

Observing
Thermometers

be

may

the

reservoir of standard

at the base.

arm

an

to

to

drain

min.

in hundredths

of

before
a

cubic

taking
meter.
centi-

of great value.

Temperature

suspended from

the

stoppers of the

reservoirs.
The

and

burette

the thermometer

The

from

may

thermometer

water-jacketedwith a large glass tube

suspended along side of the burette.
be inserted in the uprightsiphon tube
may
be

the reservoir at the base of the burette.

Titrating Vessels
White
are

best

porcelaindishes (500-c.c.capacity) or 4-in. casseroli

vessels on account
of the clei
adapted for titrating

white

135

ANALYSIS

QUANTITATIVE

background, enabling the analyst to

the

see

end

point

clearly.
Solution

Preparing Indicator

Methyl

orange

reagent per liter of

prepared by dissolving1

be

may

gram

of the

water.

Phenolphthaleinmay

be

prepared by dissolving1

gram

of the

reagent per liter of neutral 95 per cent, alcohol.

Methods

of

Weighing

Acid

Non-fuming."
bottles
ibout

about

1.5 to 2

Tared, glass-stoppered,
conical-shapeweighing
convenient.
15-c.c. capacity are
Weigh
very
for each titration. Wash
into the titrating
grams

dilute to 150-200
and titrate.
iressel,
c.c.
Fuming." Fuming acid must be confined
mtil

diluted

with

If the

loss of SO3.

without

water

during weighing

and

acid

is

heat moderately until it becomes

wrhollyor partly crystallized,
iquid and mix thoroughly before sampling. Acid which is not
removed

'ar

nuch

SO3

from
in this

real SO3

operation.

stoppered bottle and

maJyzed quantity of a
n

In this way

emperatiu'es
icid added
A

few

can

acid at

weaker

Of

to be taken

be

known

give off too

weighed out
and exactly

temperature from

acid that will remain

an

the

course

30"

liquidat ordinary
of diluting
amount

into calculations.

for weighing follow:

1.

Lunge-Rey Pipette. This

top-cock at each end, the tube

apillarytube

should

acid

in this with

be formed.

will have

methods

Such

mixed

40"C.

composition would

in

"

is covered

with

consists
from

of

one

ground

on

small bulb

with

being capillary. The

lightglasscup which
apparatus is weighed,

weighed with the pipette. The whole

he stop-cock next to the capillaryis closed and the air in the
)ulb exhausted
by applying suction at the other (upper) tube,
he stopj-cockis closed thus sealingthe vacuum.
The capillary
ube is then dipped into the acid to be sampled, the lower stop8

136

SULPHURIC

cock then opened and

HANDBOOK

ACID

the capillarycovered

lower stop-cock is closed and

The

into the bulb.

the acid will be drawn

with

the

cup

the

by placing
again weighed. The
capillaryunder water, opening both stop-cocksand allowing
acid to run
out, then washing thoroughly. Dilute to 150 to

200

c.c.

and

pipetteis emptied

the whole

the

titrate.

and

Method.

2. Glass-tube

chemists

Some

"

glasstubes

use

bent

weighing fuming acid. The acid is drawn

into the tube by applying suction and emptied by submerging
under water
and allowing to run
out by gravity,regulating the
outflow by placing a fingerover
the end of the tube or by regulating
in dififerentshapes for

the flow of water

3. Glass-bulb
of about

2-c.c.

tube

from

used

as

two

sometimes

Method.

used

In the bulb

"

capacity are used.

sides,one about 3^
the other

The
in.

to force the

method

thin

bulbs

long

have

which

acid out.

glass bulbs
a
capillar}'^

is sealed

and

3 in.

about

long. These bulbs

be easilymade
After weighing
glassblower.
by an amateur
may
low alcohol flame, then
the bulb, heat moderately over
a
place
the long tube into the acid to be sampled and allow to cool.
The contraction
of the air upon
cooling will draw the acid into
Draw
Seal the end with the flame,
the bulb.
1.5 to 2 grams.
wipe the acid off carefullyand weigh. Insert the bulb along
with about 50 c.c. water in a well-stoppered
bottle,largeenough
to allow the bulb to be placed loosely. Give the bottle a vigor^
handle

shake

ous

from

so

as

and

to break

the contact

of the

the bulb.
acid

with

sudden

the water

vibration
and

clouds

occurs

of SO3

the SOi
by a little shaking. When
fumes
are
completely absorbed, open the bottle and crush the
capillarytubes with a glassrod. Wash into the titratingvessel,

rise which

will be absorbed

dilute to 150-200

Advantages of
1. Convenience

of the other
2. To

be

in

and

titrate.

the

bulb

method:

in

handling

as

compared

to the

awkwardness

methods.

drying the tubes or pipette,requiresthat they

alcohol,followed by ether, then heating, dry ail

facilitate

rinsed

c.c.

being aspiratedthrough.
work

which

in

water

an

escape

may

and

vessel without

open

unabsorbed.

evolution of heat when

it also must
or

Titration

indicator

As

does

these

empty from the tube

to

bulb method

The

with water.

with the other methods

state

SO3 fumes

through the bumping

occur

objections.
4. If solid acid is being analyzed,using
only has to be kept liquidlong enough to
while

and

directlyinto

run

great chances of loss.

Also loss may

by the sudden

into contact

comes

have

not

of time

is eUminated

splashingcaused

acid

the

requiresa great deal

This

by the bulb method.

diluting,
strong fuming acid cannot be

In

3.

137

ANALYSIS

QUANTITATIVE

methyl

draw

be

bulb

method

into

kept

the

in the

it
bulb

liquid

pipette.
of Acid

is used and

orange

the

much

so

is only taken

the

pink color produced is quite visible,

say a drop. A
yellow straw-colored end point is sought for and to be certain of
neutralization
it is best to titrate back, cutting a fraction of a
off the tip of the burette until a faint trace of pink is
drop
than

observed.

phenolphthaleinis used

If
until

acid

Nitrous
but

commercial

any

trouble.

titrate with

alkali

destroysthe coloringmatter
acid seldom

of

methyl

sufficient amount

contains

orange,

to

cause

If any
is encountered, the indicator
difficulty
be added or renewed
shortlytoward neutralization or an

should

of alkaU

titrated back
Let

indicator

an

pinkish-redis observed.

excess

as

added, then methyl

with standard

per

gram

cent.

orange,

and the solution then

acid.

SO3

SO3 equivalent per

cubic

centimeter

in standard

alkali
b

cubic

centimeters

centimeters
c

standard

alkaU used

acid (weight of
grams
h
a X
X 100

"

alkali neutralized

cubic centimeters

sample)

(cubic
acid used)

138

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

ACID

If the temperature of the standard

of its standardization

alkali differs from

the

adjust the temperature correction

time

before

making calculations.
Example:

(weightof sample)

acid

Grams

centimeters

Cubic

standard

Temperatiu'e of standard
Gram
SO3 equivalent

22"C.

meter
centi-

cubic

0.039844

22"C.

4.0"

0.000011

0.000044

0 039888

039844

0 000044

40

alkali

0.039888

=40.00

alkaU at 26"C.

standard

26"

alkaU used

per

1 9845

100

^^
80

Q^,

far all operationshave

Thus

that

no

been

carried

on

^^
39
per

under

SO2 is present in the sulphuricacid.

operations and calculations

be

must

^^
SO3

cent.

the tion
assumpIf SO2 is present,

extended

according

to

the indicator used.

^

Sulphur dioxide dissolves in

When
phenolphthalein is used
H2SO3
With

methyl

half

much

as

as

2NaOH

indicator

an

NaaSOs

the

has

formed

been

alkali for neutralization

thus
as

when

is

reaction

2H2O

the point of neutralityis reached

orange,

the acid salt NaHSOa

forming sulphurous acid.

water

when

requiringonly

one-

phenolphthaleinis

used

H2SO3
Determine

the

NaOH

amount

of SO2

NaHSOa

H2O

present by titratinga separate

sample with N/10 iodine using starch as an indicator.

point is reached when a blue color is observed.
Let

per

cent.

end

gram

SO2

SO2

N/10
sample

cubic centimeters
grams

The

acid in

1 used ; 1

cc.

0 0032
.

140

ACID

SULPHURIC

white

mat

in

settles as
asbestos

dilute

HANDBOOK

precipitateof sulphate. Filter directlyon an

wash several times with
tared Gooch
crucible,

alcohol,
dry

and

weigh
PbS04

1 gram

lead

as

sulphate.

0.68324

Pb.

gram

Iron

of the acid, add a few drops of hydrogen

Weigh 100 grams
alkaline by adding ammonia
peroxide to oxidize the iron. Make
solve
which
will precipitate
the iron,heat to boilingand filter. Disthe precipitate
from
the filterwith dilute sulphuricacid,
wash with hot water, add about
10 c.c. concentrated
sulphuric
the latter
acid and
through pure zinc shavings. Wash
pass
thoroughly and then titrate with potassium permanganate.
solving
This is best employed as an empiricalsolution prepared by dismg.

KMn04

0.001

gram

564
1

c.c.

liter.

per

Fe

0.001

or

Fe

cent.

per

on

100-gram

sample.
Zinc

Weigh

the

400

c.c, neutralize

with

through H2S gas, allow

the supernatant liquor. Dissolve
ZnS
to settle. Decant
precipitatewith hydrochloricacid,neutralize with ammonia,

ammonia
the

100 grams
acid,dilute to about
Pass
and filter off the iron.

add

small

of ammonium

amount

hydrochloricacid.

c.c.

and

titrate while hot with

nitrate

THE

Dilute

on

chloride and
to about

250

c.c,

of

excess

an

10

heat to boiling

using uranium
potassium ferrocyanide

spot plate as indicator.

ANALYSIS

OF

MIXED

NITRATED

AND

ACID

SULPHURIC

ACID

Mixed

acid is the technical

acid
of

and

nitric acid.

H2SO4, HNO3

and

name

The

for

mixture

phuric
of strong sul-

analysis includes

lower

oxides which

the
may

mination
deterbe

cal-

ANALYSIS

mlated

as

)f fuming
[n the
Dined

OF

MIXED

or
N2O3, N2O6, HNO2
even
sulphuricacid being present

of the latter

presence

2HNO3

N2O4 and

as

the determination

N2O5

SO3

H2O

H2SO4

2SO2

preferto

2HNO3
The

of SO3.

N2O6

that it is oxidized

anhydridesSO3

and

to the reaction:

chemists

Some

case

is supposed to lose itscorn-

If any
SO2 should be present it is assumed
the formation
to SO 3 with
of H2SO4 and the

N2O3 according

in the

the reaction:

according to

water

HNO3

141

ACID

analysis is carried

H2SO4

H2SO4

SO3 +

the reaction:

express

SO2

N2O3

N2O4

by three titrations:
of total acidity.
of sulphuricacid,includingfree SO3

(a) Determination

out

in the
(6) Determination
of fuming acid.
case
of lower oxides of nitrogen.
(c) Determination
(a) Total Acidity. The sample is accurately weighed by one
for fuming sulphuric acid and
of the procedures recommended
If methyl orange
described.
diluted with water
is employed
as
it only toward
the end of the titration
as indicator,either add
then the indicator
it as destroyed or add an excess
of alkali,
or renew
"

and

(6) Sulphuric
as

in the

steam

Calculate

titrate back.

case

bath

to

Acid.

"

^A second

of total acids.

expel the

sample

The

cent.

is

solution

SO3.

weighed and diluted

is evaporated on a

acids,lower oxides and nitric.

by blowing a current of hot, dry,

evaporation is hastened
the sample. About
pure air over
again evaporated. The acid is
the

per

volatile

The

titrated with

as

standard

c.c.

then

alkali.

water

diluted

Calculate

added

are

with
as

per

which gives the actual per cent.

A third sample is weighed and
Oxides.
(c)Lower
"

in the

cQrae

of toted acids.

The

and

water
cent.

diluted

this
and

SO3

as

solution is titrated immediately

142

SULPHURIC

with

N/10 KMn04,
finallydrop by drop

as

The

oxidation.

complete

be allowed

must

when

completed

fade in 3 min.
hence will interfei
by KMn04
is present the titration should

If

KMn04

with

reacts

2KMn04

5HNO2

acid

nitrous

3H2SO4

or

nitrate

K2SO4

follows

as

5HN08

4KMn04

5N2O8

6H2SO4

2K2SO4

2MnS04

4MnS04

5N2O6
Therefore

The

solution

KMn04

Reaction

5Na2C204

N/10 KMn04

1-c.c.

gram

0.0046

gramN204

0.00235

gram

Example.
"

2KMn04

Mixed

8H2SO4

against sodium

2MnS04

+
add

5Na2S04

free SOz

analysis
"

total

The

total SO3 after evaporation

N2O8

acidityin

terms

of SOg is found
34

amount

2HNO3

34.55

of

33.21

acidityas

2(63^018)
^

cent.

per

55

per

cent.

cent.
cent.

per

acid

SHjO.

absent.

per

0.096

HNO3

IOCO2

to be 67.76

calculate the composition of the mixed

-

oxalate.

The

67.76

HNO2

K2SO4

The

6H2O

NgOs

0.0019

is standardized

3H2O

The

pii

organic matter
with N/IO iodine solution.

made

To

foi

is also oxidized

matter

if present.

that time

so

titration is

that does not

color is obtained

Organic

reagent being added rapidlyat first and

The
the end point is approached.
rei

the

is apt to be slow

tion at the end

HANDBOOK

ACID

HNO2

SO,.

as

nitric acid is:

33 21

52.27

per

cent.

HNO,

HNO2

+
as

HNO3.

ANALYSIS

rhe

equivalent of N2O3
2HN0,

rhe

in HNO3

is:

of nitric acid

amount

of

amount

^^"

","

present is:

0.16

52.11

cent.

per

sulphuricacid present
_

is:

^^
42.33

per

o/^/^/"

the mixed

figuresthe analysisof

these

By

difference

H2SO4

42.33

HNOs

52.11

N2O3

=0.10

H2O

46

Mixed

"

acid

acid in the

84

The

"

analysis
"

00 per

SO3 is assumed

of SOa is found

terms

cent.

free SO3 present.

of free

presence

anhydride N2O6.
total acidityin
The

acid is:

100

The

"

^
H2SO4.

^
cent.

oU.Oo

feUs

Nitric

HNOs.

._

34.55

"

Example.

143

ACID

98.076

H2SO4
~a7^

From

MIXED

2(63.018),

52.27
rhe

OF

to

to be 84 per

be

cent.

total SO3 after evaporation 82 per cent.

2 per cent. SOs difference.
82
=

equivalent N2O6 is:

"SS^

Water

Combined
Free

100

SOs

15.302

SO3

82-68

68 +

H2SO4

2.698

QQQQ

(82 + 2.698)
X

4.4438

cent.

per

15

302

=68.00
=

15.30

N2O6.

14.00

=83.30

per

the

cent.

144

.^VLPHVRIC

these

From

ACID

HANDBOOK

figuresthe analysisof
H1SO4
Free

the mixed

=83.30

SO,
XjO*

14.00

2.70
100.00

Da

acid is:

Pont

cent.

per

Nitrometer

Method

The

of the nitrometer
for the determination
method
principle
of nitrogen acids in sulphuricacid and mixed
acid is the reaction
of
between
sulphuric acid and nitrc^n acids in the presence
This converts
all nitrogen acids into NO:
mercury.

2HNO,
There

3H,S04

several

are

be

proved

to

United

States

nitrometer

the

now

The

cent,

2NO

Pont

having

United

States government

uses

it

clusively
ex-

work.

may

of the volume
such

3HgS04

convenient,in fact, in the

practicallyaccepted as the standard

in all nitrometer
per

and

accurate

apparatus.

readings in

4H,0

t3rpes of nitrometers,the Du

most

it is

3Hg.

By use of this apparatus, direct

to corobtained, without recourse
rection

be

of gas

to standard

conditions

and

tions
calcula-

required with ordinary nitrometers.

j
The apparatus consists of a generatingbulb D of 300 c.c. capac-'
with heavy walled rubber
ing.
tubity with its reservoir E connected
in illustration,
D carries two
glassstop-cocks as is shown
c is a two
stop-cock communicating with either the cup or
way
the right angle capillaryexit tube.
C is the chamber
reading
of
nitrogen and graduburette,calibrated to read in percentages
ated
as

from

10 to 14 per

171.8

reading.
in
which

are

form

and

240.4

pressure

be

must

with

very

ai

lar
simi-

-4. is the

levelingbulb
B and C with heavy walled rubber tubing
By raisingor lowering this bulb the
y.

of the system

that may

tween
Be-

generated to obtain

compensating burette

by the glassconnection
burette

of gas

imgraduated
the reading burette

is connected

standard

c.c.

is the
to

into one-hundredths.

cent., divided

be used

may

in

be obtained.

place of

C where

F is
a

wider

uring
meas-

range

ANALYSIS

'

small

'

well

as

"aduated

as

to hold

and

ressure
I

is desired.

measurement

tenths)

It

unit

be used for the measurement

can

is divided

It is most
at 20"C. and

commonly
760

mm.

into 100 units

being equivalentto

3.001

(subdivided
milligramsof NO.

"^

Vhen compensated, the gas from

145

ACID

of gas.
large amounts
300.1 milligramsof NO

this volume

each

MIXED

OF

ten times

the molecular

weight

(or five times

milligrams of any nitrate of the formula RNOs
)ie
molecular weight of R(N03)2) should exactlyfillthe burette,
thissimplifiesall calculations;
for example, the per cent, nitric
1

in
jcid

mixed

acid would

Burette

be

readingX

63.02
_

Grams
10

acid taken

100

TTNO

*^

146

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

Standardizing the Apparatus. The apparatus having been

the instrument
arranged and the various parts filled with mercury,
"

is standardized

follows:

as

into the gene-,

sulphuric acid are drawn
time about
rating bulb through the cup, and at the same
d are
closed and the bulb
well
210 c.c. of air; cocks c and
shaken; this thoroughly desiccates the air which is then run
into the compensating burette until the mercury
is about
over
the reading burette,
on
a level with the 12.30
on
per cent, mark
after which the
the two being held in the same
relative position,
compensating burette is Sealed oflF by closingstop-cock a. A
further quantity of air is desiccated in the same
and run
manner
into the reading burette so as to fillup to about the same
mark;
the cock h is then closed and a small glassU-tube
filled with sulphuric
acid (notwater) is attached to the exit tube of the reading
columns
balanced
and the enclosed
are
burette;when the mercury
air cooled down, the cock h is carefully
phuric
opened and when the sulacid balances in the U-tube, and the mercury
columns
in
both burettes are at the same
level,then the air in each one is
20

to

30

the

under

conditions

same

is now

of

c.c.

from

made

of temperature

the burette

noted
temperature carefully

using the
FJ^o(273

The
and
A

volume

Pi

this enclosed

air would

20"C. is found.

manipulated

same

level and

well.

rette

at

so

the

cock

6 is

and

pressure

formula:

4-0

273
at 760

occupy

again closed

and

mm.

pressure

the reservoir

in both burettes to the

bring the mercury
the reading burette to the calculated value asi
pasted on the compensating bu"
paper -is now
as

in

stripof

The

ing
read-

pressure.

the barometric

and

'

and

to

level of the

and

mercury

the standardization

is

complete.
The

better

and

most

rapid

the compensating chamber

previousmethod

and

then

method

with

of

standardizingis

desiccated

to introduce

air

into the

as

stated

to

fill

in the

generatingcham-

148

column

mercury

with

is

the column

on

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

readingburette;the

in the

HNOs

63.018
4.4981

N
Burette

14.01

reading_
acid taken

Weight

as
mark, as well
reading is then tvarken:

the paper

level with

^^^^^^

^^^^^

^^

^^^^

generating bulb should be flushed out with 95 i"er

determination.
cent, sulphuric acid after every
A test should
always be made to see whether the glass stopcocks
are
tight. They will hardly remain so without greasing
but this ought to be done very slightly,
occasionallywith vaseline,
to avoid
so
as
getting into the bore, for if it comes
any
grease
in contact
froth will be formed.
with acid,troublesome
Note.

The

"

Ferrous

-sulphate Method

quantitativelyin sulphuric arcid

and mixed
acid by titration with ferrous sulphate in the presence
of strong sulphuricacid.
The strong sulphuricacid is used
the
as
medium
in which the titration is performed. This method
checks
Nitric acid may

the nitrometer

be estimated

method

well and

very

results

accurate

very

may

be obtained.
The

followingequation represents

4FeS04

2HNO3

detailed

For

"Standard

procedure

Methods

of the

problems

accurate

these

merely

simple,but

when

of

of

often

taking place

2Fe2(S04)3 + N2O3
analyst is referred
Analysis."

the

TANKS

STORAGE

OF

calibration

are

of Chemical

CALIBRATION

One

2H2SO4

the reaction

confronted

storage

tanks

AND

TANK

in acid
and

tank

+
to

3H2O
Scott's

CARS

practiceis
cars.

the

When

upright cylindrical
shape, the solution is verythe cylinder has bumped ends and lies on
its

CALIBRATION

OF

STORAGE

more
side,it becomes
complicated as
be considered,that is,the cylinderand

149

TANKS

there
the

variables

to

sphericalsegments

at

two

are

the ends.

Methods

based

the assumption that the tank is a true cy der

Unonly to cases when the tank has
appUcable with accuracy

are

flat heads.

on

In the

majority of

cases

the mechanical
of

heads

the

advantages to
the tanks be bumped.
the

apply

to

introduction

the

aforementioned

method

of considerable

with

in

ever,
practice,howbe gained have required that
To such tanks it is impossible
met

of calculation without

error.

General

practiceof tank design is to have the radius of the tank

head equal to the diameter of the tank.
of the almost
On account
universal
tion
acceptance of this practiceof construction,the proposiwill be confined
condition.
In subsequent
to the above
calculations,therefore,advantage of the above condition will be
taken, which results in making the diameter of the base of the
spherical segment equal to the radius of the sphere.
Procedure.
the tank as consistingof two
Treat
component
"

parts:
1. The

of the material in the

cylindrical
portion of the
the tank exclusive of the bumped ends.
tank, i.e.,
of the material held by the bumped ends.
2. The content
Treating the two component volumes
separately,designate
them

content

as:

Vol. A

volume

of

Vol. B

volume

of

Vol. A

Total volume
Vol. A
the

area

is

equal to

the

of the segment

Vol. B may

be

product

cylinder.
singlebumped

end.

2 Vol. B.

of the

length of

the

cylinderand

of the circle.

expressed as the

volume

of

portionof

ical
spher-

segment.
To
these

calibrate

component

together.

tank

for each

volumes

vertical inch of height,determine

for every

inch of

height and

add

them

150

ACID

SULPHURIC

Detenninatioii

Calculate

the

the diameter

find the
Vol. A

height of

of the tank

the

Kj

HANDBOOK

of Vol.

segment
.

Consult

as

decimal

fraction of

the followingtable and

correspondingcoefficient.
X (Squareof diameter)X (Length of tank)
(Coefficient)

If the tank
the empty

is filled to
and

space

over

deduct

one-half,calculate
this from

the total

the volume

capacityof

of

the

cylinder.
Then

Vol. A

(Total capacity of cylinder)

(Volume of empty
"

space)

CALIBRATION

OF

STORAGE

TANKS

151

152

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

CALIBRATION

OF

STORAGE

TANKS

153

154

of Vol. B

Determinatioii

portionof the sphericalsegment

Calculate the height of the

as

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

Hj

of the tank

decimal fraction of the diameter

find

followingtable and

the

Consult

"

the

polate
correspondingcoefficient or interefficient
to find the approximate co-

if necessary.
Vol. B

X (Cube
(Coefficient)

of

diameter)
If the tank is filled to

one-

over

half, calculate the volume of the

empty space and deduct this from
the total capacityof the bumped
end.

Then

Vol. B

(Total capacityof bumped end)

(Volume of empty space).
"

of Total

Detennmatioii

Calculate

Or Vol. A

Vol. B

Where

The

of the tank

one-half the volume

Double

methods.

Capacity

this result which

gives the

by the previous
total capacity.

(Squareof diameter)X (0.7854)X (Length of

0.5236 X A(3a2 + K").
radius of base of segment
heightof segment
radius of sphere

height of the segment

can

better

be

tank:

calculated than

measured.
If

A
R

heightof segment
radius of sphere

radius of base of segment

y/R^

Totalcapacity

r2

V'olr-A-+Vvoi.-B.
-

Cubic

feet X

7.48

gallons

"

"

156

ClBCUMFERENCE

ACID

SULPHURIC

AND

HANDBOOK

ClBCLBS,SQUARES, CUBES, SqUARE

ArEA

OF

Cube

Roots

"

(Continued)

AND

MATHEMATICAL
Circumference

and

Area
Cube

of

Circles, Squares, Cubes, Square

Roots

157

TABLE

"

(Continued)

and

158
Circumference

SULPHURIC

and

Area
Cube

ACID

of

HANDBOOK

Circles, Squares, Cubes, Square

Roots

"

(Coniinued).

and

MATHEMATICAL
Circumference

and

Area
Cube

of

Circles, Squares, Cubes, Square

(Continued)

Roots

159

TABLE

"

and

160
CiRCUMFlSRENCE

SULPHURIC

AND

AbEA
Cube

ACID

OF

HANDBOOK

CiRCLES, SQUARES, CUBES, SqUARE

Roots

"

{Continued)

AND

MATHEMATICAL
ClBCUMFERBNCE

AND

ArEA
Cube

11

OF

CiRCLES,SQUARES^ CuBES, SQUARE

Roots-'"

161

TABLE

(CorUtnwed)

AND

164
Circumference

SULPHURIC

and

Area

Cube

ACID

of

HANDBOOK

Circusb, Squares, Cubes, Squarb

Roots

"

(Continued)

and

ClBGnMFlSRENCE

AND

AbEA
Cube

OF

CiRCLES, SQUARES, ClTBES,SQUARE

Roots

165

TABLE

MATHEMATICAL

"

(Continued)

AND

166

CiRCUMFBRENCB

ACID

SULPHURIC

AND

AREA

Cube

HANDBOOK

GiRCLES, SQUARES, GUBBS, SQUARE

Roots
{Continued)

OF

"

AND

MATHEMATICAL
Circumference

and

Area
Cube

of

Circles, Squares, Cubes, Square

Roots

167

TABLE

"

{Continued)

and

168

SULPHURIC

GlRCUMFBRENCE

ArEA

AND

Cube

"-n
n

'4

ACID

OF

HANDBOOK

CiRCLES, SQUARES, GUBES, SQUARE

Roots

"

AND

{Continued)
v;r

n'

ns

1,600.00
1,608.01
1,616.04
1,624.09
1,632.16

64,000.000
64,481.201
64,964.808
65,450.827
65,939.264

1,640.25
1,648.36

V^

6.3245

3.4200

6.3325

3.4228

6.3404

3.4256

6.3482

3.4285

6.3561

3.4313

66,430.126

6.3639

3.4341

66,923.416

6.3718

3.4370

67,419.143
67,917.312
68,417.929

6.3796

3.4398

6.3875

3.4426

1,313.82

1,656.49
1,664.64
1,672.81

6.3953

3.4454

128.81

1,320.25

1,681.00

68,921.000

6.4031

3.4482

41.1

129.12

1,326.70

1,689.21

69,426. 531

6.4109

3.4510

41.2

129.43

1,333.17

1,697.44

6.4187

3.4538

41.3

129.75

1,339.65

6.4265

3.4566

41.4

130.06

1,346.14

1,705.69
1,713.96

69,934.528
70,444.997
70,957.944

6.4343

3.4594

41.5

130.38

1,352.65

3.4622

130

71,473.375
71,991.296
72,511.719
73,034 632
73,560.059

6.4421

41.6

1,722.25
1,730.56
1,738.89
1,747.24
1,755.61

6.4498

3.4650

6.4575

3.4677

6.4653

3.4705

6.4730

3.4733

1,764.00
1,772.41

74,088.000
74,618.461
75,151.448
75,686.967
76,225.024

6.4807

3.4760

6.4884

3.4788

6.4961

3.4815

6.5038

3.4843

6.5115

3.4870

6.5192

3.4898
3.4925
3.4952
3.4980
3.5007

40.0

125.66

1,256.64

40.1

125.98

1,262.93

40.2

126.29

1,269.24

40.3

126.61

1,275.56

40.4

126.92

1,281.90

40.5

127.23

1,288.25

40.6,

127.55

1,294.62

40.7

127.86

1,301.00

40.8

128.18

1,307.41

40.9

128.49

41.0

69
.

41.7

131.00

41.8

131.32

1,359.18

41.9

131.63

1,365.72
1,372.28
1,378.85

42.0

131.95

1,385.44

42.1

132.26

1,392.05

42.2

132.58

1,398.67

42.3

132.89

1,405.31

1,780.84
1,789.29

42.4

133.20

1,411.96

1,797.76

42.5

133.52

1,418.63

42.6

133.83

1,806.25
1,814.76

42.7

134.15

42.8

134.46

1,425.31
1,432.01
1,438.72

42.9

134.77

1,445.45

76,765.625
77,308.776
77,854.483

6.5345

1,831.84

78,402.752

6.5422

1,840.45

78,953.589

6.5498

1,823

29
.

6.5268

CiRCITMFERENCE

AND

ArEA
Cube

169

TABLE

MATHEMATICAL

CiRCLES, SQUARES, CuBES, SqUARE

Roots
{CorUinued)

OP

"

AND

170

ACID

SULPHURIC

Circumference

Area

and

Cube

xn
n

of

Circles/Squares, Cubes,

Roots

"

Square

6.7897

2,134.44

98,611.128

6.7971

99,252.847
99,897.344

6.8044

3.5908

6.8117

3.5934

100,544.625
101,194.696
101,847.563
102,503.232
103,161.709

6.8191

3.5960

6.8264

3.5986

6.8337

3.6011

6.8410

3.6037

6.8484

3.6063

103,823.000

6.8556

3.6088

104,487.111

6.8629

3.6114

105,154.048
105,823.817
106,496.424

6.8702

3.6139

46.1

144.83

669.14

46.2

145.14

676.39

46.3

145.46

683.65

2,143.69

46.4

145.77

690.93

2,152.96

46.5

146.08

698.23

46.6

146.40

705.54

2,162.25
2,171.56

46.7

146.71

712.87

2,180.89

46.8

147.03

720.21

2,190.24

46.9

147.34

727.57

2,199.61

47.0

147.65

734.94

2,209.00
2,218.41
2,227.84
2,237.29
2,246.76

147

47.2

148.28

749.74

47.3

148.60

757.16

742.34

47.4

148.91

764.60

47.5

149.23

772.05

47.6

149.54

779.52

149

787

2,125.21

2,116.00

47.1

7823

97,336.000
97,972.181

661.90

97

and

(C"yrUinued)

'T

144.61

46.0

HANDBOOK

6.8775

3.6165

6.8847

3.6190

6.8920

3.6216

107,171.875
107,850 176
108,531.333

6.8993

3.6241

6.9065

3.6267

109,215.352

6.9137

3.6292

109,902.239

6.9209

3.6317

47.8

150.17

794.51

47.9

150.48

802.03

2,256.25
2,265.76
2,275.29
2,284.84
2,294.41

48.0

150.80

809.56

2,304.00

110,592.000

6.9282

3.6342

48.1

151.11

817.11

2,313.61

111,284.641

6.9354

3.6368

151.42

824.67

2,323 24

3.6393

151.74

832

111,980.168
112,678.587
113,379.904

6.9426
6.9498

3.6418

6.9570

3.6443

114,084.125
114,791.256

6.9642

3.6468

47.7

85

48.2
48.3

01
.

25
.

2,332.89
56

48.4

152.05

839.84

2,342

48.5

152.37

847.45

2,352.25

48.6

152.68

855.08

2,361.96

48.7

153.00

862.72

48.8

153.31

870

153.62

878.05

48.9

38
.

6.9714

3.6493

2,371.69

115,501.303

6.9785

3.6518

44

116,214.272

6.9857

3.6543

21

116,930.169

6.9928

3.6568

2,381

2,391

172
ClBCUlfTEBBKCB

ACID

SULPHURIC

AND

AbBA
Cube

OF

HANDBOOK

ClBCLBB, SqUABBB, GUBEfi,SqUABB

Roots

"

{Conduded)

AND

DECIMALS

Decimals

of

OF

Foot

fob

173

FOOT

Each

J^4 In.

174

SULPHURIC

Decimals

op

Foot

ACID

for

Each

HANDBOOK

J^4 In.

"

{Continued)

DECIMALS

DECiBiALs

OF

FooT

OF

FOR

Each

175

FOOT

J^4 In.

"

(Continued)

176

SULPHURIC

Decimals

of

Foot

ACID

for

Each

HANDBOOK

y^^

In.

"

{Concluded)

DECIMALS
Decimals

of

an

OF

AN

INCH

Inch

for

Each

BELTING

Find

To

pulleyin
12

Speed
inches

of Belt

"

^41^

RULES

Multiply

by the number

111

the circumference

of its revolutions

per

of either
minute

178

SULPHURIC

Divide

by

ACID

HANDBOOK

the result is the speed of the belt in feet per

12 and

minute.

Length of Belt.
shaft centers by 2 and add
To

Find

of the two

circumferences

To

Find

distance

to the result one-half

the

between

the

of the

sum

pulleys.
Any Required

of Pidley Necessary to Make

of Revolutions.

Multiply the diameter of the pulley,

speed of which is known, by its revolutions,and divide by
the other pulleyis required
niunber
of revolutions
at which

Number

the
the
to

Diameter

Multiply the

"

"

run.

Driving PuUey.-r-Multiply diameter of

driven pulley by its revolutions and divide the product by the
revolution of the drivingpulley.
of Driving Pulley. Multiply diameter of
To Find Revolution
driven pulley by its revolution and divide the product by the
diameter of the driving pulley.
Add
To Find the Approximate Length of Belting in a Roll.
together the diameter of the roll and the hole in the center, in
of coils in the roll,and then
inches.
Multiply by the number
The result will be the approximate niunber
multiply by 0.131.
of feet of beltingin the roll.
To

Diameter

Find

of

"

"

ANTI-FREEZING

FOR

LIQUIDS

33*^36. sulphuricacid is
in

permanent

pressure

PRESSURE

AND

GAGES

SUCTION

good anti-freezing
liquidto

very

and suction

This

gages.

acid has

use

specific

97"F.
If a gage is to
freezingpoint of
follows:
with two
be made
as
separate glass tubes, construct
at rightangles so they meet
Bend the tubes on the bottom
join
trician's
with ordinary electhen wrap
with rubber tubing and wire fast

gravityof

1.295 and

"

"

"

friction

resists weather
rubber.

To

of course,

For

tape.
and

obtain

necessary

gages

where

this way
a
acid will have

In

the

connection
but

that

is made

little action

on

the

readings from the acid readingsit is,

to multiply by 1.295.
high suction and pressures are to be read,
water

180

SULPHURIC

FLANGES

Much

AND

FITTINGS

FLANGED

has resulted in the past, due

confusion

standards

HANDBOOK

ACID

for flange dimensions

the various

to

and

boltingadopted by manufactiu'ers and

engineering societies. In 1912, the American
Societyof Mechanical Engineers and the Master Steam and Hot
"The
1912
Water Fitters' Association adopted what is known
as
U. S. Standard," and in the same
facturers
year, at a meeting of manuManuf actiu^er's Standard"
City, the
was
promulgated. The disadvantages of having two standards
in existence were
immediately recognized,and committees of the
A. S. M. E. and the manufactiu'ers united in a compromise known
the "American
as
Standard," to be effective after Jan. 1, 1914.
The followingnotes apply
Standard.
Notes on the American
to the American
Standard for flangesand flangedfittings:
in New

"

York

"

dimensions
heavy reducing elbows carry the same
center-to-face as regularelbows of largeststraightsize.
Standard
and extra heavy tees,crosses
and laterals,
reducing on run only,
dimensions face-to-face as largeststraightsize.
carry same
for lower wofking pressures
than 125 lb. conform
to this
Flanged fittings

(a) Standard

standard
Where

extra

in all dimensions

except thickness

center-to-face

of shell.

reference is had
specified,

are
long-radiusfittings

in two

made

and

dimensions

and

known

as

elbows

only
and

to elbows

long-radius

elbows, the latter being used only when so specified.

Standard
are
weight fittings
guaranteed for 126 lb. working pressure and
f
or
lb.
260
extra heavy fittings
Extra heavy fittings
and flangeshave a raised surface He iii*hig^ inside
of bolt holes for gaskets. Standard
and flangesare plainweight fittings
faced.
Bolt holes are % in. largerin diameter
than bolts,and straddle the
center

line.

The

size of all fittings

scheduled

The

face-to-face dimension

indicates the inside diameter

reducers,either

of ports.
for all
eccentric,

straightor
in
of
table
dimensions.
given
pressures,
For Ij^-inSquare-head bolts with hexagonal nuts are recommended.
and largerbolts,studs with a nut on each end are satisfactory. Hexagonal
nuts for pipe sizes up to 46 in. on the 125-lb. standard, and up to 16 in. on
wrenches of
the 260-lb. standard
be conveniently pulled up with open
can
minimum
For largerpipe sizes (up to 100 in. on 125-lb.,
design of heads.
is the

and

to 48 in.

on

same

as

of

that

260-lb. standard)

use

box

wrenches.

FLANGES

Twin

and

to-face
Side

sizes,

and

same

Bull-head

on

tees,

(c) The
reductions

(d)
Y's

(c)
Steel
steam.

are

and

tees.

straight

reducing

or

face-to-face

the

outlet

branch

or

of

outlet

reducing

special

and

Double-sweep

flanges,

are

tees

fittings

in

regular

as

tees

the

larger

of

size

in

the

the

on

lengths,

two

outlet.

outlet

Sizes

port.

made

are

center-to-face

same

reducing

dimension

flanged

reducing

18

use

in.

the
and

depending

table.

fittings

are

regulated

always

by

branch.

or

fittings

the

branch,

given

of

fitting

smaller,
of

sizes

or

as

and

have

outlet,

on

straight

in.

16

straight

dimensions
the

as

laterals

on

outlet

of
For

tees,

increasing

tees

or

as

reducing
of

and

whether

center-to-face

dimensions
and

crosses

sizes

ells

center-

reductions.

dimensions

larger,

outlet

dimensions

same

carry

straight-size

side

dimensions

same

face-to-face

same

and

181

FITTINGS

reducing,

or

regular

as

elbows

carry

Tees,

straight

face-to-face

outlet

having
(b)

whether

elbows,

FLANGED

AND

on

the

made

are

and

run

to
not

suit
made

valves

only,

always

use

the

long-body

pattern.

conditions.

reducing
are

on

recommended

the

run.

for

superheated

the

ACID

SULPHURIC

182

HANDBOOK

AuERicAN

Standard

Names

of Fittings

ri
Bedncinc

Elbow

Lonff Radius

Elbow

Side

Elbow

Outlet

Elbow

Twin

Elbow

Tee

Siuffle Sweep

Tee

46 Elbow

'

P
Double

Sweep

Tee

/"
ReduciuflT
Tee
Sinsle Sweep

Side

Outlet

Tee

Reducing

"

Outlet

H^
Groes

Reducing
Side

Reducer

Tee

Reducing

Cross

Tee

Lateral

Reducing

JLatend

AND

FLANGES

Templates

for

FLANGED

Standard

Drillinq
Valves

and

American

These

to face

templates

in any

quarter

are

and

drilled }4 in. larger than

in

the

Low-pressure

and

Fittings

nominal

Flanged

Standard

multiples of four, so

bolt holes

183

FITTINGS

straddle
diameter

that fittingsmay

the center

line.

of bolts.

Bolt

be

made

holes

are

184

ACID

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

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FITTINGS

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185

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(D

CO

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CD

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CD

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MMM

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08
as
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i-hx

186

SULPHURIC

General

Dimensions

of

ACID

Standard

HANDBOOK

Reducing

Tees

American

Sise

of outlets
smaller^

and

All reducing

1 tol6

same

dimensions

of

reduction

of the

**

Center-to-face

used
same

!
y*B*- "B^i

fittingsfrom

when

outlet,

1 to

dimensions

outlets

dimensions

"B-"- *^

Center-to-face

run,

center-to-face

Long-body patterns are

above
table, therefore have

(Short-

Standard

^nfeisTfLS

Sixe,

Crosses

Pattern)

body

inchee

and

as

are
as

reducing flanged fittings" are

16 in. inclusive

have

the

straight-sizefittings

larger than

given in the

straight-sizefittings.The
always regulated by the
I

outlet.

only, the long-body pattern will always be

Fittings reducing on the run
used, except double-sweep tees, on which the reduced end is always longeii
than the regular fittings.
!
samd
will
be
than
the
the
outlets
Bull heads
tees
run
or
having
larger
length center-to-face of all openings as a tee with all openings of the size o\
the

outlet.

dimensions

For
of the

example, a 12 by 12 by 18-in. tee will be governed by th^

of alj
18-in. long-body tee, namely, 16 J^'in. center-to-face

openings and 33 in. face-to-face.

center-to-face
Reducing elbows carry same
siae.
largest straight

dimension

as

regular elbows of

188

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

IS

li

"

-II
"8

"I

""cH*"^
jS

"

^
.'.

III

189

FITTINGS

FLANGED

:i^.S"i

SSI'S

"0

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"

"0

VH

NpH
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C^

CS| CV| CS

C^

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C^

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'^"^"^iOlOPPt^t*0000PPP'HC0"OiCCO"O5P^;g;cOl"-

41
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190
General

Dimensions

Heavy

Extra

op

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

(Short-body
American

Reducing

Tbbs

and

Crossej

Pattern)
Standard

:B"^'
Us^hSH

U-B*!
Ir

-t-t

MM

pi

Pi

largerthan given in the

above
dimensions
table,therefore have same
as straight-size
fittings.The
tion
dimensions
of "reducing flangedfittings"
are
always regulated by the reduc^

Long -body patterns

of the

are

used

when

outlets

are

outlet.

Fittings reducing on the run only, the long-body pattern will always be
used, except double-sweep tees, on which the reduced end is always longer
than the regular fitting.
Bull heads
tees
or
having outlets larger than the run will be the same
length center-to-face of all openings as a tee with all openings of the sizeol
the outlet.
For example, a 12 by 12 by 18-in. tee will be governed by the
dimensions
of the 18-in. long-body tee, namely, 18 in. center-to-face of al]
openings

and

36

in. face-to-face.

Reducing elbows carry

largest straightsize.

same

center-to-f

"uje

dimension

as

regularelbows of

FLANGED

Dimensions

lENERAii

of

191

FITTINGS

Extra

Heavy

Laterals

Reducing

(Short-body

Pattern)
American

Long-body

hove

table,

The

eduction
pattern

patterns

will

of
the

always

used

have

therefore,

dimensions
of

are

branch;
be

when

flanged

fittings
used.

branches

are

dimensions

same

"reducing

Standard

as

fittings"

reducing

on

larger

straight-size
are

the

always
run

given

than

only,

in

the

by

the

fittings.
regulated
the

long-body

192

face

ACID

SULPHURIC

These
in any

drilled

templates

are

quarter

and

J^ in. larger than

in

HANDBOOK

multiples of four, so that fittingsmay

bolt

holes

nominal

straddle
diameter

the

center

of bolts.

line.

be made

Bolt holes

to
aie

FLANGED
Weights

of

Cast-iron

(American

13

193

FITTINGS

Standard

Flanged

Fittings

Dimensions).

194

ACID

SULPHURIC

Nominal

Weight

or

CAar-iBON
PER

Values

in table

are

theoretical,and

Pipe

HANDBOOK

Without

Flanges,

Pounds

iron weighing

450

Foot*

based

on

cast

lb. per

'
cubic foot.

SULPHURIC

SI

ACID

HANDBOOK

WROUGHT'IRON

"

"

AND

STEEL

PIPE

197

198

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

.a
01

08

QQ

I
08
u

.a

08

73

5
a

00

03
u

01

a
73

03

03

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th

CO

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to t^

STEEL

AND

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t^ t^ Oa
1-1 O
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CO
CO

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;0 C4

OOO^*-iNNC0WDt^OC^"Tt"l^

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199

PIPE

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HANDBOOK

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and

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206

SULPHURIC

ACID

Lbad

HANDBOOK

Pipe

LEAD

Sheet

PIPE

Lead

207

208

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

BRICK

SHAPES

210

SULPHURIC

ROPE

FIBER

The
in the

of and
the
^

AND

of
principle
same

knot

knot

Liddell's

each

AND

HITCHES"

is that

direction if the rope

touching

square
From

KNOTS

HANDBOOK

ACID

other.

no

were

This

2
to

HOW

TO

MAEIE

parts which

slip,should

move

lie alongside

principleis clearlyshown

(I).
and
"Metallurgists

would

THEM'

Chemists'

Handbook."

\j\

212

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

ACID

(G) is one of the most useful knots; it will not

be tied
It should
slip,and after being strained is easilyuntied.
with
handles
Commence
who
faciUty by everyone
by
rope.
making a bight in the rope, then put the end through the bight
and under
the standing part, as shown
in the engraving, then
the end again through the bight, and haul tight.
pass
The

bowline

The

square

knot

"granny"

reef

or

that

easily untied

are

useful

when

knot,

wall

Form
of

the

bight
of

of

1,

through the bight

The
rope

the

knot

of

taut,

"stevedore''
from

is

1,

is

by the

strained.

by

ceeding
pro-

shown

knot

up

hole.
it

AA.

The

the

knot,

end

of 3 is

passed
Haul

BB.

engraving

engraving CC.

(M), (N) is

tight,but

taut,

of

center

the

in the

in the

ends

engraving

the

the

through

then

the

Haul

the

over

2 around

of 2, and

2, when

over

shown

as

in

laid

now

passing through
draws

the end

shown

as

the strand

pass

engraving Z.

as

1, and

over

strands

in

is
1

1, and

3 around

shown

as

strand

2 laid

all the

M)

(M)

is held

easilyuntied after being

complicated but is easilymade

strand

appearance

the

strand

the

and

knot

and

eye

is

slip,and
looks

the

it,and
the

end

an

for

(H,

The

strain.

through

passes

bight with strand

end

under

being

Knots

strain.

mistaken

be

not

follows:

as

when

rope

knot

(I),must

slipsunder

after

it will not

as

The

the

knot

used

to

the

When

the

end

of

is strained

rope

when

easily untied

be

can

hold

the

strain is removed.
If

knot
is

stress

rope
on

rope

those

the

at

occur

takes

is cramped

fiber after
shorter

hitch of any
to

sure

part of the
the

or

bend

that

or

has
are

breaks
in the

is tied in

place.
share

proper

fibers that

another

kind

short
on

Each

standing

its failure under

fiber in the

of the load, but

bend,

which

the outside

until

rope,

the
rope,

rope

the

in all knots

throws

of the

straight

bend

an

and

is torn

apart.

weaker

is the

load
overone

The
knot.

WEIGHTS

AND

U. S. CUSTOMARY

213

MEASURES

WEIGHTS

AND

MEASURES

Length
12 inches
3 feet

5M

yards

320

rods

1760

yards

5280

feet

Ifoot

1 rod

1 mile

Nautical
feet

6080.2

"

6 feet

fathoms

120

1 nautical

Units
1 nautical

mile

1 fathom

"

1 cable

1 knot

length

mile

hour

per

yard

Surveyors Measure
7.92 inches

"

1 link

"

1 chain

100 links
66 feet
4 rods
80 chains

1 mile

"

Area
144 square
9 square

20yi

square

160 square
10 square

640

inches

1 square

foot

feet

1 square

yard

1 square

rod

yards

"

rods
=

1 square

acre

chains

acres

mile

Volume
1728

cubic inches

27 cubic

feet

1 cord of wood

1 cubic foot
1 cubic

"

128

yard

cubic feet

Liquid Measure
4
2

gills
pints

4 quarts

7.4805 gallons

pint

1 quart

1 cubic

gallon
foot

214

HANDBOOK

ACID

SULPHURIC

Apothecaries Liquid Measure

60 minims

"

fidrams

"

16

ounces

"

Dry

Measure

pints

liquiddram
liquidounce
pint

quart

peck

8 quarts

*-

pecks

*-

1 bushel

Avoirdupois Weight
16 drams
16

"7000

ounces

2000

pounds
pounds

2240

pounds

100

grains
grains

"437.5

ounce

"

pound

1 cental

"

1 short

ton

long ton

Troy Weight
"

pennyweight (dwt.)

pennyweights

"

ounce

ounces

"

pound

24

grains

20
12

Apothecaries Weights
20
3

grains
scruples

8 drams
12

ounces

METRIC

"

scruple

"

1 dram

"

ounce

pound

"

MEASURES

Length
Value

Unit

Micron

A*

Millimeter.

mm.

Centimeter.
.

Decimeter..
Meter

(unit)

Dekameter.

Kilometer.
.

Myriameter
Megameier.

0.001

cm.

dm.

0.1

m.

1.0

dkm.

10.0

hm.

100.0

km.

1,000.0

Mm.

10,000.0
1,000,000.0

0.000001

0.01

Hectometer.

in meters

WEIGHTS

AND

215

MEASURES

Area
Unit

Sq.millimeter
Sq.centimeter
Sq.decimeter
Sq.meter
(centiare)
(are)
Sq.dekameter
Hectare

Sq.kilometer

Value

in square

meters

0.000001
0.0001
O.OX
1.0
100.0

10,000.0

1,000,000.0

216

ACID

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

Weight
Value

Unit

Microgram
Milligram
Centigram

Decigram
Gram

0.000001
0.001
.

0.01
.

0.1
.

1.0

(unit)

10.0

100.0
.

Kilogram..
Myriagram
Quintal

1,000.0

10,000.0

100,000.0
1,000,000.0

Ton

OF

EQUIVALENTS

(U. S.) WEIGHTS

CUSTOMARY

AND

METRIC
AND

MEASURES'

Length
U. S. Standard

Metric

inch

0.03937

1 millimeter

inch

0.3937

1 centimeter

inches

39.37

1 meter

1 meter

28083

feet

1 meter

1 09361

yards

1 kilometer

0.62137

mile

Metric

U. S. Standard

millimeters

25.4001

1 inch

5400

centimeters

3048

meter

0.9144

meter

1 inch

Ifoot

yard

kilometers

1 60935

1 mile

Area

U. S. Standard

Metric
00155

millimeter

1 square

centimeter

1 square

meter

1 square

meter

kilometer

0.3861

1 square

1 square

Table of

Bureau

inch
inch

10. 7640

square

feet

1960

square

yards

square

mile

2.471
XJ. S.
equivalents,

square

1550 square

1 hectare
^

grams

Dekagram
Hectogram

in

acres

of Standards.

Area

"

{Continued)
Metric

S. Standard

U.

645

inch

1 square

217

MEASURES,

AND

WEIGHTS

millimeters

16 square

452

centimeters

1 square

inch

1 square

foot

0 ^0929

square

1 square

yard

0.8361

square

mile

2. 5900' square

1 square
1

square

meter

kilometers

hectare

0.4047

acre

meter

Volume
U. S. Standard

Metric

0 000061

1 cubic millimeter
1 cubic centimeter

1 cubic meter

1 cubic

meter

U.

cubic

0.0610
35.314
1 3079

cubic

yards

Metric

S. Standard
=

1 cubic inch

==

16,387.2 cubic millimeters

3872

16
.

1 cubic foot

yard

inch

cubic feet

1 cubic inch

1 cubic

cubic inch

02832

0 7646

cubic centimeters
cubic
cubic

meter
meter

Capacity
U. S. Standard

Metric

1 dekaliter

liquidounce
0.2705
apothecaries'dram
0.8115
apothecaries'scruple
1 05668 liquidquarts
0.9081
dry quart
0.26417
Uquid gallon
0.11351
peck
1 1351 pecks

1 hectoliter

2.83774

1 milliliter(c.c.)
1 milliliter
1 milliliter

lliter
1 liter

lUter
lliter

hectoliter

0.03381

26.4176

bushels

liquidgallons

216

ACID

SULPHURIC

HANDBOOK

Weight
Value

Unit

Microgram
Milligram
Centigram

Decigram
Gram

in grams

0.000001
.

0.001
.

0.01
.

0.1
.

1.0

(unit)

10.0

Dekagram..
Hectogram
Kilogram..

100.0

1,000.0
10,000.0
100,000.0

Myriagram
Quintal

1,000,000.0

Ton

EQUIVALENTS

OF

AND

METRIC

CUSTOMARY

MEASURES'

AND

Length

Table of

XJ. S.
equivalents,

Bureau

of Standards.

(U. S.) WEIGHTS

218

SULPHURIC

ACID

Capacity
U.

liquid

1
1

S.

"

HANDBOOK

(Continued)

Standard

Metric

20.574

ounce

apothecaries'

dram

apothecaries'

scruple

mimUters

(c.c.)

6967

milliUters

2322

milliliters

liquid

dry

liquid

Uter

0.94636

quart

1.1012

quart

gallon

liters

78543

liters

80982

liters

peck

8
.

peck

bushel

dekaliter

0.88098
35

239

liters

bushel

0.35239

hectoliter

Mass
Metric

U.

S.

Standard

THERMOMETRIC
Comparison

of

Fahrenheit
""C.

219

SCALES
Thermometric

degrees as units
^CF.

32)

Scales

220

SULPHURIC
Comparison

ACID

HANDBOOK
Scalbs

Thbbmometric

of

Centigradedegreesas
"*F.
%**C. + 32
-

units

221

WATER
Waters

'Accordingto Thiesen,

Scheel

and

Diesselhorst

3, 68-69, 1900.
hyHkalisch'Technischen
ReichaanstaU.,
[

Wisa.

Ahh.

der

Jf

222

SULPHURIC

Densitt

of

Solutions

HANDBOOK

ACID

of

Sulphuric

table.'
(Calculatedfrom Dr. J. Domke's
of hydrometers indicatingper

Acid^

Adopted
cent,

of

(H1SO4)
as

at

20**C.*

the basis for standardization

sulphuricacid

at

20"C.)

Density

of

Solutions

(Calculatedfrom
of

For

under

Sijl,phuric

Dr. J. Domke's

(HSSO4)

Acid^

table.*

hydrometers indicatingper

Adopted
cent,

extensive
and
general use the more
the caption, ''Sulphuricacid
O^'B^.
"

always be referred
*

of

United

States

223

ACID

SULPHURIC

"

of

as

at

sulphuric acid

per

**

at

Standard

cent.

20"C.)

Tables"

H2SO4," should

to.

Bureau

of Standards, Circular No.

19, 5th edition,March

30, 1916, p. 28.

The
density values in this table are numerically the same
gravityat this temperature referred to water at 4*'C. as unity.
' Wi88.
Ahh. der Kaiserlichen
Normal-Eichunga-Kommission,
1900.

{Concluded)

"

zation
the basis for standardi-

elaborate
100

20**C.2

as

specific

5, p.

131,

216

ACID

SULPHURIC

HASDBOOK

Weisht
Unit

Microgram

Milligram.
.

Centigram..

Decigram...
Gram

(unit)
Dekagram..
Hectogram
Kilogram.
.

Myriagram.
Quintal
Ton

OF

EQUIVALBNTS

METRIC

Ain"
AND

CUSTOMARY

(U. S.) WEIGHTS

MEASURES'

Length

Area
U. S. Standard

Metric
1 square

millimeter

0.00155

1 square

centimeter

0. 1550

square

7640

square

1 square

meter

10

1 square

meter

Table of

U.
equivalents,

1960 square

0 3861

1 square kilometer
1 hectare

2.471
S. Bureau

square

square
acres

of Standards.

inch
inch
feet

yards
mile

218

SULPHURIC

Capacity
S.

U.

HANDBOOK

ACID

"

(Continued)

Standard

Metric

liquid

apothecaries'

dram

3.6967

apothecaries'

scruple

29.574

ounce

2322

(c.c.)

milliUters
milliUters

milliliters

liquid

dry

liquid

Uter

0.94636

quart

1.1012

quart

gallon

liters

78543

liters

80982

liters

peck

1
1

bushel

bushel

dekaliter

0.88098

peck
35

239

liters

35239

hectoliter

Mass
U.

Metric

4324

15

gram

S.

Standard

grains

0.03527

gram

gram

0.03215

kilogram

kilogram

2.67923

20462

avoirdupois
troy

ounce

avoirdupois

U.

S.

grain

avoirdupois

troy

avoirdupois

troy

ounce

pound

28.3495
31.

ounce

pound

pounds

Metric

Standard

0.0648

troy

10348

ounce

gram
grams
grams

0.45359

kilogram

0.37324

kilogram

pounds

THERMOMETRIC
Comparison

of

Fahrenheit
""C.

219

SCALES
Thsrmometric

degrees as units
%(*"F.

32)

Scales

220

SULPHURIC
Comparison

ACID

HANDBOOK
Scalbs

Thbbmombtbic

of

Centigradedegreesas
^F.
%^C. + 32
-

units

221

WATER
Waters

According

to

Thiesen,

Scheel

and

Diesselhorst

3, 68-69, 1900.
ReichsanstaU.,
hysikcdisch-Techniachen

Wise.

Abh.

der

222

SULPHURIC

Densitt

op

Solutions

HANDBOOK

ACID

of

Sulphuric

table '
(Calculatedfrom Dr. J. Domke's
of hydrometers indicatingper
.

Acid^

(HiS04)

at

20"C.*

zation
Adopted as the basis for standardiacid
at
20"G.)
sulphuric

cent, of

Density

of

Solutions

of

For

under

"

United

States

Wiss,

1900.

Abh,

of

as

at

100

"

sulphuric acid

per

(Concluded)

zation
the basis for standardi-

elaborate
"

20**C.2

**

at

Standard

cent.

20*'C.)

Tables"

H2SO4," should

to.

Bureau

of Standards, Circular No.

30, 1916, p. 28.

The
density values in this table
gravity at this temperature referred
'

Adopted
cent,

extensive
and
general use the more
the caption, "Sulphuric acid
0"B6.

always be referred

(H2SO4)

Sijl,phuric Acid^

table.'
(Calculatedfrom Dr. J. Domke's
of hydrometers indicating per

223

ACID

SULPHURIC

der

Kaiserlichen

19, 5th edition,March

numerically the same

at 4*'C. as unity.
Normcd'Eichungs-Kommission,
are

as

specific

to water

5, p.

131,

224

SULPHURIC

Temperature

Corrections
BY

(Calculatedfrom the

same

Per
to
Hydrometer

data

HANDBOOK

ACID

as

the

Cent,

of

Sulphuric

(Standard

at

Acm^

mined
Deter-

20"C.)'

precedingtable,assuming Jena

16

""

the material used.

The table should be used with caution,and only
for approximate results when the temperature differs much
from the standard
from
the
of
the
or
surrounding air.)
temperature
temperature
slass

as

in

Temperature

degrees Centigrade

extensive and elaborate ''Standard Tables"

general use the more
100 per cent. H2SO4," should
the caption,"Sulphuric acid
0"B^.
always be referred to.
^ United
of Standards, Circular No.
States
Bureau
19. 6th edition,
March
30, 1916, p. 29.
^

For

under

"

"

226

SULPHURIC

Table

I.
"

Specific

ACID

HANDBOOK

Gravity

Lunge, Isler,and

of

Sulphuric

Naef

Acid

SPECIFIC

Table

'

I.

"

Specific

GRAVITY

Gravitt

Degrees
Baum6
vacuo

1.165

op

SULPHURIC
Sulphuric

Degrees

227

ACID

Acid

parts by weight
contain, grams

100

Specificgravity

in

OF

"

(Continued)
1 liter

contains

in

kilograms

Twaddell

SOa

HtS04

SOt

HtSOA

0.266

1.170

0.275

1.175

0.283

1.180

0.292

1.185

0.301

1.190

0.310

1.195

0.319"

1.200

0.328

1.205

0.337

1.210

0.346

1.215

0.355

1.220

0.364

1.225

0.373

1.230

0.382

1.235

0.391

1.240

0.400

1.245

0.409

1.250

0.418

1.255

0.426

1.260

0.435

1.265

0.444

1.270

0.454

1.275

0.462

1.280

0.472

1.285

0.481

1.290

0.490

1.295

0.500

1.300

0.510

1.305

0.519

1.310

0.529

1.315

0.538

1.320

0.548

1.325

0.557

1.330

0.567

228

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

SPECIFIC

Table

I.
"

Specific

GRAVITY

Gravitt

in

Degrees

-40
vacuo

of

Sulphuric
100

Spedfio gravity
at

SULPHURIC

OF

Baum^

Degrees

Acid

parts by weight

contain,

229

ACID

"

(Comiinued)
1 liter contains

in

kilograms

grams

Twaddell
SOi

HsSOi

SOs

HiSO"

1.500

0.896

1.505

0.906

1.510

0.916

r.515

0.926

1.520

0.936

1.525

0.946

1.530

0.957

1.535

0.967

1.540

0.977

1.545

0.987

1.550

0.996

1.555

1.006

1.560

1.015

1.565

1.025

1.570

1.035

1.575

1.044

1.580

1.064

1.585

1.064

1.590

1.075

1.595

1.085

1.600

1.096

1.605

1.107

1.610

1.118

1.615

1.128

1.620

1.139

1.625

1.150

1.630

1.160

1.635

1.170

1.640

1.181

1.645

1.192

1.650

1.202

1.655

1.212

1.660

1.222

1.665

1.233

230

SULPHURIC

ACID

HANDBOOK

SPECIFIC

Table

I.

"

Specific

GRAVITY

Gravity

OF

op

SULPHURIC

Sulphuric

ACID

Acid

"

{Concluded)

231

232

ACID

SULPHURIC

Allowance

HANDBOOK

Temperaturb

for

(Lunge)
Per

0. 0006

specificgravity

1.450

0.0007

specificgravity

to

1.580

0.0008

specificgravity

to

1.750

0.0009

specificgravity

specificgravity

Up

to

1.170

to

1.450
1.580

II.

840

to 1

Table

170

1
.

750

degree Centigrade

"

Specific

0010
.

Gravity

of

(Lunge)

Sulphuric

Acid

at

WF.

INDEX
hydrometer, 8
Belting rules,177
Boilingpoints,sulphuricacid,55, 67,
Baum6

Acid

calculations,
86, 89, 96
of weighing, 135
standard, 127
Acids in burner gas, test for, 113
for temperature, hydroAllowance
chloric
acid,52
methods

103
Brick

shapes, 208
Briggs pipe threads, 204
Burettes,41, 134
C

nitric acid, 50

sulphuric acid, 57, 60, 67, 71,

224, 232
Ammonium

Calculations,acid,24, 86
of tanks, 148
Calibration
Cast-iron pipe, 194
Centigrade scale,219, 220

sulphate,31
Analysisof mixed acid, 140
of nitrated sulphuricacid, 140
and
area
Circles,circumference
of sulphur dioxide,109
155
of sulphuric acid, qualitative, Circumferences
155
of circles,
125

Cleanliness

of,

of

hydrometers, 8
quantitative,126,
Coefficient of expansion, 29
of total acids in burner gas, 113
hydrochloricacid,52
Anhydride, sulphuric,33
nitric acid,50
liquids,178
Anti-freezing
sulphuric acid, 57, 60, 67, 71.
phuric
Approximate
boiling points,'sul224, 232
67
acid, 55,
Comparison of metric and U. S.
Aqueous vapor, tension of,sulphuric
Weights, 216
acid, 105
thermometric
of
scales, 219,
Arbitrary scale hydrometers, 5
220
Area of circles,
155
Composition of dry gas, 123, 124
139

Atomic

weights,1

Concentration

of

sulphuric acid, 89

108

Conversion

Baum^

degrees, specific gravity

equivalents,11
corresponding to specificgravity,

density basis,3
of SO2 to SOs, 113
specificgravity,2
Corrections,
Cube
roots of numbers, 155
Cubes

16

235

of

of

numbers,

155

236

INDEX

Decimals
of

Formulas

a foot, 173
inch, 177

Baum6

Degrees

to

specificgravity, 16
equivalentspecific
gravity of,11
Twaddle
corresponding to specific

gravity,21
Density,

of

sulphuricacid,23,

Fuming
for

strengthening mixed

methods

71

acid, 97

weighing, 135
specificgravity of,72, 73, 233
tables,72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 233

basis,3
G

hydrometers, 5
of sulphuric acid, 222
of water, 221
ard
Description of preparation of standacid tables,27
Dilution of sulphuric acid,89
Diphenylamine test, 125
Pont

55.

of

definition of, 1

Du

tions,
calcula-

63

corresponding

conversion

sulphuricacid

24, 89
Freezing points,sulphuric acid,

of

an

for

Gages, pressure and suction, 178

Gas, composition of, 123, 124
Glass bulb method, 136
tube method, 136

nitrometer,144
Hitches, rope, 210
Hydrochloric acid, allowance

for

temperature, 52

Elements, names
specificgravity of, 51
symbols of, 1
table,51
Equivalents of Baum6
degrees and
preparationof,44
specificgravity, 11, 16
Hydrogen sulphide test, 126
of Metric and U. S. weights, 216
Hydrometers, 2, 5
of Twaddle
degrees and specific
Baum6, 8
gravity, 21
manipulation of, 5
acid
86
Estimating
stock,
Twaddle, 20
of, 1

Fahrenheit

scale,219,

220

Ferrous
Fibre

sulphate method, 125, 148

rope knots and hitches,210

solution, preparation of,

Indicator

135
Influence

of

Fittings,
flanged,180

of mixed

meters,
hydro-

screwed, 202
180
Flanged fittings,
180
Flanges,
Formation

temperature,

of surface

tension,hydrometers,

atomic weights, 1
solution,preparation of. 111

International

acid. 96

Iodine

237

INDEX

Iron, analysis of, in sulphuric acid,

126, 140

Names

of

Nitric

182
flangedfittings,

acid, allowance
50

Knots,

rope,

210

Lead, analysis of, in sulphuric acid,

125, 139

specificgravity of,49
table,49
preparation of, 41
phuric
Nitrogen acids, analysis of, in sul140
acid, 125,
Nitrometer, Du Pont, 144
Nomenclature
of sulphuric acid, 22
Nordhausen

pipe, 206
sheet, 207
Lock-nut threads, 204
Lunge-Rey pipette, 135

Manipulation of hydrometers,

Observing hydrometer readings, 5

Oil of Vitriol,22
Nordhausen, 23
Oleum, 23
5

test, 126

table,155
Measures, Weights and, 213
Melting points, sulphuric acid, 55,
63, 103

sulphides,gas composition
roasting,123
Methyl orange solution,preparation
of, 108
Metallic

from

Mixed

measures,

hydrometers, 5
SOs corresponding to per
cent. H2SO4, 85
H2SO4
corresponding to per
cent. SOs, 86
Phenolphthalein solution, preparation
of, 135
Pipe, cast-iron,194
lead, 206
steel,197
threads, 204
wrought-iron, 197
Preparation of standard acid tables,
descriptionof, 27
Per cent,

Mathematical

Metric

23
oil of vitriol,

Marsh

for temperature,

214

acid, 23
analysisof, 140
formation
of, 96
Sulphuric
Mixing table, 59" B6
acid, 94
60*^ B4 Sulphuric acid, 95
66** B6 Sulphuric acid,96
gravity balance, 1
Mohr, specific*
Mono-hydrate, 23, 32
preparationof, 108
Muriatic acid,see Hydrochloricadd.

Per

cent.

'

Pressure

gages,

Pycnometer,

178

Q
Qualitativetests,sulphuricacid,125
Quantitative

analysis, sulphuric
acid, 126, 139

238

INDEX

Standard

tables, preparation

acid

of, 27
for dilution
Rectangle method
concentration,91
Rope Knots and Hitches, 210
Rules, belting,177

and

normal

acid, 127
hydroxide, 39, 131
solutions, protecting strength
of, 133
observing temperature of,134
of
standard
Standardization
acid,
sodium

128
Sartorius

gravity balance, 1
specific
Scales,thermometric, 219
Screwed
202
fittings,
Selenium, test for,in sulphuricacid,
125

Shapes, brick,208
Sheet lead, 207
SO2 converted

to

SOs,

113

carbonate, 30, 31, 34, 127

hydroxide solution, standard,
39, 131

sulphitetest, 125
Specificgravity,balances, 1
corrections,2
to
corresponding
degrees
11
Baum^,
to degrees Twaddle, 21
definition of, 1
determinations
in preparation
of standard
acid tables,28
equivalent degrees Baum^, 16
hydrometers, 5
of

determining, 1
hydrochloric acid, 51
of nitric acid, 49
of sulphuric acid, 54, 60, 62, 68,
72, 73, 222, 225
tables,use of, 86
test, sulphuric acid, 76.07-82.5
per cent. SOs, 81
Square roots of numbers, 155
of

Sc^uaresof numbers^ 155

sodium

hydroxide,

131
Starch

solution,preparation of. 111

Steel pipe, 197
Stock, estimation of, 86
Storage tanks, caUbrationr of, 148
Suction

Sodium

methods

of standard

gages,

178

Sulphanilicacid, 33
Sulphides,metallic,gas composition
from roasting,123
100
Sulphur, acid obtainable from
lb.,108
dioxide,estimation of in burner
gas,

109

estimation

in

of

acid, 138
from
composition
gas
of, 124
100
required to make

sulphuric
tion
combus-

lb.

109

acid,

trioxide, obtainable
lb.,109

from

100

33
preparation;of
,

for temperature,
Sulphuric acid, allowance
57, 60, 67, 71,

224, 232

boilingpoints,55, 67, 107

coefficients of expansion, 57, 60,
67, 71, 224, 232
of,89, 108
density of, 222

concentration

dilution

of,89